MLSMV 301 3RD YEAR - 2ND SEMESTER (SY ‘24-’25)

MYCOLOGY & VIROLOGY (LECTURE)

I.METHODS OF REPRODUCTION 3.3 Chlamydoconidia
I. ANAMORPH  Chlamydospores
 Involves mitotic division of the haploid  Thick-walled, resistant, resting spores
nucleus and is associated with production produced by rounding up and enlargement
by budding, spore-like conidia, or by of hyphal part
separation of hyphae Classified according to hyphae location
 Asexual form Terminal Located at the end/tip
 Conidia of the hyphae
 Reproductive element of anamorph Intercalary Found within the
II. TELEOMORPH hyphae
Sessile Found on the side of
 Involves the haploid nuclei of donor or hyphae
receipient cells fuse to form a diploid
nucleus, which then divide by classic
meiosis
 Meiosis
 Sexual Form
 Spores
 Reproductive element of teleomorph
III. SPORES INVOLVED IN ANAMORPH
 Conidia
 Blastoconidia
 Chlamydoconidia
3.4 Arthroconidia
 Arthroconidia
 Sporangiospores  Arthrospores
3.1 Conidia  Involves the simple fragmentation of the
mycelium
 Spores produced single or multiply in long  Appears “Jointed” rectangular/barrel shaped
chains or clusters by specialized vegetative spores
hyphae known as conidiospores
 Macroconidia
 Large multicellular conidia
 Microconidia
 Small unicellular conidia

3.5 Sporangiospores
 Spores contained in a sporangia or sacs
that are produced terminally on an a septate
hyphae (sporangiospore)

3.2 Blastoconidia
 Blastospores
 Develops as daughter cell buds off the
mother cell and is pinched off

IV. SPORES INVOLVED IN TELEOMORPH

 Ascospores
 Zygospores
 Oospores
 Basidiospores

PREPARED BY: DELA CRUZ, ARVIN JULES F.

BS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY THIRD YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER | BULSU (MAIN) 1
ASF
 4.1 Ascospores  People who is immunocompromised
in nature:
 Spores are contained in a sac-like ascus  Patients undergoing
chemotherapy
(chemotherapeutic agents will
not only attack cancer cells,
but also healthy cells
 Patient taking
immunosuppressive drugs
(Ex. Autoimmune disease like
Lupus)
 Tissue penetration and invasion
4.2 Zygospores  Infestation - outer layer of skin
 Involves the fusion of two identical cells  Invasion - inner infection
arising from the same hyphae VI. SPECIMEN COLLECTION
 Skin Specimens
 Cleaned with 70% alcohol to remove
dirt, oil, and surface saprophytes
(unwanted organisms)
 Can be fungal contaminants
 Nail
 Same procedure with skin specimen
 Nail must be clipped
 Nails must be minced finely before
4.3 Oospores innoculating the nail to the fungal
 Involves the fusion of spores from two media
separate, non-identical hyphae  Hair
 Methods include plucking, brushing,
or with a use of a sticky tape
 Body fluid
 Normal sterile environment should be
maintained in the container
 Ex. Blood, sputum, CSF (in
meningitis)
VII. SPECIMEN TRANSPORT/HANDLING
 Hair and Nails
4.4 Basidiospores  Sent in the laboratory through the
 Spores are contained in a club-shaped use of dry sterile envelope (present
Basidium inside a container)
 Envelope is contained in a sterile
container
 Container is labeled with biohazard
label
 Any growing cultures must be on the
tube media, NOT PLATES
 Petri dish or plated media may be
contaminated by air
 Tube media is screw-capped for
proper sealment
V. MODE OF TRANSMISSION  Inside labeling information must contain
complete information
 Fungi are found in  Patient Identification
nature/environment/everywhere  Specimen source
Usually acquired from the external environment  Suspected organism
via:
VIII. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF FUNGI
 Inhalation
 Most common How we identify fungi?
 Inhalation of infectious conidia Through direct observation
generated from environmental molds  Macroscopic - growth on culture media
 Immunocompromised patient  Microscopic - appearance under
 Most common microscope
 Patient with weak immune system Medical technologists search for the
following:
PREPARED BY: DELA CRUZ, ARVIN JULES F.
BS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY THIRD YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER | BULSU (MAIN) 2
ASF
  Spores  Cryptococcus neoformans (+)
 Hyphae  Trichophyton mentagrophytes (+)
 Mycelial elements  Trichophyton rubrum (-)
 Budding cells (yeasts)  Hair Baiting Test
 Mycotic granules  To differentiate Trichophyton spp.
Laboratory Diagnosis/Laboratory Procedures  Trichophyton mentagrophytes (+)
for Fungi:  Trichophyton rubrum (-)
Wet Mount Preparation  (+) RESULT = V-shaped
penetration of the hair shaft by the
 Good for yeast examination fungal species
 Lost of fragile structures is minimized
10% KOH Mount
 Good for skin and hair scrappings, nails,
sputum, and vaginal washings
 Potassium hydroxide is used for:
 Clearing specimen’s tissue cells
 Clears mucus
 Clears unwanted structures but fungi
 Not affect fungi as it is resistant to
KOH (fungi cell walls have chitin)
Fungal Culture
 GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing fungi
 Because culturing of fungi is more sensitive
than direct examination
 Fungal cultures must be held for 21 days (3
Weeks) at room temperature
 Molds are cultured
 Yeast = incubated in 37°C
NOTE:
 Specimen - unprocessed (Ex. Blood)
 Sample - ready for examination (Ex.
Serum/Plasma)

What we look for during Colony

Examination?
 Color of colony margins
 Color of center of colony
 Grooves and cuts

IX. MISCELLANEOUS FUNGAL TEST

 Germ Tube Test
 Important initial test for identification
of candida spp. (yeast)
 Confirmatory test for Candida ablican
spp.
 Yeast colonies collected and
incubated with serum at 37°C
 37°C to optimize the growth
 Serum as source of nutrients
 (+) RESULT = Budding forms
 L-DOPA Ferric Citrate Test
 Rapid identification of Cryptococcus
neoformans
 Enzyme detected: Phenol oxidase
enzyme
 (+) RESULT = Black
product/Blackening
 Urease Test
 Alkalinization of the media
 To differentiate Trichophyton spp.
 (+) RESULT = Pink color (Alkaline
pH)
PREPARED BY: DELA CRUZ, ARVIN JULES F.
BS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY THIRD YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER | BULSU (MAIN) 3
ASF