Computer Hardware Components
1. Introduction
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer system that you can touch and see. These
components work together to perform processing, storage, input, and output operations.
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2. Categories of Hardware Components
Hardware components are broadly classified into:
Input Devices
Output Devices
Processing Unit (CPU)
Storage Devices
Communication Devices
Peripheral Devices
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3. Input Devices
These are devices used to send data and control signals to the computer.
Examples:
Keyboard: Used to type data.
Mouse: Used to point, click, and scroll.
Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format.
Microphone: Captures sound.
Webcam: Captures video input.
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4. Output Devices
Devices that receive and display or output data from the computer.
Examples:
Monitor: Displays visual output.
Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents.
Speakers: Outputs audio.
Projector: Displays visuals on a larger screen.
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5. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Often called the "brain" of the computer, it processes all instructions.
Main parts of CPU:
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Handles arithmetic and logic operations.
CU (Control Unit): Directs operations of the processor.
Registers: Small memory units inside the CPU for temporary storage.
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6. Memory and Storage Devices
Types of Memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary data storage.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores firmware.
Storage Devices:
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Magnetic storage for long-term data.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): Faster, electronic storage alternative to HDD.
Flash Drive / USB: Portable and removable storage.
CD/DVD: Optical storage media.
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7. Motherboard
The main circuit board that connects all computer components. It houses the CPU, memory, expansion
slots, and ports.
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8. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Converts electrical power from AC to DC and distributes it to the computer components.
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9. Expansion Cards
Used to enhance the capabilities of a computer.
Examples:
Graphics Card: For rendering images and videos.
Sound Card: Improves audio quality.
Network Interface Card (NIC): Enables networking.
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10. Communication Devices
Used to connect a computer to a network or internet.
Examples:
Modem: Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.
Router: Directs data packets between networks.
Wi-Fi Adapter: Allows wireless internet connectivity.
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11. Peripheral Devices
External devices that are not part of the core architecture.
Examples:
External Hard Drives
Game Controllers
VR Headsets
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12. Summary Table
Category Example Devices
Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner
Output Devices Monitor, Printer, Speakers
Processing Unit CPU, ALU, CU
Memory RAM, ROM
Storage HDD, SSD, USB Flash
Communication Modem, Router, NIC
Peripherals Webcam, Gamepad, External Drives
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13. Practical Tip for Students
> Always open a system unit with supervision. Learn to identify basic components: CPU, RAM, HDD, PSU,
and motherboard.
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14. Quiz Questions
1. What is the function of a CPU?
2. Differentiate between RAM and ROM.
3. Name two input and two output devices.
4. What is the role of a motherboard?
5. Which device connects a computer to the internet?
