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Biotica
Research
[ H o w t o c i t e t h i s a r t i c l e?
Brindhadevi et al., 2021. Diseases of Rice and Their
Management. Biotica Research Today 3(7): 624-626.
[
A bstrac t
Today
624
R
ice is a staple food crop for about 65% of the Indian population,

Vol 3:7 626 contributing 40% of total food grain production, thus occupies
a pivotal role in the food and livelihood security of people. The
2021 major pathogens such as fungi, bacteria and virus diseases which
affect the crop growth as well as yield. The impact of these diseases
is very devastating and widespread in different rice growing areas.
Diseases of Rice and Their Both Chemical as well as biological management are important for
favored, susceptible rice cultivars.
Management
Introduction

R
Brindhadevi S.1*, Velprabakaran S.2,
ice is an important food crop; over half of the population
Niranjanadevi J.3, Soban babu G.1 and in the world depends on rice, especially in many Asian
Devi Shanthini V.1 and African countries (Chukwu et al., 2019). Global
climate change has increased the distribution and frequency
1
Dept. of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research of heavy rainfall that can negatively affect plant growth and
Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University development. If it persists for a number of days, it may lead to
(TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India the plant’s death. Many crops, including rice, a semi-aquatic
2
Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College plant, are significantly negatively impacted by flooding,
and Research Institute,Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural resulting in annual yield loss. More than 20 million hectares
University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India of rice in Asia and over 16% of rice in the world are adversely
3
Dept. of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research influenced by flooding because of submergence each year. The
Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University estimated annual economic loss of this year is more than US$
(TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India 600 million. Flooding and reaeration can cause plant oxidative
stress, leading to the production and rapid accumulation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ella et al., 2003). There tend
to be a few common problems in each growing situation,
Open Access such as Blast, brown spot, Sheath rot, Sheath blight, Udbatta
disease, bacterial leaf blight, rice tungro disease and rice
Corresponding Author yellow drawf disease.
Brindhadevi S.
e-mail: brindadevi555@gmail.com
1. Blast - Pyricularia grisea (P. oryzae)
Symptoms

B
last disease (Figure 1) attacks the crop at all stages
Key wo r d s of crop growth. Symptoms appear on leaves, nodes,
Disease, Integrated disease management, Rice, Symptoms rachis, and glumes. On the leaves, the lesions appear as
small bluish green flecks, which enlarge under moist weather
to form the characteristic spindle shaped spots with grey
centre and dark brown margin (Leaf blast). Small brown to
black spots may also be observed on glumes of the heavily
infected panicles. The pathogen causes yield losses ranging
from 30-61 percent depending upon the stages of infection.
Managements
Article History • Grow resistant to moderately resistant varieties CO47,
Received in 15th July 2021 IR 20, ADT36, ADT39, ASD18 and IR64. Avoid cultivation of
Received in revised form 23rd July 2021 highly susceptible varieties viz., IR50 and TKM6 in disease
Accepted in final form 24th July 2021 favorable season.
E-mail: bioticapublications@gmail.com • Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram or Carbendazim or

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Brindhadevi et al., 2021

Tricyclazole at 2 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/ • Spray the crop in the main field with Edifenphos 500 ml
kg of seed. Spray the nursery with carbendazim 500 mg/L or or Mancozeb 2 kg/ha when grade reaches 3. If needed repeat
tricyclazole 300 mg/L. after 15 days.
• Spray the main field with Edifenphos 500 ml or Carbendazim
500 g or Tricyclazole 500 g or Iprobenphos (IBP) 500 ml/ha.
3. Sheath Rot - Sarocladium oryzae
Symptoms

S
heath rot diseases (Figure 3) were noticed only on the
upper most leaf sheath enclosing young panicles. The
flag leaf sheath show oblong or irregular greyish brown
spots. They enlarge and develop grey centre and brown
margins covering major portions of the leaf sheath. The young
panicles remain within the sheath or emerge partially. The
panicles rot and abundant whitish powdery fungal growth is
seen inside the leaf sheath.

Figure 1: Spindle shaped spots with grey centre and dark brown
margin seen on leaves

2. Brown Spot - Helminthosporium

B
Managements
rown spot disease (Figure 2) attacks the crop from
seedling to milky stage in main field. Symptoms appear • Spray Carbendazim 500 g or Edifenphos 1 L or Mancozeb 2
as minute spots on the coleoptile, leaf blade, leaf kg/ha at boot leaf stage and 15 days later.
sheath, and glumes, being most prominent on the leaf blade • Soil application of gypsum (500 kg/ha) in two splits.
and glumes. The spots become cylindrical or oval, dark brown • Application of Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) 5% or neem
with yellow halo later becoming circular. Several spots coalesce oil 3% or Ipomoea or Prosopis leaf powder extract 25 Kg/ha.
and the leaf dries up. Dark brown or black spots also appear
on glumes leading to grain discoloration. It causes failure of
seed germination, seedling mortality and reduces the grain
4. Bacterial Leaf Blight
quality and weight. - Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Symptoms

B
acterial leaf blight disease (Figure 4) is usually noticed
at the time of heading but it can occur earlier also.
Seedlings in the nursery show circular, yellow spots
in the margin, that enlarge, coalesce leading to drying of
foliage. “Kresek” symptom is seen in seedlings, 1-2 weeks
after transplanting. The bacteria enter through the cut wounds
Figure 2: The minute spots observed in leaves and grains of in the leaf tips, become systemic and cause death of entire
different rice varities seedling. The lesions enlarge both in length and width with a
Managements wavy margin and turn straw yellow within a few days, covering
the entire leaf.
• Field sanitation-removal of collateral hosts and infected
debris from the field. Managements
• Grow tolerant varieties viz., CO44 and Bhavani. • Use optimum dose of fertilizers.
• Treat the seeds with Thiram or Captan at 4 g/kg. Spray the • Grow resistant cultivars IR 20 and TKM 6.
nursery with Edifenphos 40 ml or Mancozeb 80 g for 20 cent • Spray Streptomycin sulphate and tetracycline combination
nursery. 300 g + Copper oxychloride 1.25 Kg/ha.

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Biotica Research Today 2021, 3(7):624-626

5. Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) - Rice • Spray Phosphomidan 500 ml or Monocrotophos 1 litre/ha
(2 ml/litre) or Neem oil 3% or NSKE 5% to control the vector
tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and in the main field 15 and 30 days after transplanting.
Rice tungro sphericalvirus (RTSV) Conclusion

D
Symptoms

R
ue to climatic changes and emergence of new virulent
ice Tungro Disease (Figure 5) occurs both in the strains of pathogens the effective control of the fungal,
nursery and main field. Plants are markedly stunted. bacterial and viral diseases in Rice is a challenging
Leaves show yellow to orange discoloration and task. So, to formulate an effective, sustainable and location
interveinal chlorosis. Young leaves are sometimes mottled appropriate plant disease management tool, the study of the
while rusty spots appear on older leaves. Tillering is reduced major diseases of a crop, its occurrence, symptoms and extent
with poor root system. Panicles not formed in very early of losses of rice becomes very important. The integrated
infection, if formed, remain small with few, deformed and disease management approaches like cultural methods,
chaffy grains. improved tillage practices, planting resistant cultivars, host
plant resistance, biological control, use of botanicals, chemical
methods and biotechnological approaches can be useful in
management of diseases. Better knowledge about disease
is a key player to improvise the trait improvements in crop
development programme.
References
Chukwu, S.C., Rafii, M.Y., Ramlee, S.I., Ismail, S.I., Oladosu, Y.,
Okporie, E., Jalloh, M., 2019. Marker-assisted selection
and gene pyramiding for resistance to bacterial leaf
blight disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Biotechnology &
Figure 4: In leaves lesions cover the entire lamina which turns Biotechnological Equipment 33(1), 440-455.
white or straw coloured Ella, E.S., Kawano, N., Yamauchi, Y., Tanaka, K., Ismail, A.M.,
Managements 2003. Blocking ethylene perception enhances flooding
tolerance in rice seedlings. Functional Plant Biology
• Grow disease tolerant cultivars like Pankhari203, BM66,
30(7), 813-819.
BM68, Latisail, Ambemohar102, Kamod253, IR50 and Co45.
• Control the vectors in the nursery by application
of Carbofuran 170 g/cent 10 days after sowing to control
hoppers.

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