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AI OS Ch03

Chapter 3 of the document discusses processes in operating systems, including the distinction between programs and processes, process management, and the elements of a process. It covers the Process Control Block (PCB), process states, scheduling, and interprocess communication. Key concepts include process scheduling, types of schedulers, and the importance of interprocess communication for cooperating processes.

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4 views27 pages

AI OS Ch03

Chapter 3 of the document discusses processes in operating systems, including the distinction between programs and processes, process management, and the elements of a process. It covers the Process Control Block (PCB), process states, scheduling, and interprocess communication. Key concepts include process scheduling, types of schedulers, and the importance of interprocess communication for cooperating processes.

Uploaded by

abdoalsenaweabdo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems

Chapter 3: Processes

Dr. Marwa Elseddik


Lecturer, Department of Robotics and
Intelligent Machines - College of Artificial
Intelligence, Kafrelsheikh University
2025
Operating Systems 1
Chapter 3: Processes

• Process Concept
• Process Scheduling
• Operations on Processes
• Interprocess Communication

Operating Systems 2
Process Concept (1/3)

Program vs. Process


• A program is a passive entity such as the file that
contains the list of instructions stored on a disk always
referred to as an executable file.
• A program becomes a process when an executable file is
loaded into the memory and then becomes an active
entity.

Operating Systems 3
Process Concept (2/3)

• The fundamental task of any operating system is the


process management.
• Processes include not only a text but also include a set of
resources such as open files and pending signals.
Processes also contain internal kernel data, processor
state, an address space, and a data section.

Operating Systems 4
Process Concept (3/3)

• OS must allocate resources to processes, enable sharing


of information, protect resources, and enable the
synchronization among processes.

Operating Systems 5
Process Elements (1/2)

• Segments of a process represents the following


components:
➢ Text Section: the program code. This is typically read-only,
and might be shared by a number of processes.
➢ Data Section: containing global variables.
➢ Heap: containing memory dynamically allocated during run
time.
➢ Stack: containing temporary data.
• Function parameters, return addresses, local variables.

Operating Systems 6
Process Elements (2/2)

• Process in Memory

Operating Systems 7
Process Control Block (PCB) (1/2)

• For better control of processes,


operating systems need to
consider their dynamic behaviors.
• Each process is represented in the
OS by a Process Control Block
(PCB).

Operating Systems 8
Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (1/3)


➢ Process identification information
▪ Process identifier: numeric identifiers represent the
unique process identifier
▪ User identifier: the user who is responsible for the job).
▪ Identifier of the parent process that created this process.

Operating Systems 9
Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (2/3)


➢ Processor state Information
▪ Process state – running, waiting, etc
➢ Program counter
▪ location of instruction to next execute
➢ CPU registers
▪ contents of all process-centric registers

Operating Systems 10
Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (3/3)


➢ CPU scheduling information
▪ priorities, scheduling queue pointers
➢ Memory-management information
▪ memory allocated to the process
➢ Accounting information
▪ CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, time limits
➢ I/O status information
▪ I/O devices allocated to process, list of open files
Operating Systems 11
Process State (1/3)

• As a process executes, it changes state


➢ new: The process is being created
➢ running: Instructions are being executed
➢ waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
➢ ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
➢ terminated: The process has finished execution

Operating Systems 12
Process State (2/3)

• Diagram of Process State

Operating Systems 13
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 14
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 15
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 16
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 17
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 18
Process State (3/3)

Operating Systems 19
CPU Switch From Process to Process

Operating Systems 20
Process Scheduling (1/2)

• Job queue – set of all processes in the system


• Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory,
ready and waiting to execute
• Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device
• Processes migrate among the various queues

Operating Systems 21
Process Scheduling (2/2)

Operating Systems 22
Schedulers (1/2)

• Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler)


➢ Selects which process should be executed next and allocates
CPU.
➢ Invoked frequently (milliseconds) → (must be fast).
• Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler)
➢ Selects which processes should be brought into the ready
queue.
➢ Invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes) → (may be slow).
➢ Controls the degree of multiprogramming.

Operating Systems 23
Schedulers (2/2)

• Medium-term scheduler
➢ Can be added if degree of multiple programming needs to
decrease
➢ Remove process from memory, store on disk, bring back in
from disk to continue execution: swapping

Operating Systems 24
Interprocess Communication (1/2)

• Processes within a system may be independent or


cooperating
• Cooperating process can affect or be affected by other
processes, including sharing data.
• Cooperating processes need interprocess communication
(IPC)
• Two models of IPC:
➢ Shared memory
➢ Message passing

Operating Systems 25
Interprocess Communication (2/2)

(a) Message passing. (b) shared memory.

Operating Systems 26
Dr. Marwa Elseddik

Operating Systems 27

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