CALEB BRITISH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MAGODO
2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION
THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE
CIVIC EDUCATION
THE SCHEME OF WORK AND E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM
YEAR 8
WEEK TOPICS
1 REVISION OF LAST TERM WORK / ELECTION AND VOTERS’
RESPONSIBILITIES (DEFINITION, TYPES OF ELECTION)
2 CONCEPT OF A VOTER
3 QUALIFICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION, QUALIFICATIONS FOR
ELECTION IN NIGERIA
4 PROCEDURES FOR VOTING AND IMPORTANCE OF VOTING
5 MID TERM EXAM
6 ELECTORAL MALPRACTICE
7 MID TERM BREAK
8 FORMS OF ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
9 CAUSES OF ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
10 CONSEQUENCES AND SOLUTIONS TO ELECTORAL
MALPRACTICES.
11 REVISION
12 EXAMINATION
Week: 1
TOPIC: ELECTION
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define election
2. Highlight the types of election
` ELECTION
An election is the process of choosing people or candidates to represent the people of a country
in the various arms of government.
In Nigeria, elections are held to choose officers into the legislative and executive arms of
government.
Accredited voters are called electorates while those who are voted for are called
aspirants/candidates/contestant.
Types of Election
1. Direct election: this is a type of election by which voters vote directly to choose their
representatives into public offices
2. Indirect election: this is a type in which a body known as electoral college vote on behalf
of the electorates. Electoral college- this is a body of elected representatives and
distinguish persons who in turn vote on behalf of the voters.
3. By-election: this is an election conducted to fill a vacant position as a result of death,
resignation, disqualification of an individual holding that post.
4. Run-off election/second ballot: this is an election conducted when the first election fail to
produce a credible winner.
5. Primary election: this is an election conducted within a party to choose a flagbearer of the
party.
6. Plebiscites: it is a yes or no vote and pertains to issue of national importance
7. Referendum: it is a yes or no vote with pertains to law and constitution.
Evaluation:
1. Define election
2. Highlight the types of election
WEEK 2
TOPIC: CONCEPT OF A VOTER
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define voting
2. Highlight the types of voting.
CONCEPT OF A VOTER
Voting is a process of expressing one’s choice of a candidate in an election.
A voter/ an electorate is a person who is eligible to participate in voting.
TYPES OF VOTING
1. Secret balloting- here, the electorates cast their vote secretly in a voting booth using
ballot papers,
2. Open balloting- here, the voters openly signify their choice and head-count/counting is
done right away.
3. Voting by proxy: this is when someone votes on behalf of someone else and this is
mostly used in share holding companies.
Evaluation:
1. Define voting
2. Highlight the types of voting.
` Week: 3
TOPIC: BASIC QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Highlight 5 qualifications for voting
2. Highlight 5 qualifications for contestants
BASIC QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION
In Nigeria, before a citizen is qualified to contest for a political office or vote for someone,
he/she
must satisfy the following condition.
For Contestants
a) He/she must be a legitimate citizen of Nigeria.
b) He/she must be 25 years of age or above (councillorship), 35 years for governorship and
presidency.
c) He/she must be a person of good character.
d) He/she must be an educated person with at least secondary school certificate. However, it
varies from one political office to another.
e) He/she must belong to a registered political party.
f) He/she must pay your tax up to date
g) He/she must not be bankrupt.
h) He/she must belong to a political party and would be the flagbearer of the party.
For voter
a) He/she must be 18 years of age and above.
b) He/she must be registered during the registration process.
c) He/she must be a legitimate citizen of Nigeria.
d) Detainees are not allowed to vote during elections.
e) He/she must present himself to the registration officer of the commission for registration as a
voter within the stipulated period.
Evaluation
1. Highlight 5 qualifications for voting
2. Highlight 5 qualifications for contestants
` Week: 4
TOPIC: Procedures for voting and importance of voting
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Highlight 5 procedures for voting
2. Highlight 5 importance of voting
Procedures for voting and importance of voting
Process of Voting
1. Voting is an easy exercise; the following steps are taken in the process of voting:
2. Once an individual has a valid voter’s card, he/ she can approach a polling officer on the
day appointed for election at the polling center.
3. Present the voter’s card to the presiding polling officer who will make sure that the
particulars on the voter’s card corresponds with the one on the voters register or the
system for that particular polling centre.
4. The presiding officer will then tear a ballot paper containing names and pictures of
political aspirants and their party logo and hand it over to the eligible voter.
5. The voter is then directed to the polling booth which has an enclosure so that the voting
can be private to the voter.
6. The voter uses the right thumb to touch the ink pad and presses the blank vote space on
the ballot paper of a choice party.
7. The paper is then folded back cleverly so that the ink does not spread, If the ink spreads
across another party logo, the vote becomes null and void
8. The ballot paper is then dropped into the transparent ballot box.
Importance of Voting
1. Voting allows the general public to choose the leader of their choice without anybody
imposing leadership on them.
2. To effect a change of policy or government.
3. It promotes democracy and confers legitimacy on the leader
4. It provides opportunities for political education
5. It acts as a basis for measuring popularity of a candidate and also government in power.
Evaluation
1. Highlight 5 procedures for voting
2. Highlight 5 importance of voting
Week: 6 and 8
TOPIC: ELECTORAL MALPRACTICE
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define electoral malpractice
2. Highlight 10 forms of electoral malpractice.
ELECTORAL MALPRACTICE/ELECTORAL FRAUD/VOTERS’ FRAUD
It is an illegal interference with electoral process. It includes illegal registration, intimidation at
polling station and improper counting of votes.
Electoral malpractices is the failing of all electoral institutions or bodies to carry out election in
the proper or professional way it is supposed to be done.
Forms of Electoral Malpractice
1. Intimidation of voters
2. Partisanship by Electoral officers
3. Impersonation
4. Diversion of Electoral materials and artificial scarcity of electoral materials
5. Stealing of electoral materials like ballot boxes, ballot papers, voters register etc.
6. Under- age voting i.e. allowing those who are not adult to vote, those who are below the
age of 18.
7. Multiple registration of voters by a single individual.
8. Falsification or outright inflation of election results
9. Bribery and corruption in the form of giving money to electoral officers with the
intention to make them change election results.
10. Keeping of electoral materials in personal custody and not with INEC or SIEC
Evaluation
1. Define electoral malpractice
2. Highlight 10 forms of electoral malpractice.
Week: 9
TOPIC: Causes of electoral malpractices
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Highlight 5 causes of electoral malpractices
Causes of electoral malpractices
1. Crave for power- many politicians engage in electoral malpractice because they want to
win by all cost.
2. Poverty – due to lack, most voters do not mind selling their votes once their prwsent
needs are met.
3. Influence of the party in power
4. Lack of stiff punishment for electoral offenders.
5. Bribery and corruption
6. Late arrival of materials at the voting centres.
Evaluation
1. Highlight 5 causes of electoral malpractices
2. Week: 6 and 8
TOPIC: Consequences of Electoral malpractice and how to prevent electoral
malpractice.
Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. highlight 5 consequences of electoral malpractice
2. Highlight 5 ways of preventing electoral malpractice.
Consequences of Electoral malpractice
1. It leads to bad leadership
2. The outcome of the result may lead to riot and chaos, violence, burning of houses and lost
of lives
3. It paints the country in bad light in the international community
4. The electorates may lose interest in voting
5. Due to riot, chaos and civil unrest, the military may forcefully take over power.
How to Prevent Electoral Malpractices
The following are the ways by which electoral malpractices can be prevented
1. Arrest and prosecution of people who violate electoral laws.
2. Swearing exercise should not be done until all petitions are disposed of at election tribunals.
3. Customization of ballot papers in the form of putting the computer information about a
registered voter on the ballot paper to prevent multiple voting.
4. The use of advanced information technology such as computers and forensic machine for
detection of fingerprints will reduce the act of multiple registrations.
5. A person found guilty in electoral malpractices should be banned from politics for life.
6. Pressure groups should rise up from all quarters to oppose electoral malpractices
7. There should be a programme to educate the majority.
Evaluation
1. highlight 5 consequences of electoral malpractice
2. Highlight 5 ways of preventing electoral malpractice.
SOCIAL STUDIES
THE SCHEME OF WORK AND E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM
YEAR 8
WEEK TOPICS
1 REVISION OF LAST TERM WORK / SCIENCE
2 TECHNOLOGY
3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (HOME APPLIANCES)
4 HEALTH ISSUES
5 MID TERM EXAM
6 FINDING HELP
7 MID TERM BREAK
8 FINDING HELP
9 NATIONAL ECONOMY (SAVINGS)
10 COMMUNICATION
11 REVISION
12 EXAMINATION
WEEK 1
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE
The word Science comes from the Latin word “Scientia” meaning knowledge.
Science has been defined as a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or
truths systematically arranged showing operation of general laws.
It has also been described as a systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and
experimentation carried out in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being
studied.
ASPECTS OF SCIENCE
Aspects of science involve the following:
1. Defining a Problem: In science the first step is to identify a problem that needs solution. i.e. an
event, occurrence or action of both animate and inanimate objects.
2. Observation: An essential aspect of science is observation. It is the basis of experimentation
from observation further information and data can be gathered.
3. Experimentation: It involves the process of testing a hypothesis. Hypothesis is a statement
expressing an idea which may be true or false until it is tested or proved.
Week 2
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is the application of scientific principle and findings to produce materials that makes
life more comfortable.
Technology is the application of scientific principle and findings to solve human problems in
order to make life more comfortable.
The level of methodology differs from country to country. Most advanced countries of the world
have very high technology while the under developing ones have very low technology.
Technology dictates the level of development of a nation.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Science and technology are important in so many ways
1. Improvement in standard of living e.g. provision of goods and service such as stove, gas,
cooker and electric cookers have replaced cooking by fire wood which is more strenuous.
2. Easy transportation: science and technology has provided easy transportation like cars,
trailers, airplanes, ships etc. instead of foot, canoes and use of animals.
3. Increase in food production: there has been a rapid production of food due to the
influence of science and technology. They have provided better machines and tools for
agricultural activities.
4. Improvement in communication: it is easier to disseminate information due to the
invention of radio, television, telephones, cell phones, internet has improved
communication world-wide.
5. Improvement in health care services: science and technology has provided man with
equipment and drugs which helps in curing disease that were incurable for many years
ago. This helps in increasing life expectancy as many lives are saved from death.
6. Increase in employment: more jobs are created as new industries are set up. Many jobs
have been provided through the invention of various kinds of computers
WEEK 3
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (HOME APPLIANCES)
Home appliances are electrical machines provided by technology to make the performance of
house hold functions easier, faster and more enjoyable.
Such household functions include cooking, cleaning, washing etc.
TYPES OF HOME APPLIANCES AND THEIR USES.
1. ELECTRIC IRON: This is used in smoothing washed and dried clothes. It makes the
cloth to be neat. The heat destroys any germs in cloth which may affect our skin.
2. ELECTRIC STOVE: Electric stove is a domestic appliance which provides heat through
electricity for cooking purpose. It is used mainly for cooking.
3. ELECTRIC KETTLE: An electric kettle is an electric device which produces heat for
boiling water. It is used for boiling water.
4. MICROWAVE OVENS: This is a kitchen appliance that heat food through electric
heating. It is used in heating food quickly and efficiently.
5. REFRIGERATOR: This is an appliance used in cooling food, drinks. It is used for
cooling and preservation purpose.
6. WASHING MACHINE: This is a machine used in washing clothes, towels and bed
sheets.
7. BLENDER: This is an electric device used in making ingredient. It is used in blending
ingredient like pepper, tomatoes, and vegetables into liquids. It is also used in breaking
edible seeds like ogbolo seed, egusi seed, etc. into powder or paste.
DANGER IN WRONG USE OF APPLIANCES
1. FIRE OUTBREAKS: This may occur of two exposed cables of the appliance touch each
other. Fire could occur where the appliance is not switched off after use or during power cut.
Many houses have been burnt down through such carelessness in using boiling ring, electric iron
etc.
2. INJURY: Improper handling of home appliance could lead to burns, fracture and dislocation
through electric shock or scald from hot water.
3. DEATH: Life could be lost through electric shock and fire out breaks etc.
4. MALFUNCTIONING OF THE APPLIANCE: When the appliances are not properly used as
specified in the manual, it may likely develop fault which may render it useless until it is
repaired or replaced.
CORRECT WAYS OF USING ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE:
1. Read the manual or user’s guides thoroughly before usage
2. Consult someone who has used a similar gadget for initial instruction on proper usage.
3. Maintain it regularly.
4. Care for the appliances
5. All repairs should be done by professionals.
6. Do not use any of the gadget, if you feel it is unsafe to do so.
7. Ensure the gadget is switched off after use and during power cut gage.
WEEK 4
HEALTH ISSUES (HARMFUL SUBSTANCES)
Meaning of harmful Substances
Harmful Substances refers to contaminated Foods and drugs which are unfit for human
consumption.
Consumption of such food and drink can become poisons in the body and lead to death or serious
sickness
Example of Harmful Substances
1. Fake products: - All Substandard foods; drinks, drugs that are fake should not be
consumed.
2. Expired products: - All expired foods, drinks, drugs are unfit for human consumption. It
is advisable to check the expire date of the canned foods, beverages etc before buying or
consuming them.
3. Stale food: A stale food is a food that has been prepared for a long time; such food is not
good for consumption.
4. Impure or contaminated water is unfit for human consumption.
5. Poorly cooked meat, fish and other foods are injurious to human health
6. Rotten food and fruits can cause disorder in the body if eaten.
Ways of Preventing the Intake of Harmful Substances:
1. Always check the expiry date of any food, drink or drugs before consuming them.
2. Buy only food, drinks and drugs approved by NAFDAC.
3. Avoid buying snacks that have been exposed to sun and dust.
4. Avoid eating stale food, ensure that only well-preserved food is eaten.
5. Always eat only well-cooked food.
6. Obey the rule of hygiene always and keep your kitchen clean.
WEEK 6
FINDING HELP
Finding help entails providing or seeking assistance OR support in order to find a remedy or
relief from a problem or to make a situation more bearable.
SITUATION WHEN PEOPLE NEED HELP:
1. Period of disaster
2. When entering into a new relationship
3. During emotional disturbances
4. Constant failure in examination
5. When deserted or rejected by close friends due to physical disability resulting from
accident
6. Unwanted pregnancy
7. Need to break a bad habit e.g. smoking, taking hand drugs etc.
8. Need to come out of a bad group or unprofitable friendship
PEOPLE WHO CAN HELP
1. Parents / guardians and other family members
2. Counsellors
3. Religious leaders e.g. Pastors, Imam etc.
4. Health practitioners
5. Teachers
6. Social workers
7. Community members
8. Specialized institutions
9. Law enforcement agencies trusted experienced adults.
WEEK 8
FINDING HELP
SKILLS NECESSARY WHEN SEEKING HELP
Good communication skills- verbal and non-verbal communication skills
Assertiveness- Readiness to explain yourself until someone understands you.
Counselling – Readiness to learn through discussion
Follow up.
SKILLS NECESSARY WHEN HELPING OTHERS
1. Conducive atmosphere: There should be sense of friendship and security
2. Good listening habit. Make sure you understand what has been said.
3. Empathy: put yourself in the persons position and share his/her feelings.
4. Non – judgement: do not put yourself in the position of a judge
5. Follow up: take necessary action
STEPS TO TAKE WHEN HELP IS NEEDED
1. Identify the concern
2. Recognize that help is needed
3. Keep calm, stay focused
4. Look for a trusted adult
5. Wait for assistance to be provided
6. Try to inform your parent or guardian, if possible, seek for help in the company of trusted
adults.
CHARACTERISITICS OF AGENCIES THAT PROVIDE HELP
1. They do not require parental permission
2. There must be privacy and confidentiality
3. The cost is little or free
4. They have specialized services in the areas for which help is needed
WEEK 9
NATIONAL ECONOMY (SAVINGS)
NATIONAL ECONOMY – SAVING AND WAYS OF SAVING
Saving refer to the process of keeping part of income earned and valuable such as jewelries and
certificate for future use.
REASONS FOR SAVINGS
People save for following reasons:
[Link] PREPARE FOR OLD AGE: Many people that are inactive service now save for the time
of old age, when they will not be strong enough to work or even or even earn income.
2. FOR FUTURE INVESTMENT: Those people who have intention of setting up small scale
business in future can be setting aside money from their present income.
3. TO ACCUMULATE WEALTH: Some people save for the sake of keeping their money and
increase their wealth.
4. FOR EMERGENCIES: People may save to meet unseen event or circumstances.
5. FOR SECURITY PURPOSE: Many people save money or keep their valuable in the bank
due to insecurity in their house and offices.
6. TO SECURE LOAN: Many people save in co-operative society for this reasons e.g. Micro
finance bank etc.
7. FUTURE PERSONAL PROJECT: These include building of houses, buying of cars etc.
WAYS OF SAVING IN THE PAST
1. Digging the grounds
2. In the clay pot
3. Entrusted with money keepers
4. Keeping money with relations
5. Keeping money on the roof
6. Box ----- this box is made with wood or clay. They were usually called (Kolo bank) by
little culture.
MODERN WAYS OF SAVING MONEY
1. Banks
2. Co-operative societies
3. Insurance companies
4. Buying of treasury bills
5. Buying stocks
6. Contributions
7. Daily contributions
MEANING OF BANK
A bank is a financial institution established for safe keeping of money valuables and provision of
other financial services.
TYPES OF BANK:
1. THE CENTRAL BANK: This is a bank that controls the activities of all banks in a country.
The Central bank act as government bank, issues of currencies, control interest rates, grants loan
to other banks and acts as controller to all other banks.
2. COMMERCIAL BANK: These includes all banks that deals directly with individual they help
in safe keeping of money, valuables and important documents.
They also provide loan to individual and render other financial services to individual and
corporate organizations. Examples of Commercial banks are: Zenith Bank, Guarantee Trust
Bank (GTB), First bank, United bank of Africa (UBA) etc. All Micro finance banks also fall
under commercial banks.
3. DEVELOPMENT BANK: these are specialized banks set up by the government for
certain reasons. e.g Bank of Industry (BOI). They are owned and controlled by the
government.
WEEK 10
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of sending out information by an individual to another. It is also
the means of exchanging information or message among the people in the society.
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION:
1. Traditional method
2. Modern method.
TRADITIONAL METHOD OF COMMUNICATION: People in different societies in Nigeria
communicate through any of the following means:
1. Drum i.e. talking drum
2. Use of town crier
3. The use of gun shots
4. Use of objects of symbol
5. Use of Gong and flute
MODERN METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
[Link]/MAGAZINE: they carry information about the government activities,
programmes, happenings within and outside the country. E.g- The punch, the guardian, the
nation and many others. The weekly news magazine in Nigeria, include Tell, The News etc.
2. THE TELEPHONE: Telephone was invented by Alexandra G. Bell. It is one of the modern
ways of communication. The use of mobile phone is very popular in our era. Among the service
providers in Nigeria are: Airtel, MTN, Globacom, Starcom, Etisalat etc.
3. RADIO: Radio is the most popular and the fastest means of sending messages to large
number of people in a country Nigeria station apart from federal radio cooperation of Nigeria
station. Various states and many individuals also have Radio stations among such radio stations
are Raypower radio, Lagos radio, WAZOBIA plus radio, Radio continental, Gateway radio etc.
[Link] SYSTEM: E.g. NIPOST, DHL, UPS and so on. This is done by writing letter and
sending it to the postal agencies. However, sending letter through post offices becoming
unpopular in Nigeria because of the other better means such as E-mail, Landline and global
system of mobile tele communication (GSM).
5. THE INTERNET: Internet comprises of inter connected computer network. Through the
internet, personal and business letters document can be sent and received within few second.
