GHANA GAZETTE

REPUBLIC OF GHANA

Published by Authority

No. 78 THURSDAY, 1ST NOVEMBER 2012

CONTENTS Page
Ghana Civil Aviation Authority—Publication of Technical Directives (Part 27) 2126
 GHANA GAZETTE, 1st NOVEMBER, 2012
2126

GHANA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY

TECHNICAL DIRECTIVES
TD/AERO/10/01

24th OCTOBER, 2012

i SUBJECT: ERECTION OF MASTS IN NAVIGABLE AIR SPACE AND

AERODROME DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, MAINTENANCE AND SAFEGUARDING

Further to the powers conferred on the Director General by Section 9(2) of the Ghana Civil

Aviation Act, 2004, ACT 678, the following Technical Directives are hereby made this 24th day of
October 2012.

SCHEDULE

AIR CDRE k-mamphey

DIRECTOR GENERAL
 业业业丝理1ST NOVEMBER 2Q17
c 2127

Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

SCHEDULE
★ L!B 了
facul ty OF LAW
university °F GMAN4
LEGON
PART 27
AERODROME DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, MAINTENANCE AND SAFEGUARDING

SECTION CONTENTS &

SUBPART A - GENERAL

27.1 Definition
27.2 Acronyms

SUBPART B - CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION, ACTIVATION, AND DEACTIVATION OF

AERODROMES

27.3 Applicability
27.4 Projects requiring approval
27.5 Form of Application
27.6 Aeronautical Study of Aerodrome Proposals
27.7 Determinations of Aerodrome Proposals
27.8 Aerodrome Design and Construction
27.9 Notice of completion

SUBPART C - NOTICE OF OTHER CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION AND ACTIVITIES THAT MAY

AFFECT AERODROMES
710
27
277 1 1
Applicability
27Z 1 2
Requirements for Construction or Alterations
' i• i . 一—.，一 4 aXXfI .如

27 Notice of use of a structure discharging efflux, a light or a laser.

27Z 1 3
27Z
1 4
Notice of use of weapons
27
277 1 5
Notice of use of pyrotechnics
■〜—v* 5 一〜▼ ry

27Z Form and time of notice and notice requirements

27 1 6
277 1 7 Additional notice requirements
27 Acknowledgment and Determination
乙

Construction or alteration not requiring notice under this Part

27. 1 8
2
7.
• ■ - ...

1
z 9
z 2 0 Use of Lights
Establishment of Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
乙

2 1

z 2 2 Shielding of obstacles Navigable Airspace

Aeronautical Study of Effect of Proposed Construction on
2 3
z ~ • 一1

Determinations under this Subpart

 g呵A GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER, 2匹
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

27.24 Petitions, Extensions, Terminations, Revisions and Corrections

27.25 Annual Information Report
27.26 Annual Information Report Fee
27.27 Compliance
27.28 Establishment
I of Antenna Farm Areas

SUBPART D - SAFEGUARDING OF AERODROMES

27.29 Monitoring of Airspace

27.30 Notice of Obstacles
27.31 Restriction and Removal of Obstacles
27.32 Objects Outside the Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
27.33 Airport Zones
27.34 Airport Zone Height Limitations
27.35 Clear Zones
27.36 Accident Potential Zones
27.37 Protection of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Equipment & Signals
27.38 Non-Conforming uses
27.39 Variances
27.40 Marking and Lighting of Objects

SUBPART E-AERODROME OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

2z 41
Competency of Aerodrome Personnel
乙乙

2 42
2 43
Criteria for Runway Pavement Loading
2z 44
Criteria for Evaluation of Runway Surface Friction and Rubber Removal
2z 45
Friction Equipment Performance Standard
2z a6
Rubber Removal Equipment
Aircraft Emergencies During Rubber Removal

SUBPART A-GENERAL

27.1 Definition

For the purpose of this part the following are definitions of terms used：

(1). Aerodrome means a defined <area on land or water 、(includingo any -------- buildings,', installations and
equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface lovement
of aircraft.
(2) . Aircraft operation means the surface movement, takeoff or landing of an aircraft sho+， !
(3) . Master Plan 辰为
Airport Sector means study of the
comprehensive study of the airport and typically describes part
s aa comprehensive airport and typically desc, V a( ‘
medium-, and long-term plans for airport development. (ICAO Doc 9184 -Airport Planning
1)
(4). Airport or airstrip means any landing or takeoff area intended for use by airplanes or oine thpr fixed 讪凹
type aircraft.

2
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Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27
An aerodrome includes but is not limited tc fha W/Im, .,
蜷理，籍旭base, ultrabght咐tpark, manned，tX 膘冒端碧湍需*
landing or takeoff area.
(5). Applicant means each person who proposes or applies for a project
曾the吁曾Gene』漏溢辎M扃TM；*盘鬣严心顿es
(6).

(7) . Determination means a decision taken by the Authority.

(8) . Director General imeans the Director General of the Ghana Civil Aviation Authority
(9) . Ground level at its site means the highest ground within a 600 m radius oHhe site:
(10) . Heliport means any landing or takeoff area intended for use by helicopters or other rotary wing type
aircraft capable of vertical takeoff and landing profiles.
(11) . Manual of Standards means the document called 'Manual of Standards (MOS) - Aerodromes"
published by the Authority, as in force from time to time. 、
(12) . Movement area means that part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of
aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).
(13) . Navigable airspace means the airspace above the minimum altitudes of flight prescribed by the
Regulations and includes airspace needed to ensure safety in the takeoff and landing of aircraft
(14) . Obstacle limitation surface means airspace defined around an aerodrome that enables operations at
the aerodrome to be conducted safely and that prevents the aerodrome from becoming unusable by the
growth of obstacles around the aerodrome
(15) . Private use means available for use by the owner only or by the owner and other persons authorized
by the owner.
(16) . Private use of public lands means that the landing and takeoff area of the proposed aerodrome is
publicly owned and the applicant is a non-government entity, regardless of whether that landing and
takeoff area is on land or on water. ....
(17). Public use means available for use by the general public without a requirement for prior approval of the
owner or operator.
defined area comprised of either a runway or taxiway and the surrounding
(18). Safety area means a
surfaces that is prepared
,3 5 or —
suitable~ for reducing the risk of damage to aircraft in the event of an
overfhoSt, or excursion
undershoot, 摄;莅嘉忑慕 i慕fromom aa runway
runway or
or the uninten??nal de噫we f眺 aa taxiway.
the观蚣理篮烈比 taxiway，
---- 1 those standards set out in the Manual of Standards. e
(19) . Standards for aerodromes mean prescribedfor
椅c flow that is prescribed aircraft landing or taking off from。籍
如嘿黯忠膘盥 an
pattern means f '"-
(20) . Traffic瀛湍赢赢淋热 p-dures utilized岫 …一……—

(21) . Wildlife hazarddXticSmals

means a poi out of the control of the.r owners Jeral animals and birds
(22) . Wildlife means J..—""

27.2 Acronyms

(a) The following acronyms are used in this Part—

\
ACN-Aircraft Classification Number
—

x
-
i
/
AGL-Above Ground Level
\

ALP-Airport Layout Plan

—

i
/
AMP-Airport Master Plan
\

ATC-Air Traffic Control

—

3
 GHANA GAZETTE, 1ST NOVE
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Part 27
Ghana Civil Aviation

BRRI ・ Building and Road Research Institute

(6) .
(7) . CAT- Category
5 •・ ------------ M •

(8) . EPA - Environmental

. Protection Agency
(9) . ft-Feet
(ivy.. GCAA
(10) * • - Ghana
—.—- Civil Aviation Authority
GCARs-- Ghana Civil Aviation Regulations
(11) . GCARs
(12) . GHA .- Ghana Highway Authority
IFR-
(13) . IFR - Instrument Flight Rules
(14) . IMC - Instrument Meteorological Conditions
(15).. LOC-Localiser
(15)
(16) . LVO - Low Visibility Operations
(17).. LVP - Low Visibility Procedures
(17)
(18) . kph- Kilometers Per Hour *
(19) . km - Kilometer
(20) . m - Meter
(21) . MOS - Manual of Standards
(22) . MSL-Mean Sea Level
(23) . NCA - National Communications Authority
(24) . nm - Nautical Mile
(25) . NOTAM - Notice to Airmen
(26) . PCN - Pavement Classification Number
(27) . RVR - Runway Visibility Range
(28) . PBE - Protective Breathing Equipment
(29) . sm - Statute Miles ,
(30) . TFAIR - Telecommunications Facility Annual Information Report
(31) . VFR-Visual Flight Rules
(32) . VMC - Visual Meteorological Conditions

SUBPART B - CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION, ACTIVATION, AND DEACTIVATION OF

AERODROMES

27.3 Applicability

(a) This subpart prescribes rules for persons proposing to construct, alter, activate, or deactivate a civil or joint-
. . . ---------------- 9 ----------------- -9

use (civil/military) aerodrome or to alter the status or use of such an aerodrome.

(b) This subpart does not apply to projects involving intermittent 'use of a site that is not an es炊&吧
•・ ♦ ■ ■ oC Ul cl biiu mai iq nvk ■
.................................

aerodrome, which is used or intended to be used for less than one

one) year and at which flight
° operations will e
conducted only under VFR. For the purposes of this part, intermittent use of a site means:

⑴ The site is used or is intended to be used for no more than 1 day in any 7 consecutive day period, and
__________________ ...WW I MMJ III < V/52、

(2) No more than 5 aircraft operations will be conducted in any one day at that site.

27.4 Projects requiring approval

(a) A person who intends to do any of the following shall seek approval from General in the manner
the Director
prescribed in 27,5:

4
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Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

(1) Construct or otherwise establish a new aerodrome or activate an aerodrome.

(2) Construct, re-align, alter, or activate any runway or other aircraft landin*
ig or takeoff area of an airport.
(3) Deactivate, discontinue using, or abandon an aerodrome or any landing or takeoff area of an aerodrome
for a period of one year or more.

(4) Construct, realign, alter, activate, deactivate, abandon, or discontinue using any landing or take-off area
of such an aerodrome, or a taxiway associated with a landing or takeoff area on a public-use aerodrome.

(5) Change the status of an aerodrome from private use to public use or from public use to another status.

(6) Change any traffic pattern or traffic pattern altitude or direction.

(7) Change status from IFR to VFR or VFR to IFR.

(8) Aerodrome expansion

(9) Hangar construction,

(10) Decommission an established instrument 叩proach procedure; and

(11) Any other project as shall be determined by the Authority

/
(b) Request for approval shall enable the Authority to identify:
(1) Whether the use of the airspace associated with the proposal will be a hazard to other established
airspace users;
to persons and property on ground
(2) Any safety related considerations pertaining

27.5 Form of Application

Wvr：v.：J GCAA Form (Application for Landing Area), copies of which
(a) Applications shall be submittedI on appropriate
md shall be submitted at least—
may be obtained from the Authority _
• - ,■ - A ・

lh (a)(4) of 27.4,180 working days in advance of the

,[:— — 3 prescribed in paragraphs (a)(1) througl
(1) In the cases
day that work is to begin; or
(2) In the cases prescribed in paragraphs (a)(6) through (a)(10) of 27.4,180 working days in advance of the

planned implementation
mtation date for modification.

Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section—

(b)

5
 GHANA GAZETTE, Is^NOVEMBER, 20以
2132
u
Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

(1) In an emergency„ 11I¥W

involving service, 岫
;w：lld essential public seg —, 。ui「public
puonc health,, 冲叫 or
叶、safety wnen the^ay
5 when the delay
180-working day advance notice requirement would result in an unreasonable hardship, a
arising from the • w —/ ---------------------- "E; means as soon as 「…”一』.in lieu ’ of
applicant may provide notice to the Authority by other expeditious as practicable
submitting a叩ropriate C2 GCAA Form. 少
；?. 一一 However,
…'"瞄 the applicant
Qnnlipant shall provide full notice, through the
submission of GCAA Form, when otherwise requested or required by the Authority.

(2) Notice concerning the deactivation, discontinued use, or abandonment of an aerodrome, an aerodrome
landing or takeoff area, or associated taxiway shall be submitted by letter.

In completing the form,叩plicants must pay particular attention to the following:

(c)
(1) Describe the proposed landing area by geodetic coordinates (WGS 84) as well as length and width;

(2) List visual flight rule (VFR) airports with 20 nautical miles;

(3) For heliports, list all VFR airports and heliports within 3 nautical miles and all IFR airports within 10
nautical miles:

(4) List all obstructions within 3 nautical miles of a VFR airport or a se叩lane base, within 5 nautical miles of
an IFR airport; or within 5,000 feet of a heliport;

(5) List schools, churches and residential communities within a 2 nautical mile radius for airports and within
one nautical mile for heliports;

(6) List all waste disposal sites within a 5 nautical mile radius of the proposed landing area.

(d) In addition to standard form required to be completed, submittals affecting an airport must include airport 、
aii■叩ace drawing providing detailed drawing of the proposed landing area depicting latitude, longitude, length
M 5侦5。哑5,嚣踹御藉魏2；瞬'膘掀
如眄脸
vicinity section,
of the runway« 姻
and itsP,叩proaches requiredthein蛔
g andasbearing area(c)is of
paragraph
「

to this
=

be .ocatedin on 把
section. The
.、

drag
applicant "'
must
Ale

also,

(e) ，add的 to standard fonn required to be completed, submittals affecting a hehport must include the .
following:

(1) City M叩 identifying the exact location of the heliport in red.

⑵ Heliport layout plan, drawn to scale showing key dimensions such as FATO, ti safety’ area
hoS pital
approach/departure paths, property boundaries, close in obstructions, etc or in the case ° 0(her
卜
heliport, —a Ihospital
------- •- *
layout plan, . - 一
depicting the landing pad in relation to buildings “ 瞒旅 I
obstacles/structures in the vicinity of the landing area. Description of the size of the Zng pad and the <
■ . • - *

I-
《—de .4一--A— , ,・ •
height of each structure and their distance from the landing pad.

(3) A heliport airspace drawing as described in paragraph (d) for airport submittals

(0 For existing aerodromes under proposed modifications, further detailed drawings with plot 乎嚣
facility with accuracy to the nearest second shall be included. Landing area alignments an
nearest second shall be included. Landing area alignments
taxiways shall be included.

6
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Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

⑥ Detailed drawings required in paragraph (f) shall be

, ..x. x - - •广—“ icquiie required。aiso
also tor
for proposed aerodromes after
determination of no objection to the proposed construction has been issued to the 叩plicant. a
Notes: 1- Airport designs shall be in compliance with specifications set out in the Manual of Standards (MOS).
2. Heliport designs shall be in compliance with specifications set out in the Heliport Manual.

27.6 Aeronautical Study of Aerodrome Proposals

(a) On receipt of an application under section 27.5(a), the Director General shall conduct an aeronautical study of
an aerodrome proposal.

(b) An Application required in paragraph 27.4(a) serves as the basis for evaluating the effects of the proposed
action on the safe and efficient use of airspace by aircraft and the safety of persons and property on the
ground. In particular, the aeronautical study shall include but are not limited to:

(1) The effects the proposed action would have on existing or proposed traffic patterns of neighbouring
airports or heliports,

⑵ The effect the proposed action would have on the existing airspace structure and projected programs of
■
the Authority.
⑶ The effect the proposed action would have on the safety of persons and property on the ground within
affected area
(4) The effects that existing or proposed man-made objects (on file with the Authority) and natural objects
\ '/ ■ •,〜■ -------------- --- 7 . .

within the affected area would have on the proposed action

(5) The adjustment of other aviation requirements that may be needed to accommodate the proposal; and

(6) Possible revisions of the proposal that may be necessary to eliminate

a hazardous or inefficient use of

airspace.
aeronautical study, the Director General shall consult with ；uch persons, rrepresentative
,….1 sucn 即
(c) In the conduct of an . —_口“姓 c—Mcnriafa and and issue a determination to the
Director General considers appropriate,
^11 1 j .—

groups, and organisations as the

id of the Authority's determination.
applicant and advise those concernec
matters that affect the safety and efficiency
The Aeronautical Studies and determination are focused solelythe on ground, Authority shall not include 呼气 .. 4 • 1 一 1—

(d) —.___ and property on —cHziitv imnacts. the effect on lifestyle or

II *V -
of airspace use and the safety 5 of lpersons
nai 2gj ■. 一 compatibility impacts, the effect
environmental
relating to noise or other c.. issues
沁' or land use
other areacsuch
services in the----- ” as roads.
property values, or the effect on

27.7 Determinations of Aerodrome Proposals

..ctlldv 脸 Director General shall issue to the applicant, appropriate local
(a) On completion of the
永福矗and othe「恤rested加。低
7
 (1) No objection. A no objection determination shall be made when the Director General is satisfied that the
proposed action will not adversely affect the safe and efficient use of the airspace by aircraft nor the '
safety of persons or property on the ground: '

⑵ Conditional. A conditional determination shall be made when the Director General identifies objectionable
aspects of a proposed project or action and specify the conditions which must be met and sustained to \
preclude an objectionable determination.

⑶ Declined. A declined determination shall be made when the Director General identifies objectionable
aspects of a proposed project or action. The Director General may provide reasons for issuing such a
determination.

Note: 1. Determinations communicate either the Authority's 叩proval of the site or denial.
2. A determination does not communicate 叩proval to start construction.

(b) A determination does not relieve the Applicant of responsibility for compliance with any other local law or State '
legislation.

(c) Any determination made under this Part of the GCAR does not constitute a commitment of State funds and
does not indicate that the proposed development is environmentally acceptable in accordance with a叩licable '
environmental laws.

Xe: An environmental finding is a prerequisite to any major airport development project under EPA laws. Applicants for aerodrome
，沃cts are advised to notify the appropriate state environmental authority separately for prior written approval before undertaking
proposed airport development

(d) Except for a declined determination, each determination will contain a determination-void date to facilitate
efficient planning of the use of the navigable airspace.

(e) All work or action for which notice is required by this subpart shall be completed by the determination void date
as specified in paragraph
十.-Al___ « ■ ...
(d). Unless otherwise extended, revised,* or terminated,1 a determination by the
Authority becomes invalid on the day specified as the determination void date. Any interested person msy, at
least 15 days prior to the determination void date, petition the Authority to:

⑴ Revise the determination based on new facts that change the basis on which it was made; or

r*s i ■. reasons for

da[e if there are valid reasons for not the action by the void
completing the
not completing
d：te. Determinations will be furnished to the applicant, aviation officials, and, when appropriate other
interested persons.

27.8 Aerodrome Design and Construction

(a) 况滞忠耽;郁%been 抵岫 by the Authority on a proposed site, the applicant shall

suDmit detaited iconstruction
膘耙耙史 drawinos in映糜 y ni
thafnrm of Airport 〜—▲ c,
a"-<41Layout . — or Airport
Plans (ALP) •. -ca
Plans
Master e (AMP)
as may be required by the Authority for 叩proval. -，

Note: See GCAA publications for guidance on the preparatbn of AMP or ALP sets.

8
 愈安Alette.】w，vem泌r n
-A

Ghana Civil Aviation

*f

© g N 站 ®n\i心腿 <3 g* g-wcrv ®iib^ i*•迎 g Nts^cf 0 z ay滋 冲 vt^r. k

o^r混 aid将 ^enxhvuR、

A& nn卜 <fes&ns sh、W be oo fee 52 g诚 tr z s q * aEg

(a) C^ctunjl 3ikI infrustructUBwkilE jcttv Tcccr* 】盅-mjeu

a\,«tvn security measures shall be int^ratsc 您 z 】、g giK g 龄 炒x
te exiting facilities at an aerodrome.

(e) The design of aerodromes shall take into account src eg 对v 2

satisfy the requirements of other regulatory agencies.
{

(0 Human factors shall be considered in all aspect of the aenxr?re

(g) Specifications for the design of airports and heliports are contanec r re
Standards respectively.

(h) An applicant shall not commence construction or alteration 或Z apcrosa fr Z "ert)

During construction, th° * 奴.material and constnKtbn E hf 拦

(D -cnerties should bs 忌
Information on cored ，Building ax 次m: .泌2*
* —jnsv^

the safety,心虾 E

TS.lfan^Ps^ss
(k) Depending u. )wn on g curat
than 10 years
ALP, the prepaid

(I) A new AMP upu

MP or
(i) an AMP is more
(ii) the current ALP de

27.9 Notice of completion otify the

(a) Within 15 days of complete

Authority by submission oftt M
Upon submission of the Aerodroni
(b)
operations at the aerodrome
--perator sh-
(c) Prior to approval, the op<
」 safety.
facility shall be opefated
 CRAjjA GAZETTE, 1st NOVEMBER,奕
2136
.r <
Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

(d) - The applicant shall not operate the aerodrome or navigational facility until the Authority has duly giVen I
approval.

SUBPART C - NOTICE OF OTHER CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION AND ACTIVITIES THAT MAY

AFFECT AERODROMES

27.10 Applicability

(a) A person proposing any kind of construction or alteration described in paragraph 27.11 (a) shall obtain prior
approval of the Director General by submitting an Application, as specified in section 27.15. The Application
shall specify the locations, coordinates (in WGS 84), heights, and the natural ground level above mean sea (
level of the construction or alteration for which approval is required. It also requires supplemental notices 30
working days before the start, and upon the completion of, certain construction or alteration that was the
subject of an a叩lication under paragraph 27.11(a). >

(b) Applications received under this subpart provide a basis for:

(1) Evaluating the effect of the construction or alteration on operational procedures and proposed operational
procedure;

(2) Determining the possible hazardous effect of the proposed construction or alteration on air navigation;

(3) Determining the requirements for marking and lighting of constructions or alterations, in accordance with
Manual of Standards;

(4) Determining other appropriate measures to be applied for continued safety of air navigation; and

(5) Charting and other notification to airmen (NOTAM) of the construction or alteration.

27.11 Requirements for Construction or Alterations

⑥ 虽$ 哗ded in paragraph 27.18, a person who proposes the construction or alteration of a structure.
shall apply to the Director General in the form and manner prescribed in paragraph 27.15 if:

(1) Any. construction or alteration shall result in an overall height of the structure above ground level a
follows:

existing or proPosed
(0 mo「e than 10 meters at its site and within
a 5000 meters radius of an
aerodrome; or

(ii) 46 meters or mre at its site beyond 10nm radius of an existing or proposed aerodrome.

Note: 1nm=6076ft, or 1853m

10
 eHANA GAZETTE= l^UjPVEMBER, 201?
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⑵ Any construction or alteration of greater height than any obstacle limitation surface in
criteria specified in the Manual of Standards. accordance with the

(3) Any
回 highway, rauroaa,
any mgnway, railroad, or
or other traverse way for mobile objects, of a height which, if adjusted upward by 5
other traverse
meters for any highway where over crossings are designed for a minimum of 5 meters vertical distance, 4
meters for any other public roadway, 3 meters or the height of the highest mobile object that would
normally traverse the road, whichever is greater, for a private road, 7 meters for a railroad and for any
other traverse way not previously mentioned, an amount 二J,：二
equal to the ：height
三二二!匕 u.c highest muuuc
of the mobile ui.
object
that would normally traverse it, would exceed a standard of subparagraph (a)⑴ or (2) of this section.

(4) The object, construction or alteration would be in an instrument approach area.

(5) The object would be on designated low-level flying routes or close to major highways

(6) The object is located within an IFR en-route obstacle clearance area, including evaluated routes on en­
route and area charts but excluding charted routes as published in the AIP instrument flight guide, and
would necessitate an increase in an existing or planned minimum obstacle clearance altitude; or

(7) The object exceeds the general tree height in the area by 18 m and is located in an area of low level
aerial activity or other low flying activity, or in a low flying zone or low level route.

(8) Any object, construction or alteration would be on any of the following airports;

(i) an airport that is available for public use.

(ii) an airport under construction, that is the subject of a application or proposal on file with the
Authority at the time of application. .
i or alteration that is the subject of an application under paragraph (a) of
(b) —person
A -- -----who-(proposes
. constructionuinofiiy iiiai a supplemental
this section, and is advised by the Authority that a supplilemental notice is required, shall submit that notice on
the Authority at least 30 working days before the start of the construction
a prescribed form, to be received by C._ * “二•
or alteration.
is the subject of an Application under paragraph (a) of
(C) A person who undertakes construction or alteration that )n or alteration reaches its greatest height submit a
this section shall, within 5 days after that construction or alteration reacnes nb 罕咛 • ' -风岩二 U二 e ］
supplemental notice to the Authority, or upon request of the Authority that the submission of AL-
the A
form ；e
.

required.
alteration commits an offence and
Any person who fails to notify the Authority of the proposed construction or
(d) cicii tn canrtinns as specified in Appendix A.
shall be liable to sanctions as spe<
the Applicant from compliance with laws,
Authority does not relieve
(e) The filing of an Application with the Auinumy ,
ordinances or regulations of any other governmental entity.

11
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

27.12 Notice of use of a structure discharging efflux, a light or a laser. . r

,

A person proposing to use a structure which may discharge efflux shall 叩ply for approval from the Director ■
(a) C _ I • ______ 07 /
General in accordance with section 27.15 if: j

⑴ the structure may discharge efflux at a velocity in excess of 4.3m per second through an obstacle
limitation surface of an aerodrome; or

(2) the structure may discharge efflux at a velocity in excess of 4.3 m per second higher than 60 m above
ground level.

(b) A person proposing to operate a light or laser within 18500 meters of an airport reference point and below
3000 meters Above Ground Level (AGL) shall apply for approval from the Director General in accordance with
paragraph 27.15 if:. .

(1) its glare may affect a pilot's vision or the light or laser is liable to endanger aircraft; or

(2) the laserwuld produce exposures in navigable air space exceeding the maximum permissible exposure
defined forthat Laser by appropriate State organisations; or

(3) it is likely to endanger aircraft by being mistaken for—

(i) a light or part of a system of lights established or approved for display at or near an aerodrome; or
(ii) a light marking a hazard in navigable airspace.

(c) The use of lasers is an obstruction to air navigation if their use will produce exposures in navigable airspace
exceeding the maximum permissible exposure defined for that zone.

27.13 Notice of use of weapons

(a) The approval of the Director General shall be required in accordance with section 27.15 where a person
proposes to use a weapon that fires or launches a projectile that has a trajectory higher than:

⑴ 45 m if within 10000m from the aerodrome reference point; or

(2) 120m if more than 15000m from the aerodrome reference point.

(b) 斜螺欧尊te a理rity 凹理sing to allow the use of weapons that will fire or launch a projectile that will
have a trajectory
General of higher than
切％ within 15000m from aerodrome reference point shall notify the Directo
m 妣"
45 m

(c) The use of weapons is anC obstruction to air navigation if an analysis discloses that their use will constitute a
hazard in navigable airspace.
 2HANAGAZETTC
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Part 27
27.14 Notice of use of pyrotechnics

(a) ------顷5
The <app?val of the Director General uc be
shall itjquireo
required ... ^oraance with section 27.15 where •…
proposes to stage a
trajeS 靠遍'—"心州"'叫°'典pyrotechnics display that will in accordance
involvi the with of a projectile tha福II have
的9 or inching
traiactcrv hinhar a person
...... 一▼ j a

⑶ 45 m if within 10000m from the aerodrome reference point; or

(4) 120m if more than 15000m from the aerodrome reference point.

(b) Pyrotechnics displays that will involve the firing or launching of a projectile that will have
than 60 m are prohibited within 15000m from an aerodrome reference a trajectory higher
an aerodrome reference point.
point.
(c) The use of pyrotechnics is an('
obstruction to air navigation if an analysis discloses that their use will constitute
a hazard in navigable airspace.

27.15 Form and time of notice and notice requirements

(a) Each person required to notify the Director General under section 27.11 shall complete 叩「opriate
the aappropriate
complete the
即plication form and submit it to the Director General at least 30 working days prior to the proposed date of
commencement of construction, alteration, or use. However, a notice relating to proposed construction or
alteration that is subject to the licensing requirements of the National Communications Authority (NCA) or any
other appropriate authority may be sent to the Authority at the same time the 叩plication for construction is
filed with the NCA or other appropriate authority. The notice may be filed with the Authority prior to filing with
the NCA or other appropriate authority-

(b) In the case of an emergency involving essential public services, public health, or public safety that requires
----------y
immediate construction or alteration of a structure, or use of a structure, lights, lasers, weapons, or
pyrotechnics, the 30-working day requirement in paragraph (a) of this section does not 叩ply and the notice
may be sent by telephone, telefax, or other expeditious means, with the appropriate form submitted to the
Director General within 5 days thereafter.
：|
(c) ivibiui^ of
Notwithstanding the provisions -- ----
5 (b) -----------------
above, I or alteration involves a mast, tower or
where the construction
some other structure as
some other structure as may be specified
_ 十 …，approvalby the Authority, prior onnrA shall be obtained from the Director -
General at least 24 hours before the construction or alteration commences.
lights, lasers, weapons, or pyrotechnics under Sections 27.12, 27.13 and 27.14
(d) A person proposing to use IaGCAA Form and submit it to the Director General at least 14 working days prior
shall complete the appropriate GCAA Form
- I- -- ,・ ・

to the proposed commencement of the use.

(e，
Ge衲by p邮橄(b)燃恐嘿悬郁
(D A person who is required to notify the Director General by sections 27.11,27.12,27.13 or 27.14 shall send a .
notice of proposed use on 据品
the form prescribed for this purpose to the Authority.
Prescribedforthis
z

13
 GljANA GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER, 2叫2
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

27.16 Additional notice requirements

Appncam or
An Applicant
An peisun who
or person is required to give notice
〜力.~ under 27.11, 27.12, 27.13 and 27.14 shall,-------
if and wh
(a) - io 叫53
wnu
required by the Director General,,一皿
notify.―
the --------
Director General 诂
dggi writing nf
in wn-itinn the Antual
of fhA actual ccmmaMama's-
commencement date ofZ '/
construction, alteration or use as 即plicable. I

A person who is required to give notice under 27.11(c) shall notify the Director General using the 叩propriate
(b) GCAA Form: /

That the construction or alteration has reached 150 ft (46 m) in height above the ground level at its site
(1) within 5 days of it doing so; and 1

⑵ That the construction or alteration has reached its greatest height, within 5 days of it doing so.

(c) The notice required by paragraph (b), when the structure reaches its greatest height, shall include a registered
,• .. … ■-
surveyors determination of structure height and position and proof of compliance with marking and lighting
requirements as determined by the Director General.

(d) A person who abandons a construction or alteration project that is the subject of an A叩lication under this Part
shall notify the Director General in writing within 5 days after the project is abandoned.

(e) A person who dismantles removes or allows the destruction of a structure that is the subject of an Application
or Approval under this Part shall immediately notify the Director General in writing after the construction or
alteration is removed, dismantled or destroyed.

27.17 Acknowledgment and Determination

(a) The Authority shall acknowledge in writing the receipt of each A叩lication or notice submitted under Section
27.11(3),27.12,27.13 and 27.14..

(b) If the construction or alteration proposed in an Application or notice is one for which lighting or marking
prescribed, the acknowledgment shall contain a statement to that effect and information on how the struc u
should be marked and lighted in accordance with the criteria established in the Manual of Standards.

(c) Subject to aa determination made

iiwue under
unaer section tne Authority
z/.zs, the
secuon 27.23, shall iiissue a Determination
Authority shall Determinauon in writ四］
中顷二
啊ch states that an evaluation of the proposed construction or alteration has resulted in a determination t a
the construction or alteration:

⑴ Would not exceed any specification of Subparts C and D, and would not be a hazard to air navigation, °r

(2) Would exceed a specification of Subpart C and D, but would not be a hazard to air navigation; or

(3) Would exceed a specification of Subpart C and D,

and would be a hazard to air navigation
(4) Would exceed, a sp"而cation of Subpart C and D and requires further aeronautical study > s吟皓 to
SSn° 3 P「escnbed aeronautical study fee to determine whether it would be a hazard
navigation,

14
 2141

Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

(5)曹coSdSd 挪需揣看膘籍抵制nation under 4 above, that further study

be conducted s血芯端赢篇嚣:膘，瞿霎膘"罕4 倾study
presumed the construction or alteration would be a :aEard 孵离畿刷°n °f any further 啊，it«

27.18 Construction or alteration not requiring notice under this part

The Director-Generals approval is not required for any of the following construction or alteration:

(a) Any antennal structure of 30 ft (10 m) or less in height outside 50000 ft (15000 m) of the airport.

(b) Any air navigation facility, airport visual approach or landing aid, aircraft arresting device, or meteorological
device, of a type approved by the Director General, the location and height of which is fixed by its functional
purpose.

i (c) Any construction or alteration for which approval is required by any other GCAR regulation.

27.19 Use of Lights

B
(a) A non-aeronautical ground light near an aerodrome which might endanger the safety of aircraft shall be
extinguished, screened or otherwise modified so as to eliminate the source of danger. l
(b) To protect the safety of aircraft against the hazardous effects of laser emitters, the following protected Laser
beam zones, shall be established around aerodromes in accordance with the manual of standards:

⑴ Laser Beam Free Flight Zone (LFFZ).

(2) Laser Beam Critical Flight Zone (LCFZ).
(3) Laser Beam Sensitive Flight Zone (LSFZ).
A non-aeronautical ground light which, by reason of its intensity,聊g脆吧籍牛瞟嚣噫膘。；
(c) aeronautical ground lights shall be extinguished, screened orothervnse modrfied so as to el.rn.nate s^h
possibility.
confusion is described in the MOS.
Note: Areas within which a non-aeronautical ground light visible from the air may cause

27.20 Establishment of Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

(a) snan establish 匕二二二

Aerodrome operators shall obstacle ”n舟何 in the Mam
airport and heliport obstacle limitation surfa
of Standards respectively.

(b) Airport obstacle limitation surfaces are.

/ 1\
(
\
/
z
2\
The conical surface.
(
\
/ The inner horizontal surface.
z 3\
i
The inner approach surface.
—

\ /
/ 4\
The approach surface.
—

(
\ /

z 5\
k / The transitional surface.
/ 6\
(
\
J
/
The inner transitional surface. 1
5
 CHgk GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER, 2业
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

(7) The balked landing surface.

(8) The outer horizontal surface.
(9) The take off climb surface.

(C) Heliport obstacle limitation surfaces are:

(1) The primary surface.

(2) The approach surface.
(3) The transitional surfaces

27.21 Shielding of obstacles.

Shielding is employed when a substantial and permanent object or natural terrain already penetrates an
0) obstacle limitation surface and a proposed object that will penetrate the obstacle limitation surface within 300m
is of equal or lesser height than the existing structure.

(b) The Authority shall determine where shielding shall be applied.

Acceptance by the Authority of obstacle limitation surface penetrations using the shielding principle will always
(c) | ................................. — ' MI I ------------------- ---- _1------ —ch, “rkcc
be subject to scrutiny of the operational implications. Existing obstacles will be regarded as shields only when 、
there is no prospect of their removal or destruction.

An object that is determined by the Director General to be a hazard in navigable airspace may not be required
(d)
to be marked or lighted if the Director General considers the object to be shielded. /

(e) An object that is a lower height than another object:

(1) Already considered to be a hazard in navigable airspace; and

(2) That is marked by standard obstacle marking or lighting, may be considered to be shielded by the other
object

(f) An aeronautical study may be required to determine whether an object that penetrates an obstacle limitation
surface is shielded. •

(g) A shielding object shall be permanent.

(h) An object may be classed as permanent only if, when taking the longest view possible, there is no P%Piectof
片1亦
removal being practicable, possible, or justifiable, regardless of how the pattern, type, or dens y
■— — ------------- --------- —J i
operations might change.

(0 Where the obstacle lies outside of the l areas referred to in paragraph (e) it may. be considered shield*
located within 300 m of the shielding object

27.22 Aeronautical Study of Effect of Proposed Construction on Navigable Airspace

(a) The Authority shall conduct an c:. :° aeronailutical

aeronautical study to determine the impact of the following on
operations, procedures, and the safety of flight:

16
 2143

Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

a proposed structure
an existing structure that has not yet been evaluated by the Authority, or
iii an alteration of an existing structure

The Aeronautical studies shall evaluate:

⑴
ku The HiipaGi on
1 ,,e impact on present and future
present and future arrival
arrival, departure, and en route procedures for aircraft operating under
visual flight rules and any possible changes in those operations and procedures that would eliminate or
alleviate the conflicting demands;

(2) The impact on present and future arrival,., departure, and」en route procedures for aircraft operating under
一一 _,_一.
!.------- x---------- ■ ‘ * *

instrument flight rules and any possible changes in those operations and procedures that would eliminate
or alleviate the conflicting demands;
n-------------

⑶ The impact on existing and planned public use aerodromes;

(4) Airport traffic capacity of existing public use aerodrome and public use aerodrome development plans
received before the issuance of the final determination;

(5) Minimum obstacle clearance altitudes, minimum instrument flight rules altitudes, approved or planned
instrument approach procedures, and departure procedures;

(6) The potential effect on operations of ATC radar, direction finders, ATC tower line-of-sight visibility, and
physical or electromagnetic effects on air navigation, communication facilities, and other surveillance
systems;
(7) The aeronautical effects resulting from the cumulative impact of a proposed construction or alteration of a
structure when combined with he the effects of other existing or proposed structures
stmctures and any possible
..........the conflicting demands.
changes in the proposal that would eliminate or alleviate ' //

(8) Such other factors as shall be determined by the Authority ■

i
\

(b) An aeronautical study shall be conducted by the Authority:

(1) Upon the
(1) Upon the request of an
request of an A 叩licant seeking
Applicant approval for
seeking approval for any or alteration for which an
construction or
any construction
Application is submitted under Subpart C of this part, unless that construction or alteration would be
Application is submitted under Subpart C of this par.
on antenna
located within an antpnna farm area established in accordance with section 27.28; or

(2) Whenever the Director General determines it appropriate.

The Authority may terminate the study if an Applicdnt withdraws its 3pplicdtion for the proposed construction
(c) obstruction,
or alteration or revises it to such an extent that it is no longer considered as an 匚二 -“ no further
or *if "g

aeronautical study is necessary.

 GAZETTE, E NOVEMBER, 20J1
2144

Part 27
Ghana Civil Aviation

27.23 Determinations under this Subpart

(a) Authority will

The AAUUIUIILJT a.....determination
on* issue ... ............ ........ 一一
stating. whether or not the proposed construction or alteration would
be a hazard to air navigation, and will advise all known interested persons. *

(b) The Authority shall make determinations based on the findings of an aeronautical study and will identify the
following:
(1) The effects on VFR/IFR aeronautical departure/arrival operations, air traffic procedures, minimum flight
altitudes, and existing, planned, or airport proposals listed in Subpart B of which the Authority has
received actual notice prior to issuance of a final determination.

(2) The extent of the physical and/or electromagnetic effect on the operation of existing or proposed air
L， • ・ . •・ • ‘ HI-------------------------- A-一- -
navigation facilities, communication aids, or surveillance systems. ，

(c) ■ A determination as to whether the proposed construction or alteration would be a hazard to air navigation shall
be issued stating one of the following:

(1) A No Objection or a Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation will be issued when the aeronautical
- •- -• ・ ■ ■ ・ «- 1 1 1
study concludes that the proposed construction or alteration will not exceed an obstruction standard and
would not have a substantial aeronautical impact to air navigation

(2) A No Objection or a Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation will be issued when the aeronautical
study concludes that the proposed construction or alteration will exceed an obstruction standard but
would not have a substantial aeronautical impact to air navigation

(3) A Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation subject to certain stated conditions that may include:

(i) Conditional provisions of a Determination.

(ii) Limitations necessary to minimize potential problems, such as the use of temporary construction
equipment.
(iii) Supplemental notice requirements, when required.
(N) Marking and lighting recommendations, as 叩propriate.

(4) A Determination of Hazard to Air Navigation will be issued when the aeronautical study concludes that 旅
------------------------------ ~ win VVI IKzl I Q^l Ul IQUUVC4I OUUUJ V5 ——------ .
一 一 _ _ _ i a• ■. .• ... I X a ^TiOl
proposed construction or alteration will exceed an obstruction standard and would have a substantial
aeronautical impact

(d) The Authority shall only issue a safety permit to Applicants when a determination of "No Hazard to Air
r i三—xr -■ • ■
Navigation" has been made.

(e) A determination issued under this subpart shall be final unless a petition for a review is received by 眼
Authority within 30 days of issuance. The determination will not become final till a final decision is taken °
the petition.

(f) Unless a determination void date is------------

specified-----or vuivivuoc
otherwise cAiunueu,
extended, revise
revised, or terminated, each
[q------ :一心--一； - J I 。，or
determination of no hazard made under this subpart expires 18 months after its effective date, regard" of
whether the proposed ~ construction
—ii左」or or alteration
alteration has commenced, or on the date the proP
been commenced,
has been pr°Posed
w
construction or alteration is abandoned, whichever is earlier.

18
 hHANAGAZETTe
八 2145
Ghana Civil Aviation
Part 27 I

(9)繇靠忌雄并*
27.24
expires upon completion of use

Petitions, Extensions, terminations, and "―姓

revisions and
ions, revision。 “—
corrections
盟熙绑 °fns, lights, lasers,

(a) A Petition for the review of a Determination

「 • ... ...to the Director - General by: shall be submitted within 30 days of the issuance of the
Determination ■/ •

/!\ Tf- - • - ■,
(i) The Applicant for Approval for any proposed construction
or alteration .. I ■— VI Q1BIC
(ii)
_― ------ L * * .

any person who stated a substantial aeronautical objection to it ini an aeronautical study, or
(iii) any person who has substantial aeronautical objection to it birt was not ano^rtunrty to
state it,

(b) The petition must contain a full statement of the aeronautical basis upon which it is made.

(c) The Director General shall examine each petition and decide whether a review is required. Any review shall be
. - 一-- ・J ・ . IWV Wl IVtll
卜——口 —■ ・• —------ -------------A-二■.一 • • -
based on written materials, including a report of the previous aeronautical study, briefs, and related
____ I______ • - - ? - - ■ •・ ・・ * • - -

.. revising,
submissions by any interested party, and other relevant facts, with the Director General affirming, 3 or
reversing the determination.
------------------------• - It • ■ • *•

(d) In any case including a case of a determination of no hazard, where the proposed construction or alteration
has not been commenced during the applicable period by actual structural work, such as the laying of a
foundation, but not including excavation, any interested person may, at least 15 days before tiie date the final
determination expires, petition the Director General to:

(1) Revise the determination based on new facts that change the basis on which it was made; or

(2) Extend its effective period.

(e) In any case including a final determination made under this subpart or subpart B of this Part and which relates
函pgd c。板“蛔恤此也嗽懦膘噩fges
to a proposed construction or alteration that may not be commenced unless an appropriate authority issues an
appropriate construction permit, the effective period of each final determination includes:
(1) The time required to 即ply to such appropriate authority fora construction permit, but not more than 180
\ 9J 1 , ■J Ml I i wvjv«n ww —厂「.J __ _ ..
days after the effective date of the determination; and
---…］the application except in a case where the
⑵ The time necessary for such a叩ropriate authority to process
authority determines a shorter
■ ,—— pe航渝;
effective narjnj ed bv
ic rpnnirod by ttthe circumstances.
,,35, J 〜 construction permit, the final determination is effective until the date
(f) prescribed rfo7compl^ion
If such appropriate authority issues
of the a
construction.
n* If such appropriate authority refuses to issue a construction
；uRapp3priate
_—u cdpxnirGS on the date of the refusal.
permit, the final determination expires on

27.25 Annual Information Repojt

_____ mastsl ' ;hall submit annually on or before
(a) As of January 2009, owners of any new or existing telecommunication
TFAIR shall include the mast owner's name(s),
January 31 of each year, to Authority, aa TFAIR. The .....
the Authority,
to the
address(s), phone number(s), contact person(s) and annual review fee.

19
 CH 心A GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER, 2匹
2146

Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

---------- . The mast owner shall(certify

The mast owner shall supply the mast height and current*occupancy. … that 脸
(b) 瞿黑赧航成孺 inf—onshall be submitted on a signed form, designated for such、嘉;
shall become evidence of compliance.

27.26 Annual Information Report Fee

I
Foiiowinq the issuance of an airspace safety permit, on yearly basis every year thereafter the owner of the mast shall !
submit, on or before January 31 of each year, to the Authority an annual review fee as prescribed by the Authority,
for each site.

27.27 Compliance

A person required by 27.11, 27.12, 27.13, or 27.14 to apply or provide notice to the Director-General shall
(a)
comply with any requirement, condition, or limitation imposed in the issuance of a determination..

(b) The following shall constitute grounds for revocation of safety permits issued under 27.23 (d):

(1) The owner of telecommunication mast site, service provider and/or mast owner fails to comply with the i
requirements of the Permit;

(2) The Permit Holder has failed to comply with the conditions of 叩proval imposed;

(3) The facility has not been properly maintained;

(4) And any other grounds as shall be determined by the Authority to be in the public interest.

(c) Any antenna or mast that is not operated for a continuous period of twelve (12) months shall be considered
considerea 「
abandoned. In such circumstances, the following shall apply:
(1) The owner of such site, antenna or mast and the property owner upon which the site is located sha；
remove said antenna and/or mast within thirty (30) days of receipt of notice from the Authority of such
ece "异》小-c—¥；小
MtiWarfcrv removal
abandonment IfIf satisfactory nN occur
dnac not
ramcsl does within the specified thirty (30) dowc the Authority
days, thfi Authority
may order removal at cost.

(2) The Holder of a Permit for a telecommunications mast shall notify the Authority withinn 30 days of
cessation of use of the mast.

27.28 Establishment of Antenna Farm Areas.

(a) Antenna farm areas in which antenna structures may be grouped to localize their effect on the use
navigable airspace may be established.

(b) 竺忠留方*既牌哑 ” encourage the use of antenna farms and the single structure-multiple antenna
斜落X masts whenever possible. In considering proposals for establishing an；e器
黑点套欧竺塑 sha I consider as far as possible the revision of aeronautical procedures 州
ognstogmn薄antennas岫函福籥氤矗端嵩篇嚣

20
•八 2147

Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

SUB PART D - SAFEGUARDING OF AERODROMES

27.29 Monitoring of Airspace

(a) An operator of an aerodrome shall monitor the airspace around the aerodrome for infringement of the obstacle
limitation surfaces by:

(1) any object, building or structure; or

(2) any gaseous efflux having a velocity exceeding 4.3 metres per second.

(b) The monitoring shall be in accordance with the standards set out in the Manual of Standards.

27.30 Notice of Obstacles

(a) If an operator becomes;aware of any development or proposed construction near an aerodrome that is likely
to create an obstacle, the operator shall:

(1) inform the NOTAM Office immediately; and

-——_ - . ■ • « _ •! _ —K.

(2) give the NOTAM Office details of:

i I 。•••••■ ----- -- "

height and location of the obstacle; and

(0 the U ID I i iv v«i iw ■

amended declared distances and gradients, if applicable.

(ii)
Restriction and Removal of Obstacles.
F
27.31
proposed runway extension but
,
Objects which penetrate 5.
do not pcHcumv
men au(iui an 畔噫/噫*) 、 a new runway or a
iffect the optimum performance of visual
(a) -j determined by the Authority to nevertheless adversely
which are c------ .
non-visual aids shall be removed.
Anything which may, in the opinion of the Authority endanger aircraft on the movement area shall be removed.
rfthe Authority endanger
(b)
Special restrictions shall be applied to elevated
'jvated wires and their
wires and their supports. Where no other object penetrates a
supports. Where
given obstacle limitation surface, overhead wires and their s叩ports dl nnf penetrate a surface passing
shall not
(c) 祯c，。丝出席氟赢跖遍恤d surface for a distance of 1500
through the top of the highest existing object and parallel to the established
given obstacle limitation
- J 一5SV threshold. The shielding critena in Section 27.21 shall not apply to overhead wires.
1 L w. ___ .
meters from the runway threshold. The sDieiamg 皿功心...___

Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

27.32 Objects Outside the …•血itation surfaces?塑皂ab臂! a
I construction beyond the lateral limits of the obstacle aeronautical study of the
iested to conduct an -
(a) Where established
height a proposed by the Authority, the Authority shall be reque士，,n f
neiynt syug.,” “ the Authority, the
=—；cc nn
effect of such construction on fh& operct of aeroplanes.
the ooeration

21
 m织A GAZETTE, 1st NOVEMBER, 20H
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

(b) " L at least those objects which extend to a height

In areas beyond the limits of the obstacle limitation surfaces. I of
矗钏赢有慕赢 MH be regarded as obstacles, unless a special aeronautical^
150 m or more <----- 『
indicates that they do not constitute a hazard to aeroplanes.

(c) Anything which may, in the opinion of the Authority after aeronautical study endanger aeroplanes on the
nwement area or in the air within the limits of the inner horizontal and conical surfaces shall be regarded as
an obstacle and shall be removed.
Note - In certain circumstances, objects that do not project above any of the obstacle limitation surfaces andzones enumerated in this
pad may constitute a hazard to aeroplanes as,
naft mav as. for example, where there are one or more isolated objects in the vicinity of an
aerodrome.

27.33 Airport Zones

(a) Airport zones which include all of the land lying beneath the approach surfaces, transitional surfaces,
horizontal surfaces, and conical surfaces as they apply to Airport Imaginary Surface Plan shall be created and
established by the aerodrome operator in co ordination with the a叩ropriate zoning authorities. Approved
copies of the Zoning Plan shall be made available to the Authority, the local development authorities and
stakeholders of the city where the airport is located.

(b) The various zones to be established are the Approach Zone, Transitional Zone, Horizontal Zone, Conical
Zone, Clear Zones and Accident Potential Zones.

(c) The design of aerodromes shall take into account, land-use and environmental control measures.

27.34 Airport Zone Height Limitations

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the zoning plan, no structure shall be erected, altered, or maintained, and no |
tree shall be allowed to grow in any zone to a height in excess of the applicable height limit therein established 「
for such zone.

(b) Zoning height limitations, as 叩proved by appropriate zoning authorities shall be equal to or may be more
restrictive than specifications of obstacle limitation surfaces prescribed in the manual of standards.

(c) Zoning height shall not be altered to exceed the specifications of obstacle limitation surfaces prescribed in the
Manual of Standards without recourse to the Authority.

27.35 Clear Zones

(a) Every aerodrome shall have a clear zone. Clear zones shall not be used for any other purpose than for 旅
erection of Air navigation equipment.

(b) The Manual of Standards provides specifications for establishing Clear Zones.

22
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Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27
27.36 Accident Potential Zones

(a) Every aerodrome shall have an accident potential zone,

controlled to ensure; ' ' * 一…- Uses within accident potential zones shall be
J
auui kjui iQLw zoning
appropriate authorities
iiikj rfiiinrirH ImQ include thisarea
inpii iha rkMc c—— ___ __ < • .
as part of airport easement.
(b) The Manual of Standards provides specifications for accident potential zones and the uses that are permitted.

27.37 Protection of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Equipment & Signals

(a) Adequate land clearance shall be maintained for the proper functioning of Communication, Navigation and
Surveillance equipment

(b) To prevent electromagnetic interference and physical obstruction to lined-sight, no encroachment shall be
permitted beyond distances specified in the installation's manual.

(c) No person shall build within a 1000m radius from proposed or existing sites for installation of aviation
— I -
• •
..• .
— ■ a ■ t I Z _ __ AL —

communication, navigation and surveillance equipment without an aeronautical study and approval from the
Authority.

27.38 Non-Conforming uses

(a) No use may be made of land or water within any zone established by the airport in such a manner as to:
SB
radio communication between the airport and
(1) create electrical interference with navigation signals or
aircraft,
make it difficult for pilots to distinguish between airport lights and others,
⑵
result in glare in the eyes of pilots using the airport,
⑶
(4) impaifvisibility in the vicinity of the airport,

(5) create bird strike hazards, or

manoeuvring of aircraft intending
with the landing, takeoff, or
endanger or interfere
(6) otherwise in any way
to use the airport.

27.39 Variances , — or permit the d— of any

ue growth , 甲*i or usg
…… ''inqto erect or increase the height of any structure, v.j
shall apply to the Authority for
▼一- ■ 「 ” 一 A— Aiifn/

(a) property
Any notdesiring
person
l Vi
in accordance ，with
with the.-
凹二凌二
restncuoiib prescnoeo
ii in the zoning plan, t
ibed：」
the restrictions in uic ,
the necessary c!??ronrp hAfore seeking a«variance.
fore setMuy ■土》
ncsclearancebe before
allowed where it is duly found that a literal application or enforcement of the
will result in unnecessary hardship and, a relief granted, will not be contrary to the public interest,
(b) Such \/anar\ces may
• —d to air navigation, and will do substantial justice.
resMions \ u
will not create a hazan
23
 GHANA GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER,
2150

Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

27.40 Marking and Lighting Objects

The following objects shall be lighted in periods of low visibility

(a) •:嚣崩需 located.within
any structuree which is more than 10m above an aerodrome and located, closest
within 2km from the clo
edge of a runway or helipad;, esl

• any structure which is more than 20m above an aerodrome and is located within 6km from the
closest edge of a runway or helipad;

• any structure which is more than 30m above an aerodrome and is located within 10km from the closest
i
edge of a runway or helipad;

• any structure which is more than 45m above ground at its location

(b). The owner of any existing non-conforming structure or tree shall install, operate, and maintain such markers
* ・ * 1 • *• 1 ----------------------- L------------_____________________ ft •

and lights as shall be deemed necessary by an aerodrome operator to indicate to the operators of aircraft in
the vicinity of the airport, the presence of such airport obstruction.

SUBPART E-AERODROME OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

27.41 Competency of Aerodrome Personnel

⑶露。篇蜜嚣)嚣律%/ V；哗彳捋ich operate on an aerodrome shall provide training to their
runways Personnel
personnel.
of in this
taxiwavs and 那 context
。，includes
nc udes but is not limited to persons who manage or conduct inspections
saS熠a籍蜜焉跌章 S，measurement 曾乌 ofrun
fire 何伽Wgfriction, maintenance,
and emergency works safety
personnel, officers, ground>
marshalled
------------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------- —/ ----------------------------- 1 —--------------------------------------------------- ■ I

and fire fighting and emergency personnel, marshallers, grouna

9 personnel, fuelling personnel, helicopter landing officers, hazardous material
handlers and personnel who provide official reports of conditions to air traffic control, flight service stations or
aircraft operators. /

(b). .The aerodrome operator shall ensure that all entities providing aerodrome services on its aerodrome, provide
9 W

the training specified in (a) above.

(c). The aerodrome operator shall retain training records, including confirmation of competency for each 网片吧
cleariy specify 普
responsible for maintenance activities. If a certificate of competency is issued, it shall clearly the nan
of the individual, the training institution and location, the date of certification and the subject matter for
the certificate is being awarded.

27.42 Criteria for Runway Pavement Loading

(a) Operational limitation in terms of pavement

. -——
loading wi
shall not be applied LV
ivan l ivt
todl
Aircraft
V/1 bl I Will I
ACN less than the
with an 八"
DPN cf ♦代c n 一-」
PCN of the runway、，
sec
to be ・used.

(b) Where the ACN of an aircraft expected to use a runway

on aa pavement with a frequency of more runway
operate on more than
is more
is than the
the runway PCN, the
runway PCN, the aircraft.hall
ai
operate than 5 percent of the total annual aircraft movemen.

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Ghana Civil Aviation

Part 27

27.43 Criteria for Evaluation of Runway Surface Friction

and Rubber Removal
The Primary factors that contribute to the deterioration
i __ 一 — 口 — f4 •■— ■ _ , ■ —
of skid resistance of runway pavements are
runway pavements are directly
directly
(dependent upon the volume and type. of aircraft traffic. Table 1
friction testing and rubber removal. - I shall be used as base criteria for scheduling runway

Table 1 - Friction Testing Frequency and Rubber Removal

Number of Daily Minimum Aircraft Minimum Friction Testing Rubber Deposit Removal
Landing per runway end Frequency Frequency
Less than 15 [Year 2 years
16 to 30~ 6 months [year
31 to 90 ~~ _____ 3 months_____ 6 months
91 to 150 一 _____ 1 month_____ 4 months
151 tO 210 一 _____ 2 weeks_____ 3 months
Greater than 210 1 week 2 months

Note: As data are accumulated on the rate of change of runway friction under various traffic conditions, the scheduling of friction
surveys may be adjusted to ensure that evaluators detect and predict degraded friction conditions in time to take corrective actions.

Mu numbers (friction values) measured by continuous friction measuring equipment (CFME) shall be used for
(a)
evaluating the surface friction deterioration of runway pavements and identifying a叩ropriate corrective actions
箱嵩需慕 褊赢
required for safe aaircraft ations. Table 2 depicts褊
operations. fiction va
the friction 祯s fo
values for「two 场币城
classification Ms
levels for qua服
qualified
CFME operated at test speeds of 65 and 95 km/h (40 and 60 mph).
Table 2 - Friction Level Classifications for Runway Pavement Surfaces Using CFME with Self-Wetting Systems

Test Device 65 km/h (40 mph)

Action Level Planning Level
Action Level Planning Level
0.60 0.34 0.47
Airport Surface Friction 0.50
Tester 034 0.47 —
0^50 0.60
BV・11 Skiddometer 024 036
043 0.53 0.38 一
GripTester Friction Tester ' 26 一
0.52
Mu Meter 0.32 0.42
RUNAR (operated at fixed 0.45 0.52
16% slip) 0.41 0.54
Runway Friction Tester (M 0.60
0.50
6800)________
，'ion of runway pavements,
0{ evaluating surface friction deter哽%
(b) ，In，，
situations where* there are no ：heduledin
means accordance v.._.
rubber deposit removal shall be scl._.*
 GHANA GAZETTE, 1ST NOVEMBER, 201j
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Ghana Civil Aviation Part 27

27 44 Friction Equipment Performance Standard

comply with national requirements for vehicles or trailers used on public

27.45 Rubber Removal Equipment

Mechanical rubber removal equipment used on asphalt or portland cement concretes to remove rubber
(a)
accumulations shall be controlled to minimize disturbance to- asphalt or tar mixtures and prevent removal of
hardened paste from the concrete. Basic hand tools and the following major types of mechanical equipment ■
are considered acceptable for rubber removal. /

⑴ Watert)lasting Equipment - mobile waterblasting equipment capable of producing a pressurized stream of

water that will effectively remove rubber from the pavement surface without significantly damaging the
pavement Water pressure shall be regulated so that all rubber accumulation are substantially removed ；
during execution of the work.

(2) Shotblasting Equipment • mobile self propelled shotblasting equipment capable of producing an
adjustable depth of rubber removal and of propelling abrasive particles at high velocities on the rubber for
effective removal. Each unit shall be self cleaning and self contained. The equipment shall be able to
confine the abrasive, any dust that is produced, and removed rubber; and be capable of recycling the
abrasive for reuse.

(3) Sandblasting Equipment - mobile sandblasting equipment shall be capable of producing a pressurized
stream of sand and air that will effectively remove rubber from the pavement surface without filling voids
with debris in asphalt or tar pavements or removing joint sealants in Portland cement concrete
pavements.

(b) Chemical rubber removal equipment shall be capable of application and removal of chemicals from the
pavement surface and shall leave only non-toxic biodegradable residue.

27.46 Aircraft Emergencies During Rubber Removal

Emergency landings and take-offs shall take precedence over rubber removal operations. When notified °酬
emergency situation, all rubber removal operations shall cease and the runway shall be immediately cleared o
equipment and personnel for at least a distance beyond the safety「areas.

IS 27 SANCTIONS

of Civil

皿绑糠膘膘馈麴霞牒部霜严5响
The following additional violations and
recommended sanctions shall equally 叩ply:
1. Failure to provide Annual Information Report.
Minimum penalty.
2. Failure to notify the Director General of a Moderate penalty-
proposed construction or alteration of a structure

26
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