HBCS22E08 INTERNETOFTHINGS 3 1 0 4

UNIT I 12Hrs

FUNDAMENTALS OF IOT - Introduction to IoT: Definition & Characteristics of

IoT - physical design of IoT - logical design of IoT Architecture of IoT – IoT levels &
Deployment templates – Technologies fo rIoT–Developing IoT Applications –
Applications of IoT–Industrial IoT–Security in IoT

UNIT II 12Hrs

BASIC ELECTRONICS – IOT AND M2M - Current and Voltage – Binary

Calculations – Logic Chips –Microcontrollers –MultipurPOse Computers–Electronic
Signals –A/D and D/A Conversion IoT and M2M - Deference between Iot and M2M
- SDN and NFV for lot - IoT systems management

UNIT III 12Hrs

IOT SPECIFICATION - PurPOse and specification - Process specification - Domain

model specification - Information model specification - Service specification - IoT
level specification - Functional view specification - Operational view specification -
Device and component Integrators - Application Development.

UNIT IV 12Hrs

SENSORSANDACTUATORS-Analog and Digital Sensors–Interfacing temperature

sensor- Ultrasound-Sensor and Infrared(IR) Sensor with Arduino–Interfacing LED
and Buzzer with Arduino -Understanding the Outputs through Actuators-Activating
LED Lights-Activating Relays-Running DC Motors

UNIT V 12Hrs

IOT AND CLOUD COMPUTING - IOT physical servers & cloud computing -
WAMP – Comparison of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing –Xively cloud for
IoT-python Web application frame work - Amazon web services for IoT.
TotalHo
urs:60

TEXTBOOKS:

1) InternetofThings-
SrinivasaK.G.,SiddeshG.M.HanumanthaRajuR.Publisher:CengageLearning India pvt.
Ltd (2018)

2) InternetofThings-AhandsonApproachAuthors:ArshdeepBahga,VijayMadisettiPublisher:
Uinversity press

REFERENCEBOOKS:
1) Boris Adryan, Dominik Obermaier, Paul Fremantle, “The Technical
Foundations of IoT”, Artech Houser Publishers, 2017.
 UNIT I
4 Marks
Definition and characteristics of iot-physical design of iot-logical design-Architecture of
iot-iot levels-Deployment templates-technologies of iot-developing iot applications-
application of iot-industrial iot-security in iot
1.Define IOT
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such
as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection
and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient
and automated systems.
2.Discuss the Physical Design of IoT
The physical design of IoT refers to the hardware components and devices that make up the
IoT system. It includes sensors, actuators, communication devices, microcontrollers, and
other physical components that collect, send, and receive data.
3.Explain the Logical Design of IoT
The logical design includes the software architecture, protocols, data storage, and
communication systems. It determines how data is processed, transmitted, and used to trigger
actions or inform decisions.
4.List down the IoT Levels
 Perception Level
 Network Level
 Processing Level
 Application Level

5.Advantages of IoT
 Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
 Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
 Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
 Greater ability to gather and analyse data.
 Improved decision-making.
 Cost savings.

6 Marks
1.Write the Characteristics of IoT
Connectivity: Devices are connected to the internet for data exchange.This connection allows
devices to be monitored and controlled remotely.
Automation: IoT systems automate tasks and processes based on data analysis.Based on the
data collected by sensors and the processing of that data, IoT systems can perform tasks
without human intervention.
Data Processing: IoT collects data from devices and processes it for decision-making.IoT
systems generate vast amounts of data through connected devices. This data is collected,
analysed and used to make decisions or trigger actions.
Real-time Operations: Provides real-time monitoring and management of devices and
environments.
Interoperability: Devices and platforms from different manufacturers can communicate and
work together.Interoperability refers to the ability of devices and systems from different
manufacturers to work together seamlessly. This characteristic is crucial for IoT adoption, as
it ensures that diverse devices can be integrated into a single ecosystem.
2. Difference between Physical and Logical Design of IoT
Physical Design Logical Design
Hardware components of the IoT system. Software architecture and data flow in the IoT
system.

Sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, The components are Data collection,

communication devices, power supplies are transmission, processing, storage, and
components. application layers.

Deals with the infrastructure that collects and Handles how data is transmitted, processed,
controls physical data. and applied for decision-making.
Provides the physical foundation for data Defines how data flows, gets processed, and is
collection and interaction with the applied in real-world applications.
environment.
Eg: Temperature sensors, smart meters, Eg: Data transmission protocols (e.g., MQTT),
actuators, and gateways. cloud computing, AI algorithms.

3.Identify Industrial IoT (IIoT) and Its Impact

IIoT refers to applying IoT technologies to industries like manufacturing, logistics, and
energy.
Key impacts include:
 Predictive Maintenance: Preventing downtime by monitoring equipment health.By
predicting failures in advance, IIoT helps organizations reduce unnecessary repairs
and parts replacements, saving money.
 Supply Chain Optimization: Tracking assets and improving logistics.IIoT enables
real-time tracking of products, materials, and assets, providing businesses with
complete visibility throughout the supply chain.
 Automation: Streamlining production and manufacturing processes.By automating
repetitive tasks, IIoT reduces human errors and increases production speed, leading to
higher output.
 Energy Efficiency: Monitoring and reducing energy consumption.IIoT systems track
energy consumption in real time, identifying energy-hungry machines or processes
that can be optimized.
4.Discuss the security challenges in IoT and its solutions
IoT faces several security challenges:
  Device Vulnerabilities: Devices often have weak security, making them targets for
attacks.
 Data Privacy: Ensuring the protection of sensitive data.
 Lack of Standards: Diverse devices lack uniform security protocols.

Solutions:
 Encryption: Securing data during transmission.
 Regular Software Updates: Keeping devices secure against new threats.
 Authentication Mechanisms: Ensuring only authorized devices and users have
access.
 Network Security: Using firewalls and intrusion detection systems to protect
communication networks.
5.Recognize the advantages and disadvantages ofIoT
Advantages of IoT
 Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
 Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
 Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
 Greater ability to gather and analyse data.
 Improved decision-making.
 Cost savings.

Disadvantages of IoT
 Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information.
 They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without
it.
 Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent because they
rely on smart devices instead of doing physical work, causing them to become
lazy.
 Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to
unemployment.
 It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to IoT
framework.
 Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.
10 Marks
1.Sketch the IoT Architecture in detail
he architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer,
Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of
Things architecture and is responsible for collecting data from different sources. This
layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather
information
 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for
providing communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It
includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate
with each other and with the wider internet.
  Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the
software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analysing, and
interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data
from the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action.
 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that
interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly
interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices. This
layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps and other user
interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure.

2. Articulate the key technologies involved in IoT and their role.

IoT (internet of things) enabling technologies are
1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors
which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor
network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors
attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers.
2. Cloud Computing: It provides us the means by which we can access applications as
utilities over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations. With
Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases, webservers,
storage, any device and any software over the internet.
3. Big Data Analytics: It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big
data. Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to
store, control, process and examine the data using traditional databases.
4. Communications Protocols: They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange
data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication.
5. Embedded Systems: It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special
tasks. It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet
Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc.) and storage devices.
3.Explain the physical design of IoT. What are the major components involved in the
physical design of an IoT system?
The physical design of IoT refers to the hardware elements that enable the functioning of an
IoT system. These components are responsible for collecting data, transmitting it, and
performing actions based on the processed information. Key components involved in the
physical design of IoT include:
1. Sensors: Devices that collect real-world data such as temperature, humidity, motion,
light, etc. These sensors convert physical parameters into digital data.
2. Actuators: Devices that perform physical actions in response to the data or
commands they receive. For example, turning on a light, adjusting a thermostat, or
controlling a motor.
3. Microcontrollers: Small computing devices that process the data received from
sensors and send control signals to actuators. They act as the brain of the IoT device,
running software to make decisions based on the input.
4. Communication Devices: These devices enable the transmission of data between IoT
devices and networks. Communication devices can include Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth,
ZigBee, NFC, or cellular connectivity, depending on the communication protocol
used.
5. Power Supply: The power source (battery, solar panel, or wired connection) that
ensures continuous operation of the IoT devices.
6. Physical Enclosures: These house and protect the components of the IoT devices,
ensuring durability and safety from environmental conditions.
4. Summarize the logical design of IoT in detail.
The logical design of IoT refers to the software architecture, data flow, and system
components that manage the processing, analysis, and communication of data collected by
physical IoT devices.
Data Collection Layer: The data collection layer involves sensors that detect and collect
real-world data such as temperature, humidity, or motion. This data is often pre-processed
on the device to convert raw signals into digital formats.
Data Communication Layer: The communication layer transmits the data collected by
sensors to a central system for processing. It uses protocols like MQTT, HTTP, or CoAP
to ensure reliable and efficient data exchange
Data Processing Layer: In this layer, data is analysed either at the edge (on the device)
or in the cloud, depending on the application. Edge computing allows for quick decision-
making and reduces the need for sending all data to the cloud.
 Data Storage Layer: Data is stored in local or cloud-based storage systems, enabling
easy access and retrieval. Cloud storage offers scalability, allowing vast amounts of IoT
data to be stored and managed effectively.
Data Analysis & Decision-Making Layer: This layer involves analysing the collected
data to generate actionable insights, often using AI and machine learning algorithms. By
identifying patterns or anomalies, the system can make predictions or trigger actions
autonomously.
Control Layer: Based on data analysis, the control layer sends commands to actuators to
perform physical actions. This layer ensures that the system reacts to changes in the
environment or user input, such as adjusting a thermostat or opening a valve. It bridges the
gap between data processing and physical actions.
Security & Privacy Layer: The security layer protects IoT systems from unauthorized
access and ensures the integrity of data transmitted between devices. It involves
encryption, authentication, and authorization protocols to secure both data and devices.
5.Cite the different levels of IoT with examples for each level.
IoT operates across four key levels, each serving a specific purpose in the data flow and
application:
1.PerceptionLevel:
This level involves the physical devices (sensors and actuators) that collect data from the
environment. For example, temperature sensors in a smart thermostat collect data on room
temperature. This data is then converted into a digital signal for further processing.
2.NetworkLevel:
The network level is responsible for transmitting the collected data to other devices or the
cloud for analysis. It uses communication technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular
networks. In a smart city, traffic sensors send data to a central server using these
communication technologies.
3.Processing Level:
At this level, the collected data is processed and analysed, either in the cloud or at the edge
(local devices). For instance, in a smart factory, machine data can be analysed in real-time at
the edge to detect anomalies and predict maintenance needs.
4.Application Level:
This level uses the processed data for real-world applications. For example, in healthcare, IoT
devices like wearable fitness trackers provide data to healthcare apps, helping users track
their health metrics or alert doctors to potential issues. The application level enables
automation by allowing systems to take actions based on processed data, such as turning off
lights in a smart home when no one is present.
 UNIT-II
BASIC ELECTRONICS
PART A (4 MARKS)
1. Define Electronics and its function with applications.
 It is a branch of engineering that deals with the study of design, working, and
applications of electronic devices and circuits.
 Electronic devices are those whose operation is based on the flow of electrons and
holes.
 It also referred to as solid-state devices or semiconductor devices.
 Electronics devices are used to perform a variety of functions like data processing,
signal amplification, information transmission, controlling of electrical energy flow in
circuits, and many more.
 Electronics finds applications in various engineering and industrial disciplines such as
communication, computer engineering, information technology, control and
automation, power electronics, consumer electronics, etc.

2. ExpandM2M.
 Machine to machine communication.
 More than two machines communicate with each other without human interaction
using a wired or wireless mechanism.
 It is an technology that helps the devices to connect between devices without using
internet. It offer several applications such as security, tracking and tracing,
manufacturing and facility management.
 M2M is also named as Machine Type Communication (MTC) in 3GPP ( 3rd
Generation Partnership Project).
 M2M is only subset of IoT .

3. Calculate 1’s and 2’s Complement of a Binary Number.

 1’s Complement of a Binary Number is obtained by inverting the digits of the binary
number.
o Example: Find the 1’s complement of (10011)2, Thus, (01100)2
 2’s Complement of a Binary Number is obtained by inverting the digits of the binary
number and then by adding 1 to the least significant bit.
o Example: Find the 2’s complement of (1011)2.
o To find the 2’s complement, first find its 1’s complement, i.e., (0100)2
o Now, by adding 1 to the least significant bit, we get (0101)2
o Hence, the 2’s complement of (1011)2 is (0101)2

4. What is a multipurpose computer system? Give example.

 Multipurpose computer boards are utilized in many applications.
 A modem/fax card allows the transfer of any sort of files between computers.
 Serial/parallel adapters can be effectively used to connect cellular phones, PDAs,
digital cameras, modems, or ISDN terminal adapters through a USB port.
 Examples are Super Computer: Mainframe computer, Mini Computer, Workstation
Computer, Personal Computer (PC), Server Computer, Analog/ digital Computer,
Hybrid Computer, Tablets and Smartphone
5.What is internet of things system management?
 Internet of things device management involves
 remotely registering,
 configuring,
 provisioning,
 maintaining and
 monitoring connected devices from a centralized platform that IT
administrators can access with an internet connection from anywhere on any
device.
 IoT device management tools enable organizations to have better control of their
mobile devices.

PART B (6 MARKS)
1. What are the most important concepts in basic electronics?
Some of the most important concepts in basic electronics are:
 Semiconductors − In the field of electronics, semiconductors are important materials
used for fabricating various electronic devices and components like diodes,
transistors, integrated circuits, LEDs, logic gates, etc.
 Resistors − These are the commonly used circuit components in electronics. Resistors
are used to control the amount of electric current in electronics circuits.
 Capacitors − Capacitors are also basic circuit components in electronics used for
storing electric charge and design circuits to perform signal filtering.
 Inductors − Inductors are used in electronic circuits to store energy in the form of
magnetic field and filter out the alternating current signals.
 Transformers − Transformer is an electromagnetic device. It is used in electronic
circuits to reduce the high voltage like 220 Volts into the lower values like 5 V, 12 V,
24 V, or any other suitable value for electronic circuits.
 Diodes − Diodes are the most basic semiconductor devices. A typical diode consists
of two semiconductor regions namely, p-type and n-type, thus have a pn-junction. It is
used in electronic circuits as a unidirectional device or as a static switch. One of the
most common application of diodes is rectification i.e., conversion of AC into DC.
 Transistors − Transistors are three-terminal semiconductor devices used in
electronics to perform two main functions namely, amplification and switching of
electric signals.

2. Indicate the logical signals with truth tables.

Logic signals are expressed as 1’s and 0’s, high and low, or true and false.
The schematic symbols and truth tables of the common electronic logic gates:
Logic
gate Schematic symbol Truth table
AND

OR

NAND

NOR

XOR

3. Write about Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Conversion.

 Adigital-to-analog (D/A) converter (DAC) is a chip or circuit that converts a digital
number into an analog voltage or current.
  D/As are used to control devices that require a range of control voltages or currents
such as electro-acoustic transducers (speakers), some types of variable-speed motors,
and many other applications where an analog signal output is required.
 The most common application is to [re]create waveforms from digital signals– for
examplein CD players.
Analog to Digital Converters:
 A controller often has to measure a physical quantity, for example temperature,
pressure, force.
 A sensor, often called a transducer, is used to con vert this physical quantity into an
electrical signal (current or voltage).
 This electrical signal must then be converted into a binary number so that the digital
controller can use it.
 An analog to digital (A/D) converter (ADC) performs this function.

4. Compare IOT and M2M.

IOT M2M
Internet of Things Machine to Machine
IoT sensors automation of Communicates directly between
communication machines
The connection is via using various
Point-to-Point Connection
communication types
Protocols are HTTP, Ftp, Telnet are Communication technology techniques
used and traditional protocols are used.
Objects are responsible for decision- Observation of some degree of
making intelligence
Devices can be connected through mobile
Depending on the Internet protocol
or other networks
Many users can connect at a time over Communicate with a single machine at a
the Internet time
B2C(Business to Customers) and
Only B2B(Business to Business) is used
B2B(Business to Business)

5. How does IoT system management work?

IoT system management works by installing a client software agent on a device that uses a
standards-based messaging protocol, such as MQTT, to communicate with the management
platform. This provides control over the entire lifecycle of IoT devices.The IoT device
management process are:
 Registering devices. Users must register their devices with their device
management platforms before exchanging data.
 Provisioning. This involves modifying devices from their original, off-the-shelf
settings to those that enable the devices to be integrated into the users' networks.
 Authentication. This is a way for users to confirm the identities of their devices
as they're enrolled into IoT management systems.
  Configuration. This is the process of personalizing the functionality of the IoT
devices.
 Maintenance. IoT maintenance ensures that IoT devices in the field can be
updated when necessary so they stay up to date and secure.
 Diagnostics. IoT diagnostics enable companies to monitor their connected devices
closely to reduce security failures, firmware bugs and the risk of downtime.
 End of life. When individual devices become obsolete or IoT projects are
finished, IoT device management is responsible for securely and cost-effectively
decommissioning devices.

Part c(10 marks)

1. Difference between Voltage and Current.

Voltage Current

It is the potential difference produced between It is the flow of free electrons in an electrical
two charged points in a conductor. circuit.

The S.I. unit of voltage is volt and is measured The S.I. unit for electric current is ampere
using a voltmeter. and is measured using an ammeter.

Voltage is denoted by V Current is denoted b I

Impedance causes loss of voltage. Different passive elements in a circuit cause

loss of current.

The formula for voltage (V) = IR The formula for Current (I) = Q/t

The value of voltage remains the same across a The value of current is the same in a series
parallel combination. circuit.

Voltage creates an electrostatic field Current creates a magnetic field

In a series circuit, the voltage across all the The current flowing through all the
components is different components in a series circuit remains the
same

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across all the The current flowing through all the
components remains the same components in a parallel circuit is different

The voltage is the cause of the flow of current The current is the effect of the voltage

2. Enumerate microcontroller and its types.

A microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that is designed to
control specific tasks within electronic systems. It combines the functions of a central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output interfaces, all on a single chip.
Types of Microcontroller:
Some of the most common types of microcontrollers are:
 8-bit Microcontrollers: Typically used in simple applications such as toys, small
appliances, and remote controls. They have a limited processing power and memory
capacity, but they are easy to use and cost-effective.
 16-bit Microcontrollers: These are more advanced than 8-bit microcontrollers and
are capable of performing more complex tasks,used in applications such as medical
devices, automotive systems, and industrial control systems.
 32-bit Microcontrollers: These are the most powerful and feature-rich
microcontrollers, capable of handling large amounts of data and performing high-
speed processing, used in applications such as gaming systems, multimedia devices,
and high-end industrial automation.
 ARM Microcontrollers: These microcontrollers are based on the ARM architecture
and are widely used in a variety of applications, including mobile devices, automotive
systems, and industrial control systems.
 PIC Microcontrollers: These microcontrollers are manufactured by Microchip
Technology and are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including home
appliances, automotive systems, and medical devices.
 AVR Microcontrollers: These microcontrollers are manufactured by Atmel
Corporation and are commonly used in applications such as robotics, industrial
control systems, and consumer electronics.
 CPU: The microcontroller is referred to as a CPU device since it is utilized to carry
and decode data before effectively completing the assigned duty. mory.
 Memory: Microcontrollers have a limited quantity of RAM/ROM/flash memory for
storing program source code.
 Input and Output ports: In general, these ports are used to interface or otherwise
drive various appliances like LEDs, LCDs, printers, and so on.
 Serial Ports: Serial ports are used to offer serial interfaces between the
microcontroller and a range of additional peripherals, such as the parallel port.
 Timers: Timers and counters are included in a microcontroller. In a microcontroller,
they are used to manage all timing and counting activities.

3. Quotes the necessity of Signal in details.

A signal is a function of one or more variables that indicate some (usually physical)
phenomenon. Signal serves as carriers of information between communication
devices. They can convey different types of information depending on the application
required. These signals can be of different forms.
Examples of Signals:
 Human voice and sound waves.
 Voltage in electrical circuits
 Room temperature controlled by a thermostat system
 Position, speed, and acceleration of an aircraft
 Digital photographs
 Digital Music Recording.
Types of Signals: There are different types of signals which are given below:
 Analog Signals
 Digital Signals
 Real and Complex Signals
  Deterministic and Random Signals
 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
a. Analog Signals: These signals are continuing (e.g., a real variable) and infinitely
varying with time parameter or can take any value within a given range. These signals
are represented by the sine wave. Examples of analog signals are audio signals,
temperature readings, sound waves or television waves.

Analog Signal Graph

b. Digital Signals: A signal that is a function of discrete variables (e.g., an integer
variable) is said to be discrete time and this are represent in binary form (0s and 1s).
More robust against noise. Commonly used in computer systems and
telecommunications.

Digital Signal Graph

C. Real and Complex Signals: If the value of the signal x(t) is a real number, the
signal x(t) is also a real signal; If the value of the signal x(t) is a complex number, the
signal x(t) is complex. signal. In general, the complex signal x(t) is a function of the
form
x(t)= x1(t) + jx2(t)
where x1(t) and x2(t) are real symbols, j = V - 1. Equation represents a constant
variable or the difference between the two.
d. Deterministic and Random Signals: A deterministic signal is one whose value is
always specified exactly. Therefore, the decision signal can be modeled by knowing
time t. A random signal is one that takes a significant amount of time and needs to be
characterized.
4.Discuss about SDN and NFV.
SDN(Software-Defined Networking):
 SDN architecture mainly focuses on data centers.
 SDN separates control plane and data forwarding plane by centralizing control and
programmability of network.
  SDN uses OpenFlow as a communication protocol.
 SDN supports Open Networking Foundation.
 Various enterprise networking software and hardware vendors are initiative supporters
of SDN.
 Corporate IT act as a Business initiator for SDN.
 SDN applications run on industry-standard servers or switches.
 Application of SDN:
 Networking
 Cloud orchestration
NFV(Network Functions Virtualization):
 NFV is targeted at service providers or operators.
 It helps service providers or operators to virtualize functions like load balancing,
routing, and policy management.
 There is no protocol determined yet for NFV.

 NFV is driven by ETSI NFV Working group.

 Telecom service providers or operators are prime initiative supporters of NFV.
 Service providers or operators act as a Business initiator for NFV.
 Application of NFV:
  Routers, firewalls, gateways
 WAN accelerators
 SLA assurance
 Video Servers
 Content Delivery Networks (CDN)

5.S ketch the features of IOT system management.

Bulk device onboarding:

 The software must enable onboarding using a network key and identification
credentials.
 Device onboarding must be performed remotely to establish a secure connection
between the endpoint device and the IoT service.
Remote troubleshooting:
 There should be support for remote troubleshooting to quickly resolve user issues and
reduce manual efforts.
 An integrated governance portal can help resolve issues across multiple endpoints in a
consolidated manner.
Reports and analytics:
 IoT devices typically ship with some edge analytics capabilities.
 The IoT device management software will be able to display detailed analytics insights
in real-time via GUI dashboards.
 This data can also be converted into reports for business user understanding.
Robust integrations:
 Compatibility with your hardware ecosystem and application codebase (i.e., the
language in which they are written) is an essential feature for this software.
 It must connect with downstream data servers and enterprise apps for integrated
workflows.
Stringent security:
 The software should equip you with detailed device logs to detect instances of
anomalous use and unauthorized access.
 Real-time notifications sent via the software’s dashboard can help diagnose issues and
conduct root-cause analysis quickly.
 While these are the must-have features to look for, you should also prioritize value-added
services.
 UNIT-3
PART-A
1.What is the purpose of IoT (Internet of Things) and its key specifications?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices that
communicate with each other and share data over the internet without requiring
human intervention.
 The primary purpose of IoT is to enhance automation, improve efficiency, and offer
data-driven insights across various industries, including healthcare, agriculture,
manufacturing, and home automation.

2.How is the IoT Domain Model applied in smart agriculture?

 Device Component: Soil moisture and temperature sensors collect data.
 Communication Component: LoRaWAN sends data to processing units.
 Data Processing Component: Cloud servers analyze soil and weather data.
 Service Component: Farmers receive irrigation recommendations via mobile apps.
 Security Component: Protects data from unauthorized access.
3. What are the challenges in implementing Functional View Specification
in IoT?
 Heterogeneity of Devices – Various devices use different protocols and architectures.
 Scalability Issues – Managing an increasing number of connected devices.
 Security and Privacy Concerns – Ensuring secure data transmission and storage.
 Interoperability – Ensuring different IoT systems work together effectively.

4.Compare Cloud-based and Edge-based IoT application development.

Feature Cloud-based IoT Edge-based IoT

Processing Centralized (Cloud) Decentralized (Edge Devices)
Latency Higher due to network dependency Lower as processing happens locally
Security Prone to cyber threats More secure as data is processed locally
Cost Higher due to cloud service fees Lower as fewer cloud resources are used
Use Cases Smart homes, healthcare Industrial automation, autonomous vehicles
5.What are the different IoT levels and their characteristics?

 Perception Level – Sensors, actuators, RFID tags collect data.

 Network Level – Transfers data using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or LPWAN.
 Edge Level – Processes data near the device (edge computing).
 Cloud Level – Stores and analyzes data on cloud servers.
 Application Level – User interface, dashboards, and services.
 Business Level – Decision-making, automation, and revenue models.
PART-B (6MARKS)
1.Explain the process specification in IoT
1. Data Collection:
 IoT devices use sensors to collect real-time data from the environment.
 Examples include temperature, humidity, motion, and GPS sensors.
2. Data Transmission:
 Collected data is sent to processing units using communication protocols.
 Common technologies: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and cellular networks.
3. Data Processing:
 Data is processed either locally (edge computing) or on the cloud.
  Processing helps in filtering, analyzing, and interpreting raw data.
4. Decision Making:
 Based on the processed data, the system makes decisions automatically or sends
information to users.
 Example: Turning off lights when no motion is detected.
5. Action Execution:
 Actuators perform actions based on decisions (e.g., adjusting temperature, sending
alerts).
 Enables automation and reduces human intervention.
6. Feedback and Monitoring:
 The system monitors outcomes to ensure correct functioning.
 Feedback helps in system optimization and error detection.
2.List any three components of the IoT domain model.

Entities:
o Physical or virtual objects involved in the IoT system.
o Examples: Sensors, actuators, devices, users, and cloud platforms.
Resources:
o Data or services provided or consumed by entities.
o Examples: Temperature readings from a sensor or data storage services.
Services:
o Functionalities offered by the IoT system to meet user requirements.
o Examples: Remote device control, notifications, and data analytics services

3.What is the significance of Functional View Specification in IoT systems?

Clarifies System Functions:
o Identifies key functions such as sensing, data processing, communication, and
actuation.
Enhances System Integration:
o Facilitates smooth interaction between hardware and software
Improves Design and Development:
o Provides a structured approach for developers to build complex IoT solutions.
o Reduces development time by clearly defining functions and their
relationships.
Ensures Efficient Data Flow:
o Specifies how data is collected, processed, transmitted, and used within the
system.
Supports Scalability and Maintenance:
o Makes it easier to upgrade or scale the system by understanding function
dependencies.
o Simplifies troubleshooting and maintenance.
Enhances User Experience:
o Ensures that the end-users receive accurate data and seamless control over
devices.
4.What are the challenges in devices and component integration in iot
Compatibility Issues
 Different devices use various technologies and may not work together easily.
 Example: A smart TV might not connect to certain smart speakers.
Security and Privacy Concerns
 More connected devices mean higher chances of hacking and data theft.
 Example: Weak passwords on smart home devices can allow unauthorized access.
High Power Consumption
 Constant communication between devices drains batteries quickly.
 Example: Wearable devices lose battery faster when always connected to phones.
Data Synchronization Problems
 Devices may send or receive data at different times, causing confusion.
 Example: A fitness app showing delayed step counts from a smartwatch.
Cost and Complexity
 Integrating devices can be expensive and technically challenging.
 Example: Setting up a smart city network requires costly equipment and skilled
workers.

5. Explain the key elements involved in the operational view specification of

IoT systems.
Functional Operations
 Defines the tasks and roles of IoT devices and services.
 Example: Sensors collect temperature data; actuators control devices based on
commands.
Communication and Data Flow
 Describes how data moves between devices, networks, and processing units.
 Example: Smart home sensors send data via Wi-Fi to a central hub.
Timing and Synchronization
 Ensures devices work together at the right time for smooth operations.
 Example: Motion sensors triggering lights instantly when movement is detected.
Security and Privacy Operations
 Focuses on protecting data during communication and storage.
 Example: Encrypting data from wearable devices to prevent unauthorized access.
Resource Management and Efficiency
 Manages power usage, bandwidth, and device performance to ensure efficiency.
 Example: Smart thermostats adjusting operations to save energy.

PART-C (10 MARKS)1. Explain the Domain Model Specification in IoT.

The Domain Model Specification in IoT describes how various components (devices, users,
services, and data) interact within a particular application domain, such as healthcare,
agriculture, transportation, or smart homes.
Key Components of the IoT Domain Model:
1. Entities:
o Physical or virtual objects in the IoT system.
o Examples: Sensors, actuators, devices, cloud platforms, and users.
2. Resources:
o Data or services provided and consumed by entities.
o Examples: Temperature data from sensors, device control interfaces.
3. Services:
o Functionalities provided by the IoT system to meet user needs.
o Examples: Real-time monitoring, automated control, and alert notifications.
4. Events:
o Actions or changes that trigger certain responses in the system.
o Examples: Motion detected triggers an alarm; temperature drop activates a
heater.
5. Relationships:
 o Connections between entities, resources, and services.
o Examples: Sensors send data to a cloud server, which processes it and sends
alerts to users.
Steps to Develop a Domain Model in IoT:
1. Identify the Application Domain:
o Choose a specific area like smart homes, healthcare, or agriculture.
2. Identify Entities and Resources:
o Determine devices, users, and data involved in the system.
3. Define Relationships:
o Map how entities interact and exchange information.
4. Describe Services and Events:
o Explain what services are provided and how events trigger actions.
5. Model Interactions:
o Use diagrams or descriptions to illustrate data flow and communication.
Example: Smart Home Domain Model
 Entities: Motion sensors, smart lights, users, and cloud server.
 Resources: Motion detection data, lighting control data.
 Services: Automatic lighting, user notifications.
 Events: Motion detected → Lights turn on.
 Relationships: Sensors send data to the cloud → Cloud processes data → Controls
lights and sends alerts to the user.

2.Compare the Information Model Specification and Service Specification in IoT with
examples.

Criteria Information Model Specification Service Specification

Describes how data and information Describes the functionalities,
Definition are structured, represented, and operations, and services provided by the
related within an IoT system. IoT system to users or other devices.
Focuses on the data aspect: data Focuses on the actions, processes, and
Focus types, relationships, and attributes of services offered to fulfill user
entities. requirements.
To provide a standardized way of To define how users or devices can
Purpose representing and exchanging access, use, and interact with IoT
information between IoT devices. services.
Entities, attributes, relationships, Service operations, inputs/outputs,
Components
and data types. triggers, and service descriptions.
Defining temperature data as a float A service that sends alerts when
Example
value with units in Celsius. temperature exceeds a threshold.
Covers how data is organized, Covers how services are invoked,
Scope
stored, and transmitted. executed, and delivered.
User Indirect (users interact with data Direct (users interact with services to
Interaction through services). perform actions).
Standards Uses standards like JSON, XML, Uses service description languages like
Used and data modeling languages. WSDL, REST APIs.
Ensures consistent data
Ensures users can access useful
Importance interpretation across devices and
functionalities efficiently.
platforms.
Real-World Defining sensor data format for A mobile app controlling smart lights or
 Criteria Information Model Specification Service Specification
Example temperature, humidity, and pressure. receiving notifications.

3. Describe the IoT level specification in detail and provide relevant examples
1. Perception Level (Device Level)
 Function: Responsible for identifying and collecting data from the physical environment.
 Components: Sensors , actuators, RFID tags.
 Example:
o Temperature sensors in smart homes to detect room temperature.
2. Network Level
 Function: Facilitates data transmission between devices, gateways, and cloud servers.
 Communication Technologies:
o Short-range: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee
o Long-range: LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, 4G/5G
 Example: Smart irrigation systems use LoRaWAN to send soil moisture data to a cloud server.
3. Data Processing Level
 Function: Processes raw data to extract meaningful information.
 Processing Methods:
o Edge Computing: Processes data near the source for real-time responses.
o Cloud Computing: Centralized processing for large-scale data analysis.
 Example:
o Wearable fitness trackers use edge computing to provide instant health metrics.
4. Application Level
 Function: Provides interfaces for users to interact with the IoT system.
 Features: Monitoring dashboards, mobile/desktop apps, control systems.
 Example:
o Smart home apps allow users to control lighting and appliances.
5. Business and Security Level
 Function: Ensures data security, privacy, and defines business logic.
 Security Measures: Encryption, authentication, secure firmware updates.
 Business Aspects: Cost analysis, compliance, and ROI evaluation.
 Example:
o Smart city projects implement encryption to secure citizen data.

4. Compare IoT application development with mobile app development in terms of

process and challenges
Criteria IoT Application Development Mobile App Development
Integration of devices, sensors, data User interface, functionality, and
Focus
collection, and real-time processing. user experience on mobile devices.
Involves hardware selection, network Focuses on UI/UX design, coding,
Development
setup, data processing, and device and platform compatibility
Process
communication. (iOS/Android).
Requires integration with IoT protocols Depends on internet connectivity
Connectivity
(MQTT, CoAP, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi). and mobile network APIs.
Minimal hardware dependency;
Hardware Highly dependent on sensors, actuators,
mostly relies on smartphone
Dependency and embedded devices.
hardware.
Data Involves handling large volumes of Manages user data and app-related
Management real-time data from multiple devices. information with less complexity.
 Criteria IoT Application Development Mobile App Development
Security High: device vulnerabilities, data Moderate: focuses on data privacy,
Challenges breaches, and network security issues. authentication, and app security.
Complex: requires testing hardware, Focuses on usability, compatibility
Testing Process
network stability, and data flow. across devices, and performance.
Device interoperability, latency issues, App store guidelines, UI
Challenges
power management, and security. consistency, device fragmentation.
Smart home control systems, health Social media apps, e-commerce
Example
monitoring devices. platforms, gaming apps.

5.How do Information Model Specifications impact IoT data processing and security?

Information Model Specifications directly influence how IoT systems handle data
processing, storage, and security in the following ways:
Impact on Data Processing
 Optimized Data Flow – Well-structured data reduces processing overhead.
 Real-Time Analytics – Supports instant decision-making with event-driven models.
 Edge vs. Cloud Processing – Helps decide whether to process data locally (edge) or centrally
(cloud).
 Data Standardization – Ensures compatibility across different IoT platforms.
Impact on Security
 Access Control – Defines user permissions to protect sensitive IoT data.
 Encryption Standards – Uses models that support secure transmission (e.g., TLS, AES).
 Anomaly Detection – Enables AI-driven models to identify security threats.
 Compliance – Helps in adhering to regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and ISO 27001.

UNIT -4
4 MARKS (PART-A)
1. Define sensors and actuators in IoT.
  Sensors: Devices that detect and measure physical phenomena (e.g., temperature,
humidity, pressure) and convert them into electrical signals for processing in IoT
systems.
 Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on input signals, such as controlling
motors, opening valves, or generating motion in response to commands from an IoT
controller.

2. Explain the classification of sensors in IoT.

1. Physical Sensors: Measure physical parameters like temperature, pressure, and
motion.
2. Chemical Sensors: Detect chemical properties like pH, gas concentration, or
humidity.
3. Biological Sensors: Monitor biological phenomena like heart rate, glucose levels, or
DNA analysis.
4. Proximity Sensors: Detect nearby objects without physical contact (e.g., IR,
ultrasonic).
5. Optical Sensors: Measure light intensity, color, or image data.

3. What are the differences between sensors and actuators?

Parameter Sensor Actuator

Function Detects and measures input data Performs actions or controls
Input Physical phenomena Electrical signal
Output Electrical signal Physical movement or change
Example Temperature sensor Electric motor, relay switch

4. List and explain common types of sensors in IoT.

1. Temperature Sensor: Measures heat (e.g., thermistor, thermocouple).

2. Humidity Sensor: Detects moisture in the air.
3. Light Sensor: Measures light intensity (e.g., LDR, photodiode).
4. Pressure Sensor: Detects changes in pressure.
5. Motion Sensor: Detects movement or vibration (e.g., PIR sensor).
6. Gas Sensor: Measures gas concentration (e.g., CO2, methane).

5. Describe the role of actuators in IoT applications.

Actuators are critical in IoT as they enable devices to interact with the physical world by
performing actions based on processed data. Examples include:
1. Controlling motors in automation systems.
2. Operating valves in water management.
3. Adjusting light intensity in smart lighting systems.
4. Triggering alarms in security systems. They convert electrical signals into physical
actions to complete the feedback loop in IoT.

6MARKS (PART-B)

1.What is the role of relays in IoT-based home automation systems?

In home automation, relays play a crucial role in controlling various electrical devices such as
lights, fans, and security systems. They serve as the interface between the low-power control
signals from IoT devices (like a smartphone or microcontroller) and high-power home
appliances.
Working:
 The microcontroller receives a signal (such as from a mobile app or automated
system).
 The microcontroller activates the relay, which either opens or closes its contacts.
 When the contacts are closed, power flows to the appliance (e.g., a light or fan),
turning it on. If the contacts are open, the appliance is off
 Eg: In a smart home, a relay is used to control the lights or fans.
 A smartphone sends a command via an IoT platform to turn the lights on.
2.What are the different types of sensors used in IoT? Discuss briefly.
1. Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature and provide data for heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, smart thermostats, etc. Examples include
LM35, DHT11, and DHT22.
2. Humidity Sensors: Measure the moisture level in the air. They are essential for
climate control in smart homes and agriculture. DHT11 and DHT22 are commonly
used for both temperature and humidity measurement.
3. Light Sensors: Measure the intensity of light in an environment. These sensors are
used in automatic lighting systems and for energy management in smart homes. LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor) is a popular light sensor.
4. Motion Sensors: Detect motion or presence of objects. They are widely used in
security systems and home automation. Examples include PIR (Passive Infrared) and
ultrasonic sensors.
5. Pressure Sensors: Measure the pressure of gases or liquids. These are used in
applications like weather monitoring, industrial systems, and water level detection.
BMP180 is a popular barometric pressure sensor.
6. Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence of objects or people without physical contact.
These are used in security, automation, and vehicle detection systems.

3. What are sensors and actuators in the context of IoT? Explain with examples.
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors and actuators are two key
components that help bridge the physical world with the digital world, enabling
automation and intelligent systems.
 Sensors: Sensors are devices that collect data from the environment and convert it into
an electrical signal that can be processed by a microcontroller. Sensors detect various
physical parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, and pressure.
 Example: The DHT22 sensor measures temperature and humidity. The LM35
temperature sensor provides an analog voltage that is proportional to temperature.
 Actuators: Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into physical actions.
They are responsible for carrying out commands received from the system, such as
turning on/off a device, opening a valve, or rotating a motor. Actuators perform
actions like moving objects or controlling systems based on sensor inputs.
 Example: A DC motor that turns when powered or a relay that controls electrical
devices.

4. Explain the working principle of a temperature sensor in IoT

Temperature sensors in IoT applications are used to monitor the temperature of a
given environment and transmit this data to a microcontroller or IoT platform for
further processing and analysis.
 Working Principle:
o Temperature sensors, such as the LM35 or DHT22, work by converting the
temperature they measure into a corresponding electrical signal, usually a
voltage.
 o Analog Temperature Sensors (e.g., LM35): These sensors produce a
continuous output voltage that is proportional to the measured temperature.
For example, the LM35 generates 10mV per degree Celsius.
o Digital Temperature Sensors (e.g., DHT22): These sensors provide data in a
digital format, often using communication protocols like I2C or OneWire.
The microcontroller reads the sensor data, converts it (if necessary), and can send this
data over the internet to an IoT platform for monitoring, control, or triggering actions
(e.g., turning on a fan if the temperature exceeds a certain value).

5.How is an ultrasonic sensor used in IoT for distance measurement?

In IoT systems, ultrasonic sensors are often used for distance measurement by
emitting high-frequency sound waves and measuring the time taken for the sound to
bounce back from an object. This is how the process works:
 The sensor emits an ultrasonic pulse.
 The pulse travels through the air, hits the object, and then returns to the sensor.
 The time it takes for the pulse to return is used to calculate the distance.
 The microcontroller calculates the distance using the formula:
Distance=Time×Speed of Sound2\text{Distance} = \frac{\text{Time} \times \
text{Speed of Sound}}{2}Distance=2Time×Speed of Sound This distance data is then
used in IoT applications such as parking systems, robots, or inventory management.
10 MARKS (PART –C)
1. What Are Actuators and Understanding outputs through actuators?
Actuators are components in a system that take commands (usually electrical signals) and
convert them into physical actions. They're commonly used in robotics, automation, and any
system requiring movement or control.
Understanding Outputs Through Actuators
The outputs delivered by actuators depend on the type of actuator and the system they're part
of. Here's how to approach this:
 Type of Actuator:
o Linear Actuators: Convert energy into straight-line motion (e.g., opening a
valve, moving a slider).
o Rotary Actuators: Convert energy into rotational motion (e.g., turning a
wheel, rotating an arm).
o Pneumatic/Hydraulic Actuators: Use air or fluid pressure for motion.
o Electromechanical Actuators: Use electric motors to drive mechanical
systems.
 Input and Output Relationship:
o Input: Signal or command (e.g., voltage, current, pressure).
o Output: Physical action (e.g., movement, force, position).
o Example: In a robotic arm, an input voltage might cause a rotary actuator to
rotate the arm to a specific angle.
 Sensors and Feedback:
o Many systems use sensors to measure the actuator’s output (e.g., position
sensors, load cells).
o Feedback loops (e.g., in control systems like PID controllers) ensure the
actuator achieves the desired output.
 Interpreting Outputs:
o Outputs can be observed visually (movement), measured with tools (e.g.,
displacement meters), or monitored through system feedback (e.g., current
draw, resistance changes).
 Applications and Outputs:
 o Robotics: Actuators output precise movements for tasks like picking and
placing objects.
o Automation: Conveyor belts or presses actuate specific outputs like
transporting items or forming parts.
o Automotive: Actuators control systems like braking, steering, and window
mechanisms.

2.Explain how to activate an LED light in an IoT setup.

To activate an LED in an IoT setup, follow these steps:
 Components Required:
o LED
o Resistor (e.g., 220Ω to limit current)
o Microcontroller (e.g., ESP32, Arduino, Raspberry Pi)
o IoT platform (e.g., Blynk, Adafruit IO, or MQTT broker)
o Internet connection (Wi-Fi or Ethernet).
 Hardware Setup:
o Connect the anode (+) of the LED to a GPIO pin on the microcontroller
through the resistor.
o Connect the cathode (-) to the ground (GND).
 Software Configuration:
o Write code to control the GPIO pin. Example using Arduino IDE:
cpp
Copy code
int ledPin = 2; // GPIO pin connected to LED
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set pin as output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn LED ON
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn LED OFF
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second
}
 IoT Integration:
o Use an IoT platform to send commands via Wi-Fi.
o Example: In Blynk, connect the app to the microcontroller via Wi-Fi, and map
a button widget to the LED pin.
o Upload the code, including Wi-Fi credentials and platform configurations.
 Result:
When the IoT platform sends a command, the microcontroller activates the GPIO pin,
lighting up the LED.

3.Compare Analog and Digital Sensors in a tabular form.

Criteria Analog Sensors Digital Sensors

Continuous, proportional to the
Discrete (binary or digital signals),
Signal Output physical quantity (e.g., voltage,
typically "0" or "1"
current)
Data Processing Requires Analog-to-Digital Ready-to-use data in digital format, no
Conversion (ADC) for digital ADC required
Criteria Analog Sensors Digital Sensors
systems
Can be very accurate but more
Accuracy and Typically more accurate and stable, less
susceptible to noise and signal
Precision affected by noise
degradation
Generally higher power
Power Lower power consumption as the data is
consumption due to continuous
Consumption already processed
signal processing
Relatively simple in design but More complex due to built-in
Complexity requires additional components processing and communication
(ADC) for digital systems protocols
Generally lower cost, but may
Generally higher cost due to built-in
Cost require additional components
processing and digital communication
(e.g., ADC)
Can handle a continuous range of Handles discrete values and specific
Signal Range values (e.g., temperature, light ranges of data (e.g., 0-100°C for
intensity) temperature)
Ideal for applications needing Suitable for systems needing easy
continuous monitoring and high integration with microcontrollers and
Use Cases
resolution (e.g., temperature remote monitoring (e.g., DHT22, PIR
sensors like LM35) sensors)

4.Explain how a DC motor can be controlled in an IoT system with an example.

Controlling a DC motor in an IoT system involves integrating sensors, actuators, and a
microcontroller with internet connectivity, allowing remote control and automation of the
motor’s operations. Below is an explanation of how a DC motor can be controlled in an IoT
system:
o Components Required:
 To control a DC motor in an IoT system, the following components are needed:
 DC Motor: The actuator that will perform the desired mechanical movement.
 Microcontroller: A microcontroller such as Arduino, ESP32, or ESP8266 will
control the motor based on commands it receives. These microcontrollers often have
built-in internet connectivity to interact with remote systems.
 Motor Driver: A motor driver such as L298N or L293D is needed to interface the
low-voltage digital output of the microcontroller to the high-current requirement of
the DC motor. The motor driver amplifies the signal so the motor can operate at the
appropriate voltage and current levels.
 Power Supply: A separate power supply (usually a battery or an adapter) is required
to power the DC motor, as microcontrollers generally cannot supply enough power to
drive the motor directly.
 IoT Platform: A cloud-based IoT platform like ThingSpeak, Blynk, or Adafruit IO
is used for remote monitoring and control of the DC motor via a web interface or
mobile application.
o Motor Control Mechanism:
 DC motors are controlled through two basic operations: speed control and direction
control. Both of these can be controlled via the following methods:
 Speed Control: This is usually achieved through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
PWM allows the motor to receive pulses of power, with the duty cycle determining
the motor's speed. Higher duty cycles mean faster motor speeds.
 Direction Control: The direction of rotation of the DC motor is controlled by
reversing the polarity of the motor’s power supply. Using an H-Bridge circuit or
 motor driver, the microcontroller can change the direction of current flow and hence
the rotation direction of the motor.
o Controlling the Motor Remotely:
 Once the motor is connected and the control mechanism is set up, remote control can
be achieved by connecting the microcontroller to an IoT platform. Here's how it
works:
 The microcontroller (e.g., Arduino) is connected to the internet through Wi-Fi (e.g.,
using an ESP8266 or ESP32) or Bluetooth (for local control).
 The microcontroller communicates with the IoT platform, sending control signals to
the motor driver. These signals are either received from a user via a web interface or
mobile app that is linked to the IoT platform.
4. Example: Automated Fan Control System:
A common example of controlling a DC motor in an IoT system is an automated fan system.
 Sensor: A temperature sensor (e.g., DHT11 or LM35) measures the temperature of a
room.
 Microcontroller: Based on the temperature reading, the ESP32 or Arduino makes a
decision whether to turn on or off the motor. If the temperature exceeds a certain
threshold, the microcontroller sends a signal to the motor driver to turn on the motor
(fan).
 IoT Platform: The user can also monitor and control the fan's operation remotely
through a mobile app or web interface. They can adjust the fan's speed or turn it on/off
based on personal preferences or real-time data.
 Practical Applications:
 Smart Fans: Automatically adjust the speed of the fan based on room temperature, or
enable remote control via an app.
 Automated Door Systems: Use a DC motor to open or close doors remotely via an
IoT platform.

5.Explain the role of sensors and actuators in an IoT system with examples
Sensors and actuators play crucial roles in an Internet of Things (IoT) system by
enabling data collection and physical interaction with the environment.
1. Sensors in IoT:
Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical quantities (e.g., temperature,
humidity, pressure, motion) and convert them into electrical signals that can be
processed by the system. They are key for gathering real-time data from the
environment.
Examples of Sensors:
 Temperature Sensor (e.g., DHT11/DHT22): Measures ambient temperature and
humidity. Used in smart home systems to control heating or cooling systems.
 Motion Sensor (e.g., PIR Sensor): Detects movement, commonly used in security
systems.
 Gas Sensor (e.g., MQ-2): Detects gases like carbon monoxide or methane, often used
in environmental monitoring.
2. Actuators in IoT:
Actuators are devices that receive signals from a control system and perform physical
actions such as moving or controlling a mechanism. They enable the system to take
action based on sensor data.
Examples of Actuators:
 DC Motor: Used for moving parts in robotic arms or other mechanical systems.
 Servo Motor: Used for precise control of angles in robotics or cameras.
 Relay: Controls higher power devices (e.g., turning on/off lights, fans, or appliances).
3. Working Together:
  Sensors and actuators are typically integrated in an IoT system to collect data, process
it, and perform a physical action.
 For example, in a smart thermostat: A temperature sensor detects the room
temperature, and based on the data, an actuator (like a relay) turns the heating or
cooling system on/off to maintain the desired temperature.
4. IoT Example:
In a smart irrigation system:
 Sensor: A soil moisture sensor detects the moisture level in the soil.
 Actuator: A water pump or solenoid valve is activated to water the plants when the
moisture level is low.

UNIT-5, IOT AND CLOUD COMPUTING

PART A – 4 Marks Questions.

1. Explain the role of IoT physical servers in data management.

 IoT physical servers handle data storage, processing, and communication between IoT
devices. They manage real-time data analytics, security, and device interactions.
 These servers collect data from sensors, process it for decision-making,
 Transmit it to cloud platforms for further analysis.

2. What is WAMP, and how is it used in IoT applications?

WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP) is a software stack used for developing web-
based applications, including IoT.
 Apache: Handles web requests from IoT devices.
 MySQL: Stores sensor data and logs.
 PHP: Acts as a server-side scripting language for data processing.
 Windows: Provides the operating system for running IoT applications.
WAMP allows IoT devices to send data to a server, where it is stored and processed
for visualization and decision-making.

3. Compare IoT and Cloud Computing with key differences.

Feature IoT Cloud Computing

Definition Network of connected physical devices. Virtualized computing resources.
Data Handling Processes data at the edge (local). Centralized data processing.
Storage Limited storage on devices. Large-scale storage available.
Scalability Expands with device addition. Scales with demand.
Latency Low (edge computing). Higher due to remote processing.

4. What are the features of Xively Cloud for IoT?

 Provides device management, allowing remote monitoring and control of IoT

devices.
 Offers real-time analytics for processing IoT-generated data.
 Ensures secure data transfer using encryption and authentication.
  Provides APIs and dashboards for developers to integrate IoT data with cloud
applications.

5. How does AWS support IoT applications?

 AWS IoT Core: Manages and secures IoT devices, allowing them to communicate
with the cloud.
 AWS Lambda: Runs code in response to IoT events without needing a dedicated
server.
 AWS Greengrass: Extends AWS services to edge devices, allowing offline data
processing.
 AWS IoT Analytics: Helps analyze and visualize IoT data for insights.

PART-B (6 MARKS)
1. Comparison of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing encompasses the delivery of data to data centers over the Internet. IBM
divides cloud computing into six different categories:
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) –The cloud contains everything you need to build
and deliver cloud applications so there is no need to maintain and buy equipment,
software, etc.
 Software as a Service (SaaS) –In this case, applications run in the cloud and other
companies operate devices that connect to users’ computers through a web browser.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – IaaS is an option providing companies with
storage, servers, networks and hubs processing data for each use.
 Public cloud – Companies manage spaces and provide users with quick access
through the public network.
 Private cloud – The same as a public cloud, but only one person has access here,
which can be an organization, an individual company, or a user.
 Hybrid cloud – Based on a private cloud, but provides access to a public cloud.

2. Quote the Role of Cloud Computing on the Internet of Things:

 Cloud computing works to improve the efficiency of daily tasks in
conjunction with the Internet of Things.
 It is about providing a path for data to reach its destination while the
Internet of Things generates a huge amount of data.
 According to Amazon Web Services, there are four benefits of cloud
computing:
 No need to pre-guess infrastructure capacity needs
 Saves money, because you only need to pay for those resources that you
use, the larger the scale, the more savings
 In a few minutes, platforms can be deployed around the world
 Flexibility and speed in providing resources to developers.
3. Draw the python framework and write about Django.
 Category − Django belongs to the full-stack Python framework.
 Release − Latest release – 2.1 version, commonly used release – 1.8, 1.6 version.
  About − Built by experienced developers, Django is a high level Python web
framework
 It allows rapid, clean and pragmatic design development.
 Django handles much of the complexities of web development
 To map objects to database table, it uses ORM and the same is used to transfer from
one database to other.
 It works with mostly all important databases like Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL,
SQLite, etc.

 Features of Django

 URL routing
 Authentication
 Database schema migrations
 ORM (Object-relational mapper)
 Template engine

4. What is AWS IoT?

 AWS IoT provides the cloud services that connect your IoT devices to other devices
and AWS cloud services.
 AWS IoT provides device software that can help you integrate your IoT devices into
AWS IoT-based solutions.
 If your devices can connect to AWS IoT, AWS IoT can connect them to the cloud
services that AWS provides.
 AWS IoT lets you select the most appropriate and up-to-date technologies for your
solution.
 To help you manage and support your IoT devices in the field.
 AWS IoT Core supports these protocols:
 MQTT (Message Queuing and Telemetry Transport)
 MQTT over WSS (Websockets Secure)
 HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Secure)
 LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)

5. How AWS Internet of Things (IoT) Works?

AWS IoT works by connecting devices to the cloud and enabling them to interact with
other devices, applications, or even external services.

 Device Connectivity: IoT devices connect to AWS using secure communication

protocols like MQTT, HTTP and WebSockets. Each device is given a unique
identity allowing AWS IoT to authenticate and track interactions.
 Data Collection and Processing: Once connected devices send data to AWS IoT Core
the central hub for AWS IoT services. Data can be filtered, transformed and routed to
other AWS services like AWS Lambda, Amazon Kinesis or Amazon S3 for further
processing.
 Analytics and Action: AWS IoT enables real-time data analytics to generate insights.
You can set up alerts trigger actions also send commands back to devices based on
predefined rules allowing businesses to automate responses and make data-driven
decisions.
 Device Management: AWS IoT Device Management allows you to organize monitor
and also you can remotely manage your fleet of devices. Security: Security is a top
priority with AWS IoT, incorporating multiple layers of protection.

PART C (10 MARKS)

1. Summarize the benefits And Functions of IoT Cloud:

There are many benefits of combining these services –
 IoT Cloud Computing provides many connectivity options, implying large network
access. People use a wide range of devices to gain access to cloud computing
resources: mobile devices, tablets, laptops. This is convenient for users but creates
the problem of the need for network access points.
 Developers can use IoT cloud computing on-demand. In other words, it is a web
service accessed without special permission or any help. The only requirement is
Internet access.
 Based on the request, users can scale the service according to their needs. Fast and
flexible means you can expand storage space, edit software settings, and work with
the number of users. Due to this characteristic, it is possible to provide deep
computing power and storage.
 Cloud Computing implies the pooling of resources. It influences increased
collaboration and builds close connections between users.
 As the number of IoT devices and automation in use grows, security concerns
emerge. Cloud solutions provide companies with reliable authentication and
encryption protocols.
 Finally, IoT cloud computing is convenient because you get exactly as much from
the service as you pay. This means that costs vary depending on use: the provider
measures your usage statistics .
2. Enumerate WAMP and its advantages.
 The full form of WAMP is Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP.
 It is a popular software stack used for web development on Windows operating
systems.
 The components of the WAMP stack are:
 Windows: The operating system that serves as the base for the other components..
 Apache: A web server software responsible for handling client requests and serving
web pages. Apache is known for its performance and modularity.
 MySQL: A relational database management system used for storing and managing
data. MySQL is known for its reliability, scalability, and ease of use.
 PHP: A server-side scripting language used for developing dynamic web pages. PHP
is widely used in web development due to its ease of integration with HTML, support for a
wide range of databases, and extensive set of built-in functions.
Advantages of WAMP
 Easy to Install and Use: WAMP packages are available that bundle all the
components together, making it easy to install and set up a development environment
quickly.
 Cost-Effective: Like LAMP, WAMP is based on open-source software, which means
it is free to use and modify.
 Wide Compatibility: Since WAMP runs on Windows, it is compatible with a wide
range of software and hardware, making it a versatile choice for development.
 Large Community Support: Each component of the WAMP stack has a large and
active community of developers who contribute to the software, provide support.

3. Examine in detail about Xively cloud for IOT.

 Xively (formerly known as Cosm and Pachube) was an Internet of Things (IoT) platform
owned by Google.
 Xively offered product companies a way to connect products, manage connected devices and
the data they produce, and integrate that data into other systems.
 It is pronounced "zively" (rhymes with lively). Its domain name redirects to a Google page
about Cloud IoT Core, though that has been retired.

Architecture of Xively Cloud

Products and services: Xively Cloud Services

 A Platform as a Service built for the IoT.
 According to their website, this includes directory services, data services, a trust
engine for security, and web-based management application.
 Xively's messaging is built on a publish-subscribe protocol called MQTT.
The API supports REST, WebSockets, and MQTT.
Xively Business Services:
 The Xively Professional Services team has helped numerous companies successfully
deploy IoT connected products into the market.
 Xively Partner Network:
 Xively has partnered with chipset companies such as ARM, Atmel and TI as well as
solution providers and IoT industry alliances like OASIS.

4. Elaborate the AWS IoT Services.

AWS Internet of Things (IoT) services are organized into three main categories Device
Software, Connectivity and Control Services and Analytics Services. Lets dive into each of
these categories to understand their unique roles and capabilities
o Device Software
 AWS provides powerful tools for edge devices, allowing seamless connectivity and
enabling operations directly at the edge.
 AWS IoT Greengrass: This service enables you to build, deploy, and manage
software on edge devices.
o Connectivity & Control Services
 These services provide secure ways to connect, control, and manage your devices
directly from the cloud, ensuring you have centralized oversight and security for all
your IoT devices.

 AWS IoT Core: IoT Core enables devices to communicate seamlessly and securely
with cloud applications and with each other, providing a reliable framework for real-
time interactions across connected devices.
 AWS IoT Device Defender: This service provides continuous monitoring and
security auditing for IoT devices, detecting anomalies and ensuring configurations
align with best security practices.
 AWS IoT Device Management: Device Management simplifies the process of
securely registering, organizing, monitoring, and remotely managing a large fleet of
IoT devices, streamlining scalability and control across your IoT infrastructure.
o AWS IoT Analytics
 A powerful service designed to process and analyze large volumes of IoT data,
helping businesses uncover insights and make informed decisions faster. It enables
streamlined data workflows for advanced analytics.
 AWS IoT SiteWise: Tailored for industrial use cases, SiteWise simplifies the
collection, organization, and analysis of operational data, empowering businesses to
optimize performance at scale.
 AWS IoT Events: A real-time event detection service that identifies patterns and
triggers automated responses to changes from IoT sensors and applications, ensuring
timely action and system efficiency.
 AWS IoT Things Graph: A tool for visually connecting IoT devices and cloud
services, enabling you to build complex IoT applications with minimal coding effort
while ensuring seamless interoperability.

5. Benefits of AWS IoT

 Scalability: AWS IoT is designed to scale with ease capable of supporting billions of
devices and trillions of messages making it suitable for large-scale deployments.
 Cost Efficiency: With AWS IoT there no need to invest in complex infrastructure as
AWS provides a pay-as-you-go model. This allows businesses to allocate resources
efficiently and reduce upfront costs.
 Enhanced Security: AWS IoT integrates robust security measures, including
encryption, identity management and secure communication protocols ensuring data
integrity and protecting connected devices.
 Real-Time Insights and Decision-Making: AWS IoT’s analytics and machine
learning capabilities enable real-time monitoring and predictive analytics allowing
organizations to make quick and data-driven decisions.
 Automation and Efficiency: IoT devices can automate repetitive tasks and streamline
operations reducing manual labor and minimizing human error.
 Improved Customer Experience: AWS IoT allows businesses to personalize services,
monitor product usage and proactively resolve issues resulting in a better customer
experience.