Logicals

EECS 1011: Class Session 11

1
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Reference
} You should be following along in Chapter 4 of the
Attaway book (5th ed)

Ch 4: Logical
Expressions (4.1.1)
(related to if-else)

2
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Logicals

} a logical expression is an
expression that evaluates
to either true or false
} a logical variable is a
variable whose value is
either true or false

} logical variables are

usually called Boolean
variables in computer
science
3
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Logicals in MATLAB
} MATLAB uses the numbers 1 and 0 to
represent true and false
} that is, every logical expression will
evaluate to either exactly 1 (true) or 0
(false), and the value of every logical
variable will be either exactly 1 or 0
} however, MATLAB will convert any
non-zero, non-NaN numeric value to
logical 1
} only values equal to exactly 0 are
converted to logical 0

4
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Creating a logical variable
[Fill in here]
} the literals for logical true and false are the non-
keywords true and false
} however, these are rarely used (most people use 1 and 0)

>> x = true
x =
1

>> y = false
y =
0

5
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Relational operators
} more commonly, logical values arise from logical
expressions usually involving a relational operator
} relational operators produce logical values by
comparing two numbers

operator name
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
~= not equal to

6
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Relational operators

} the relational operators will operate in an element by

element fashion for arrays
} you can also compare a scalar versus an array

7
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1; [Fill in here]
>> y = 2;
>> x > y

ans =
0

>> x < y

ans =

8
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:8

x =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>> y = 8:-1:1

y =

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

>> x > y

ans =

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

9
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:8 [Fill in here]
x =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>> x > 5

ans =

1×8 logical array

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

>> sum(x > 5)

ans =

10
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
11
12
 Logicals

EECS 1011: Class Session 11

13
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Reference
} You should be following along in Chapter 4 of the
Attaway book (5th ed)

Ch 4: Logical
Expressions (4.1.1)
(related to if-else)

14
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Logical operators
} logical operators operate on logical values
} there are 5 logical operators and 1 function

Operator name
~ not
& elementwise and
&& short-circuit scalar and
| elementwise or
|| short-circuit scalar or
xor elementwise exclusive or

15
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
 [Fill in here]
not ~
} ~ is Boolean negation (often called 'NOT')
} NOT true is equal to
} NOT false is equal to

expression result
NOT true false
NOT false true

16
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:5 [Fill in here]
x =
1 2 3 4 5

>> ~(x > 2) % parentheses needed (precedence)

ans =

1×5 logical array

1 1 0 0 0

>> exist('x')
ans =
1
>> ~exist('x')
ans =

logical

17
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:5 [Fill in here]
x =
1 2 3 4 5

>> any(x > 5)

ans =

logical

0
>> ~any(x > 5)
ans =

logical

18
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
& elementwise and
} & is Boolean conjunction (often called 'AND') applied
elementwise

expression result
true AND true true
true AND false false
false AND true false
false AND false false

19
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = [1 1 0 0];
>> y = [1 0 1 0];
>> x & y
ans =
1 0 0 0

20
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:8;
x =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>> x > 2 & x < 6

ans =

0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

2<x<6
does not work
in most programming
languages

21
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
| elementwise or
} | is Boolean disjunction (often called 'OR') applied
elementwise

expression result
true OR true true
true OR false true
false OR true true
false OR false false

22
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = [1 1 0 0];
>> y = [1 0 1 0];
>> x | y
ans =
1 1 1 0

23
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> x = 1:8;
x =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>> x <= 2 | x >= 6

ans =

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

24
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
25
26
 Logicals

EECS 1011: Class Session 11

27
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Reference
} You should be following along in Chapter 4 of the
Attaway book (5th ed)

Ch 4: Logical
Expressions (4.1.1)
(related to if-else)

28
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Example
} if you roll two 6-sided dice, what are the odds that the
sum of the two dice is:
a) exactly 2?
b) exactly 7?
c) exactly 12?
d) less than 7?
e) greater than 7?
f) not 7?

29
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Solution via simulation
} idea:
} simulate many rolls and
count the number of
times a condition is met
(e.g., exactly 2, less than
7, etc.)
} divide by the number of
rolls to get an estimate of
the odds
} the more rolls you
simulate the more
accurate the estimated
odds
30 Images c/o The Noun Project
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> nRolls = 1000000; % 1 [Fill in here]
>> die1 = randi(6, 1, nRolls); % 2
>> die2 = randi(6, 1, nRolls); % 3
>> total = die1 + die2; % 4

1. this is the number of rolls of two dice that we will simulate

2. a vector of nRolls random integer values between 1 and 6
3. a vector of nRolls random integer values between 1 and 6
4. a vector of nRolls integer values representing the sum of two
randomly thrown dice

1 million times!

31
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % exactly 2? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total == 2)

ans =

27943

>> sum(total == 2) / nRolls

ans =

0.0279

32
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % exactly 7? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total == 7)

ans =

166349

>> sum(total == 7) / nRolls

ans =

0.1663

33
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % exactly 12? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total == 12)

ans =

27688

>> sum(total == 12) / nRolls

ans =

0.0277

34
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % less than 7? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total < 7)

ans =

416305

>> sum(total < 7) / nRolls

ans =

0.4163

35
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % greater than 7? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total > 7)

ans =
417344

>> sum(total > 7) / nRolls

ans =

0.4173

36
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
>> % not 7? [Fill in here]
>>
>> sum(total ~= 7)

ans =

833649

>> sum(total ~= 7) / nRolls

ans =

0.8336

37
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
 Simulation: Dice
for i=1:1:1000
nRolls = 5000*i;
die1 = randi(6,1,nRolls);
die2 = randi(6,1,nRolls);
total = die1+die2;
sum2(i) = sum(total==2)/nRolls;
sum12(i) = sum(total==12)/nRolls;
fprintf('Num of rolls: %d \t Num of 2: %d \t Num of 12: %d\n', nRolls, sum(total==2), sum(total==12));
end

figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot([1:1:1000],sum2,'-om',[1:1:1000],sum12,'-*c')
title('Convergence of Die Simulations');
legend('Result: 2', 'Result 12');
xlabel('Number of Rolls index (x5000)');
ylabel('Normalized Result');

subplot(2,1,2); % second plot

plot([1:1:1000],5000*[1:1:1000]);
title('Number of die rolls per iteration');
ylabel('Numbr of rolls');
xlabel('Loop iteration number');

38
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of YorkImages c/o The
University
Noun Project
Simulation: Dice

40
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Simulation: Dice

41
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University
Simulation: Dice

42
Copyright James Andrew Smith; no permission to distribute or upload outside of York University