The Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, is the comprehensive criminal code of India.
It lays down the
general principles of criminal law and defines offenses along with their punishments. Below is a
detailed outline of all sections in the IPC categorized into chapters:
CHAPTER I: Introduction (Sections 1–5)
Section 1: Title and extent of operation.
Section 2: Punishment for offenses committed within India.
Section 3: Punishment for offenses committed outside India but triable in India.
Section 4: Extension of IPC to extra-territorial offenses.
Section 5: Saving clause for special laws.
CHAPTER II: General Explanations (Sections 6–52A)
Sections 6–11: Definitions (e.g., offense, fraudulently, dishonestly).
Sections 12–17: Explanations regarding persons, public servants, movable property.
Sections 18–52A: Clarifications on terms like "India," "valuable security," "document," etc.
CHAPTER III: Punishments (Sections 53–75)
Section 53: Types of punishments (e.g., death, imprisonment, fine).
Section 54–55: Commutation of sentences.
Sections 56–75: Rules regarding punishment for repeated offenses.
CHAPTER IV: General Exceptions (Sections 76–106)
Sections 76–79: Acts done in good faith, mistake of fact.
Sections 80–86: Accident, duress, intoxication.
Sections 87–89: Consent as a defense.
Sections 90–94: Invalid consent, compulsion.
Sections 95–106: Right of private defense.
CHAPTER V: Abetment (Sections 107–120)
Section 107: Definition of abetment.
Sections 108–114: Abetment and its punishments.
Sections 115–120: Criminal conspiracy and associated penalties.
CHAPTER VI: Offenses Against the State (Sections 121–130)
Section 121: Waging war against the State.
Sections 122–124A: Sedition, aiding war efforts, defamation of the State.
Sections 125–130: Harboring offenders, escaping lawful custody.
CHAPTER VII: Offenses Relating to the Army, Navy, and Air Force (Sections 131–140)
CHAPTER VIII: Offenses Against Public Tranquility (Sections 141–160)
Section 141: Definition of unlawful assembly.
Sections 142–151: Rioting, promoting enmity.
Sections 152–160: Affray, breach of peace.
CHAPTER IX: Offenses by or Relating to Public Servants (Sections 161–171)
CHAPTER IX-A: Offenses Relating to Elections (Sections 171A–171I)
CHAPTER X: Contempts of Lawful Authority of Public Servants (Sections 172–190)
CHAPTER XI: False Evidence and Offenses Against Public Justice (Sections 191–229A)
CHAPTER XII: Offenses Relating to Coins and Government Stamps (Sections 230–263A)
CHAPTER XIII: Offenses Relating to Weights and Measures (Sections 264–267)
CHAPTER XIV: Offenses Affecting Public Health, Safety, and Morals (Sections 268–294A)
CHAPTER XV: Offenses Relating to Religion (Sections 295–298)
CHAPTER XVI: Offenses Affecting the Human Body (Sections 299–377)
Sections 299–304: Homicide (culpable and not culpable).
Sections 305–309: Suicide.
Sections 319–326: Hurt and grievous hurt.
Sections 354–376: Sexual offenses.
Section 377: Unnatural offenses.
CHAPTER XVII: Offenses Against Property (Sections 378–462)
Section 378: Theft.
Section 390: Robbery and dacoity.
Sections 403–420: Cheating and misappropriation.
CHAPTER XVIII: Offenses Relating to Documents and Property Marks (Sections 463–489E)
CHAPTER XIX: Criminal Breach of Contracts of Service (Sections 490–492)
CHAPTER XX: Offenses Relating to Marriage (Sections 493–498)
Section 498A: Cruelty to a woman by husband or relatives.
CHAPTER XXI: Defamation (Sections 499–502)
CHAPTER XXII: Criminal Intimidation, Insult, and Annoyance (Sections 503–510)
CHAPTER XXIII: Attempts to Commit Offenses (Sections 511)
The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, is a procedural law in India that outlines the
framework for the administration of substantive criminal law (such as the IPC). It details processes
for investigation, inquiry, trial, and sentencing of criminal offenses. Below is a detailed outline of all
sections in the CrPC categorized by chapters:
CHAPTER I: Preliminary (Sections 1–5)
Section 1: Short title, extent, and commencement.
Section 2: Definitions (e.g., bailable offense, cognizable offense, warrant case).
Section 3–5: Construction of references, territorial application, saving provisions.
CHAPTER II: Constitution of Criminal Courts and Offices (Sections 6–25A)
Section 6: Classes of criminal courts.
Section 7–9: Territorial divisions, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates.
Section 10–25A: Appointment of judicial officers, public prosecutors, and others.
CHAPTER III: Powers of Courts (Sections 26–35)
Sections 26–27: Jurisdiction of criminal courts.
Sections 28–30: Sentencing powers of various courts.
Sections 31–35: Sentence execution and combination of punishments.
CHAPTER IV: Powers of Superior Officers of Police (Sections 36–40)
CHAPTER V: Arrest of Persons (Sections 41–60A)
Section 41: When police may arrest without a warrant.
Sections 42–49: Procedure for arrest.
Sections 50–54: Rights of arrested persons (e.g., right to be informed of grounds of arrest, medical
examination).
Sections 55–60A: Custodial procedures and safeguards.
CHAPTER VI: Processes to Compel Appearance (Sections 61–90)
Sections 61–69: Summons and warrants of arrest.
Sections 70–81: Execution of warrants.
Sections 82–90: Proclamation, attachment, and arrest of absconding persons.
CHAPTER VII: Processes to Compel the Production of Things (Sections 91–105)
Sections 91–94: Summons to produce documents or evidence.
Sections 95–96: Seizure of objectionable material.
Sections 97–105: Search warrants, seizure of property, reciprocal arrangements for evidence.
CHAPTER VIII: Security for Keeping the Peace and Good Behavior (Sections 106–124)
Sections 106–110: Bonds for keeping the peace and good behavior.
Sections 111–124: Procedure in breach of bonds.
CHAPTER IX: Order for Maintenance of Wives, Children, and Parents (Sections 125–128)
Section 125: Maintenance for dependents.
Sections 126–128: Enforcement and modification of maintenance orders.
CHAPTER X: Maintenance of Public Order and Tranquility (Sections 129–148)
Sections 129–132: Use of force to disperse unlawful assemblies.
Sections 133–148: Preventive actions for public nuisances and disputes.
CHAPTER XI: Preventive Action of the Police (Sections 149–153)
CHAPTER XII: Information to the Police and Their Powers to Investigate (Sections 154–176)
Section 154: Filing of an FIR (First Information Report).
Sections 155–158: Investigation in non-cognizable cases.
Sections 159–176: Inquiries into unnatural deaths and other provisions.
CHAPTER XIII: Jurisdiction of Criminal Courts in Inquiries and Trials (Sections 177–189)
CHAPTER XIV: Conditions Requisite for Initiation of Proceedings (Sections 190–199)
Sections 190–194: Cognizance of offenses.
Sections 195–199: Prosecution requirements in special cases.
CHAPTER XV: Complaints to Magistrates (Sections 200–203)
CHAPTER XVI: Commencement of Proceedings Before Magistrates (Sections 204–210)
CHAPTER XVII: The Charge (Sections 211–224)
Sections 211–214: Contents and forms of charges.
Sections 215–224: Joinder of charges and related rules.
CHAPTER XVIII: Trial Before a Court of Session (Sections 225–237)
CHAPTER XIX: Trial of Warrant Cases by Magistrates (Sections 238–250)
CHAPTER XX: Trial of Summons Cases by Magistrates (Sections 251–259)
CHAPTER XXI: Summary Trials (Sections 260–265)
CHAPTER XXI-A: Plea Bargaining (Sections 265A–265L)
CHAPTER XXII: Attendance of Persons Confined or Detained in Prisons (Sections 266–271)
CHAPTER XXIII: Evidence in Inquiries and Trials (Sections 272–299)
CHAPTER XXIV: General Provisions as to Inquiries and Trials (Sections 300–327)
CHAPTER XXV: Provisions as to Accused Persons of Unsound Mind (Sections 328–339)
CHAPTER XXVI: Provisions as to Offenses Affecting the Administration of Justice (Sections 340–352)
CHAPTER XXVII: The Judgment (Sections 353–365)
CHAPTER XXVIII: Submission of Death Sentences for Confirmation (Sections 366–371)
CHAPTER XXIX: Appeals (Sections 372–394)
CHAPTER XXX: Reference and Revision (Sections 395–405)
CHAPTER XXXI: Transfer of Criminal Cases (Sections 406–412)
CHAPTER XXXII: Execution, Suspension, Remission, and Commutation of Sentences (Sections 413–
435)
CHAPTER XXXIII: Provisions as to Bail and Bonds (Sections 436–450)
CHAPTER XXXIV: Disposal of Property (Sections 451–459)
CHAPTER XXXV: Irregular Proceedings (Sections 460–466)
CHAPTER XXXVI: Limitation for Taking Cognizance of Certain Offenses (Sections 467–473)
CHAPTER XXXVII: Miscellaneous (Sections 474–484)
The Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908, governs the procedure for civil suits in India. It provides the
legal framework for civil litigation and ensures justice through proper administration. Below is a
detailed outline of all sections and orders under the CPC, categorized into parts and schedules.
PART I: Preliminary (Sections 1–8)
Section 1: Short title, extent, and commencement.
Section 2: Definitions (e.g., decree, judgment, order).
Section 3–4: Subordination of courts, savings.
Section 5–8: Jurisdiction of courts.
PART II: Suits in General (Sections 9–35B)
Section 9: Courts to try all suits of civil nature unless barred.
Section 10: Stay of suits (Res Sub Judice).
Section 11: Res Judicata.
Section 12–14: Bar to further suits and savings.
Section 15–20: Place of suing (jurisdiction and venue).
Section 21–25: Objections to jurisdiction and transfer of suits.
PART III: Execution of Decrees and Orders (Sections 36–74)
Section 36: Scope of execution.
Sections 37–38: Courts competent to execute decrees.
Sections 39–44A: Transfer of decrees for execution.
Sections 45–74: Processes and limitations in execution.
PART IV: Incidental Proceedings (Sections 75–78)
Section 75: Power of the court to issue commissions.
Sections 76–78: Provisions regarding commissions.
PART V: Suits in Particular Cases (Sections 79–88)
Sections 79–82: Suits involving the government or public officers.
Sections 83–87B: Suits by or against foreigners, rulers, ambassadors, etc.
Section 88: Interpleader suits.
PART VI: Appeals (Sections 96–112)
Section 96: Appeals from original decrees.
Section 100: Second appeals.
Section 101–108: Rules relating to appeals.
Sections 109–112: Appeals to the Supreme Court.
PART VII: Miscellaneous (Sections 113–158)
Section 113: Reference to the High Court.
Section 114: Review.
Section 115: Revision.
Section 121–131: Rule-making powers of High Courts.
Sections 132–158: Exemptions, savings, and repeals.
FIRST SCHEDULE: Orders and Rules
The First Schedule contains Orders and their corresponding Rules. Here is an overview of the Orders:
Order I to Order XXI: Related to Suits
Order I: Parties to suits.
Order II: Frame of suits.
Order III: Recognized agents and pleaders.
Order IV: Institution of suits.
Order V: Issue and service of summons.
Order VI: Pleadings generally.
Order VII: Plaint.
Order VIII: Written statement and set-off.
Order IX: Appearance of parties and consequences of non-appearance.
Order X: Examination of parties.
Order XI: Discovery and inspection.
Order XII: Admissions.
Order XIII: Production, impounding, and return of documents.
Order XIV: Settlement of issues.
Order XV: Disposal of the suit at the first hearing.
Order XVI: Summoning and attendance of witnesses.
Order XVII: Adjournments.
Order XVIII: Hearing of the suit and examination of witnesses.
Order XIX: Affidavits.
Order XX: Judgment and decree.
Order XXI: Execution of decrees and orders.
Order XXII to Order XXXIII: Special Suits and Procedures
Order XXII: Death, marriage, or insolvency of parties.
Order XXIII: Withdrawal and adjustment of suits.
Order XXIV: Payment into court.
Order XXV: Security for costs.
Order XXVI: Commissions.
Order XXVII: Suits by or against the government.
Order XXVIII: Suits by or against military or naval personnel.
Order XXIX: Suits by or against corporations.
Order XXX: Suits by or against partnerships.
Order XXXI: Suits by or against trustees, executors, or administrators.
Order XXXII: Suits by or against minors or persons of unsound mind.
Order XXXIII: Suits by indigent persons.
Order XXXIV to Order LI: Specific Cases and Miscellaneous
Order XXXIV: Suits relating to mortgages.
Order XXXV: Interpleader.
Order XXXVI: Special cases.
Order XXXVII: Summary procedure.
Order XXXVIII: Arrest and attachment before judgment.
Order XXXIX: Temporary injunctions and interlocutory orders.
Order XL: Appointment of receivers.
Order XLI: Appeals from decrees.
Order XLII: Appeals from orders.
Order XLIII: Miscellaneous appeals.
Order XLIV: Appeals by indigent persons.
Order XLV: Appeals to the Supreme Court.
Order XLVI: Reference.
Order XLVII: Review.
Order XLVIII: Miscellaneous.
Order XLIX: Chartered High Courts.
Order L: Provincial Small Cause Courts.
Order LI: Presidency Small Cause Courts.
SECOND SCHEDULE to FIFTH SCHEDULE
Provisions relating to arbitration (now replaced by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996).
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, also known as the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, governs the
admissibility of evidence in Indian courts. Below is a detailed outline of all its sections, categorized
into chapters:
CHAPTER I: Preliminary (Sections 1–4)
Section 1: Short title, extent, and commencement.
Section 2: Repeal of enactments.
Section 3: Interpretation clause (definitions, e.g., evidence, facts, court).
Section 4: Presumptions (may presume, shall presume, and conclusive proof).
CHAPTER II: Relevancy of Facts (Sections 5–55)
General Principles
Section 5: Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.
Section 6: Relevancy of facts forming part of the same transaction.
Section 7: Facts causing or caused by other facts.
Section 8: Motive, preparation, and previous or subsequent conduct.
Section 9: Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts.
Admissions and Confessions
Section 17: Definition of admission.
Section 18–23: Relevancy of admissions in civil and criminal cases.
Section 24: Confession caused by inducement, threat, or promise.
Sections 25–27: Confessions to police officers, and their admissibility.
Section 28–31: Confessions made under certain circumstances.
Statements by Persons Who Cannot Be Called as Witnesses
Section 32: Cases in which statements of relevant facts by persons who cannot be called as witnesses
are relevant.
Section 33: Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceedings, the truth of facts
therein stated.
Statements Made Under Special Circumstances
Sections 34–39: Entries in books of account, public documents, and law reports.
Judgments
Sections 40–44: Relevancy of judgments in different cases.
Opinions
Sections 45–51: Opinions of experts, relevance of character evidence.
Character
Sections 52–55: Evidence of character when relevant.
CHAPTER III: Facts Which Need Not Be Proved (Sections 56–58)
Section 56: Facts judicially noticeable need not be proved.
Section 57: Facts of which the court must take judicial notice.
Section 58: Facts admitted need not be proved.
CHAPTER IV: Oral Evidence (Sections 59–60)
Section 59: Proof of facts by oral evidence.
Section 60: Oral evidence must be direct.
CHAPTER V: Documentary Evidence (Sections 61–78)
General Principles
Sections 61–66: Modes of proof for documents.
Section 67: Proof of signature and handwriting.
Sections 68–73: Proof of execution of documents, attestation, and comparison of handwriting.
Public Documents
Sections 74–78: Definition and proof of public and private documents.
CHAPTER VI: The Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence (Sections 91–100)
Sections 91–92: Evidence of terms of contracts, grants, and other dispositions of property reduced to
a document.
Sections 93–100: Exclusion of evidence to explain or contradict a document.
CHAPTER VII: Burden of Proof (Sections 101–114A)
Sections 101–110: General principles of burden of proof.
Sections 111–114A: Presumptions in law (e.g., legitimacy, dowry death).
CHAPTER VIII: Estoppel (Sections 115–117)
Section 115: Doctrine of estoppel.
Sections 116–117: Estoppel of tenants and acceptors of bills of exchange.
CHAPTER IX: Witnesses (Sections 118–134)
Section 118: Who may testify.
Section 119–120: Dumb witnesses and rules regarding marital privilege.
Sections 121–134: Privileged communications, number of witnesses required.
CHAPTER X: Examination of Witnesses (Sections 135–166)
Sections 135–138: Order of production and examination.
Sections 139–144: Cross-examination and re-examination.
Sections 145–146: Impeachment of credit of witnesses.
Sections 147–166: Questions lawful in cross-examination, and rules for examination.
CHAPTER XI: Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence (Section 167)
Section 167: No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence.
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) is a comprehensive legislation enacted to
consolidate and amend the laws relating to criminal procedures in India. It serves as a replacement
for the earlier Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, introducing several reforms to enhance the
efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system.
The BNSS is structured into 39 chapters encompassing a total of 531 sections. Below is an overview
of its structure:
ChapterSections Subject Matter
Chapter 1 Sections 1–5 Preliminary
Chapter 2 Sections 6–20 Constitution of Criminal Courts and Offices
Chapter 3 Sections 21–29 Power of Courts
Chapter 4 Sections 30–34 Powers of Superior Officers of Police and Aid to the Magistrates and
the Police
Chapter 5 Sections 35–62 Arrest of Persons
Chapter 6 Sections 63–93 Processes to Compel Appearance
Chapter 7 Sections 94–110 Processes to Compel the Production of Things
Chapter 8 Sections 111–124 Reciprocal Arrangements for Assistance in Certain Matters
and Procedure for Attachment and Forfeiture of Property
Chapter 9 Sections 125–143 Security for Keeping the Peace and for Good Behaviour
Chapter 10 Sections 144–147 Order for Maintenance of Wives, Children and Parents
Chapter 11 Sections 148–167 Maintenance of Public Order and Tranquillity
Chapter 12 Sections 168–172 Preventive Action of the Police
Chapter 13 Sections 173–196 Information to the Police and Their Powers to Investigate
Chapter 14 Sections 197–209 Jurisdiction of the Criminal Courts in Inquiries and Trials
Chapter 15 Sections 210–222 Conditions Requisite for Initiation of Proceedings
Chapter 16 Sections 223–226 Complaints to Magistrates
Chapter 17 Sections 227–233 Commencement of Proceedings Before Magistrates
Chapter 18 Sections 234–247 The Charge
Chapter 19 Sections 248–260 Trial Before a Court of Session
Chapter 20 Sections 261–273 Trial of Warrant-Cases by Magistrates
Chapter 21 Sections 274–282 Trial of Summons-Cases by Magistrates
Chapter 22 Sections 283–288 Summary Trials
Chapter 23 Sections 289–300 Plea Bargaining
Chapter 24 Sections 301–306 Attendance of Persons Confined or Detained in Prisons
Chapter 25 Sections 307–336 Evidence in Inquiries and Trials
Chapter 26 Sections 337–366 General Provisions as to Inquiries and Trials
Chapter 27 Sections 367–378 Provisions as to Accused Persons of Unsound Mind
Chapter 28 Sections 379–391 Provisions as to Offences Affecting the Administration of
Justice
Chapter 29 Sections 392–406 The Judgment
Chapter 30 Sections 407–412 Submission of Death Sentences for Confirmation
Chapter 31 Sections 413–435 Appeals
Chapter 32 Sections 436–445 Reference and Revision
Chapter 33 Sections 446–452 Transfer of Criminal Cases
Chapter 34 Sections 453–477 Execution, Suspension, Remission, and Commutation of
Sentences
Chapter 35 Sections 478–496 Provisions as to Bail and Bonds
Chapter 36 Sections 497–505 Disposal of Property
Chapter 37 Sections 506–512 Irregular Proceedings
Chapter 38 Sections 513–518 Limitation for Taking Cognizance of Certain Offences
Chapter 39 Sections 519–531 Miscellaneous
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) is a comprehensive legislation enacted to consolidate and
amend the provisions relating to offenses in India. It serves as a replacement for the Indian Penal
Code (IPC) of 1860, introducing reforms to modernize and enhance the criminal justice system.
The BNS is structured into 20 chapters encompassing a total of 358 sections. Below is an overview of
its structure:
Chapter Sections Subject Matter
Chapter 1 Sections 1–3 Preliminary
Chapter 2 Sections 4–13 Of Punishments
Chapter 3 Sections 14–44 General Exceptions
Chapter 4 Sections 45–62 Of Abetment, Criminal Conspiracy, and Attempt
Chapter Sections Subject Matter
Chapter 5 Sections 63–99 Of Offenses Against Women and Children
Sections 100–
Chapter 6 Of Offenses Affecting the Human Body
144
Sections 145–
Chapter 7 Of Offenses Against the State
158
Sections 159–
Chapter 8 Of Offenses Relating to the Army, Navy, and Air Force
168
Sections 169–
Chapter 9 Of Offenses Relating to Elections
177
Sections 178– Of Offenses Relating to Coins, Bank Notes, Currency Notes, and
Chapter 10
188 Government Stamps
Sections 189–
Chapter 11 Of Offenses Against Public Tranquility
197
Sections 198–
Chapter 12 Of Offenses by or Relating to Public Servants
205
Sections 206–
Chapter 13 Of Contempt of Lawful Authority of Public Servants
226
Sections 227–
Chapter 14 Of False Evidence and Offenses Against Public Justice
269
Sections 270– Of Offenses Affecting Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency, and
Chapter 15
297 Morals
Sections 298–
Chapter 16 Of Offenses Relating to Religion
302
Sections 303–
Chapter 17 Of Offenses Against Property
334
Sections 335–
Chapter 18 Of Offenses Relating to Documents and Property Marks
350
Sections 351–
Chapter 19 Of Criminal Intimidation, Insult, Annoyance, and Defamation
357
Chapter 20 Section 358 Repeal and Savings
The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 is the primary legislation governing the laws of evidence in India. It
defines the rules regarding the admissibility of evidence in Indian courts. The Act is divided into 11
chapters with 167 sections, excluding amendments and updates over time. Here’s a detailed
breakdown of all sections:
Chapter I: Preliminary (Sections 1–4)
Section 1: Short title, extent, commencement, and applicability.
Section 2: Repeal of other evidence laws.
Section 3: Definitions (e.g., "court", "fact", "evidence").
Section 4: Presumptions (may presume, shall presume, and conclusive proof).
Chapter II: Relevancy of Facts (Sections 5–55)
General Principles
Section 5: Facts in issue and relevant facts.
Section 6: Facts forming part of the same transaction.
Section 7: Facts that are the cause of other facts.
Section 8: Motive, preparation, and previous conduct.
Section 9: Facts necessary to explain or introduce other relevant facts.
Admissions and Confessions
Section 17: Definition of admission.
Section 18: Admission in civil cases.
Section 19–23: Confessions, including confessions made to police officers.
Statements by Persons Who Cannot Be Called as Witnesses
Section 32: Statements made by persons who cannot be called as witnesses.
Section 33: Relevancy of certain evidence for subsequent proceedings.
Judgments and Opinions
Section 40–44: Relevancy of judgments in different types of cases.
Section 45–51: Expert opinions and their relevancy.
Character Evidence
Section 52–55: Evidence regarding character when relevant.
Chapter III: Facts Which Need Not Be Proved (Sections 56–58)
Section 56: Facts judicially noticeable need not be proved.
Section 57: Facts of which the court must take judicial notice.
Section 58: Facts admitted need not be proved.
Chapter IV: Oral Evidence (Sections 59–60)
Section 59: Oral evidence.
Section 60: Oral evidence must be direct.
Chapter V: Documentary Evidence (Sections 61–78)
Section 61–66: How documents are to be proved.
Section 67: Proof of signature and handwriting.
Section 68–73: Proof of execution of documents, attestation, and comparison of handwriting.
Public Documents
Section 74–78: Public and private documents and their proof.
Chapter VI: The Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence (Sections 91–100)
Section 91–92: Documents reducing contracts or dispositions of property to writing.
Section 93–100: Exclusion of evidence to explain or contradict a document.
Chapter VII: Burden of Proof (Sections 101–114A)
Section 101–110: General principles about who bears the burden of proof.
Section 111–114A: Presumptions in law (e.g., legitimacy, dowry death).
Chapter VIII: Estoppel (Sections 115–117)
Section 115: Estoppel.
Section 116–117: Estoppel of tenants, and related provisions.
Chapter IX: Witnesses (Sections 118–134)
Section 118: Who may testify.
Section 119–120: Privileges regarding marital and legal communications.
Section 121–134: Rules about examination, cross-examination, and the number of witnesses.
Chapter X: Examination of Witnesses (Sections 135–166)
Section 135–138: Order of production and examination of witnesses.
Section 139–144: Cross-examination and re-examination.
Section 145–146: Impeachment of the credibility of witnesses.
Section 147–166: Provisions relating to questioning in cross-examination.
Chapter XI: Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence (Section 167)
Section 167: No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence.
Chapter XII: Miscellaneous Provisions (Sections 168–167)
Section 168–167: Special provisions and exceptions not covered under the previous sections.
