FIELD WORK NO.
1
PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
Presented to
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Intramuros Manila
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
CE120-05F Fundamentals of Surveying
By
Aguilar, Marc Zachary C.
Andalis, Kaela Sophia S.
Arboleda, Vlado Vlademier P.
Bao, Patrick Andrey T.
Bautro, Lyka Rose N.
Borromeo, Cloyd Emzon P.
Bulusan Jr., Manny P.
to
Engr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
INTRODUCTION
In the fields of civil engineering and land management, surveying is a significant
profession that is vital to measuring and mapping the Earth's surface. "Pacing on level ground" is
one of the fundamental and tried-and-true methods of measuring distance among the many
techniques and methodologies used in surveying. Engineers utilize pacing, a simple yet effective
technique that doesn't require any complicated equipment or technology to measure distances
across level ground. It simply entails keeping track of one's steps as they are taken while walking
or traveling from one place to another, with each step denoting a specific distance. In
circumstances when precise measurements are not necessary or where access to sophisticated
surveying equipment is restricted, pacing on level ground is very helpful. The group will delve
into the principles and processes of pacing on level ground in this introduction to the profession
of surveying. We will go over the tools and methods used, their uses, benefits, and drawbacks, as
well as the significance of precise measurements in many real-world circumstances.
Understanding the fundamentals of pacing on level ground can offer insightful knowledge about
this traditional method of measuring distances over flat terrains, whether you are a prospective
Engineer, a landowner, or simply interested in the realm of surveying.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this fieldwork are the following:
- For each member to be familiar with the instruments.
- To obtain the pace factor of every group member.
- To determine an unknown distance through individual pacing.
INSTRUMENTS
1. 2 Range Poles
- Utilized for the purpose of temporarily marking points that must be visible from a
distance. It is also used to mark straight lines on the field.
Figure 1.1: Range Poles
2. Chalk (For Pavements)
- Used to mark points as well as long straight lines on flat surfaces.
Figure 1.2: Chalk
3. 2 Marking Pins (For Soft Grounds)
- Used to mark points as well as long straight lines on soft grounds.
Figure 1.3: Marking Pins
4. 50 Meter Tape
- Utilized for measuring distances up to 50 meters in length
Figure 1.4: 50 Meter Tape
METHODOLOGY
Figure 2.1:Point A and B
To effectively accomplish the "Pacing on level ground" task, students have utilized a
meter tape to establish a measurement ranging fifty meters. After determining the precise
distance, students proceeded to position two range poles at the designated starting point.
Afterwards, they measured the distance to the final pole, which was located at a distance of fifty
meters. It is important for students to ensure that the initial and final points are mutually
perpendicular in order to effectively regulate their pacing.
Figure 2.2: Pace Data Gathering
In completing the task depicted in Figure 2.1, students proceeded to engage in the activity
of "pacing on level ground." This activity involved walking in a straight line from point A to
point B, with each student taking turns to perform the task. It is vital for students to engage in the
practice of measuring their steps from point A to B. This activity necessitates a concentrated and
relaxed state of mind, as it serves to prevent any potential errors and ensure accuracy. As the
students completed their walk, the number of steps taken was recorded, and included the
information in the collected data and error analysis. The process was repeatedly done until the
student had successfully executed the professor's instructions or fulfilled the specified
prerequisites.
COMPUTATIONS
A. Aguilar’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
37+34+37
Mean=
3
Mean=36
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
36
PF1=0.5556
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
32+ 32+ 31
Mean=
3
Mean=31.67
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
31.67
PF2=0.5684
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(31.67)(0.5556)
PD=17.60 m
Error= | Taped Distance−Paced Distance
Taped Distance |
×100 %
Error= |18 m−17.60
18 m
m
|×100 %
Error=2.22 %
B. Andalis’ Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
37+37+39
Mean=
3
Mean=37.67
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
37.67
PF1=0.5309
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
34+32+33
Mean=
3
Mean=33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
33
PF 2=0.5455
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(33)(0.5309)
PD=17.52 m
Error=| Taped Distance−Paced Distance
Taped Distance |
×100 %
Error= |18 m−17.52
18 m
m
|×100 %
Error=2.67 %
C. Arboleda’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
36+35+38
Mean=
3
Mean=36.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
36.33
PF1=0.5505
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
30+33+33
Mean=
3
Mean=32
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
32
PF 2=0.5625
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(32)(0.5505)
PD=17.62 m
Error= |Taped Distance−Paced
Taped Distance
Distance
|×100 %
Error=| |×100 %
18 m−17.62 m
18 m
Error=2.11%
D. Bao’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
32+ 35+33
Mean=
3
Mean=33.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
33.33
PF 1=0.6001
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
31+ 28+29
Mean=
3
Mean=29.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
29.33
PF2=0.6137
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(29.33)(0.6001)
PD=17.60 m
Error= |Taped Distance−Paced
Taped Distance
Distance
|×100 %
Error=| |×100 %
18 m−17.60 m
18 m
Error=2.22 %
E. Bautro’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
33+33+35
Mean=
3
Mean=33.67
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
33.67
PF1=0.5940
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
30+29+29
Mean=
3
Mean=29.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
29.33
PF2=0.6137
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(29.33)(0.5940)
PD=17.42 m
Error= |Taped Distance−Paced
Taped Distance
Distance
|×100 %
Error=| |×100 %
18 m−17.42 m
18 m
Error=3.22 %
F. Borromeo’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
35+37+34
Mean=
3
Mean=35.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
35.33
PF 1=0.5661
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
30+31+31
Mean=
3
Mean=30.67
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
30.67
PF2=0.5869
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(30.67)(0.5661)
PD=17.36 m
Error=|Taped Distance−Paced
Taped Distance
Distance
|×100 %
Error=| |× 100 %
18 m−17.36 m
18 m
Error=3.56 %
G. Bulusan’s Computations
a. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
36+37+37
Mean=
3
Mean=36.67
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
20 m
PF=
36.67
PF1=0.5454
b. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Number of Paces
Number of Trials
32+ 33+32
Mean=
3
Mean=32.33
Length of Course
Pace Factor=
Mean
18 m
PF=
32.33
PF 2=0.5568
Paced Distance=( Mean)(PF1 )
PD=(32.33)(0.5454)
PD=17.63 m
Error= |Taped Distance−Paced
Taped Distance
Distance
|×100 %
Error=| |×100 %
18 m−17.63 m
18 m
Error=2.06 %
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor?
- Knowing an individual's pace factor holds significant importance, especially within
civil engineering and for individuals engaged in surveying tasks. This knowledge
proves to be valuable especially when measuring instruments used in surveying, such
as meter tapes, are not available. During such scenarios, individuals can calculate
horizontal distances effectively by applying their own pace factor through a dedicated
formula.
2. Name the three most important pointers that an individual must remember to follow in
order to make his/her approximation of the distance of an unknown course to be as
accurate as possible.
- It is important to maintain concentration and focus in order to prevent the occurrence
of errors.
- Maintaining a constant pace is of the utmost significance when engaging in the
activity.
- Lastly, it is important to quantify the number of steps taken and proceed on a straight-
forward direction in order to attain complete consistency and maintain a steady pace.
3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small park of his community by pacing
around the area for three consecutive times. The no of paces was tallied at 535, 543, and
539 respectively, for each trial. If the student’s pace factor is 0.74m/pace, determine the
actual perimeter of the land.
- Knowing the formula for mean, adding the three paces tallied, 535, 543, and 539, and
then dividing it by 3, we will get 539. We know that the formula for perimeter is
perimeter = (mean) x (pace factor), substituting the values, perimeter = ( 539) x
(0.74), the actual perimeter of the land is 398.86 m.
4. Every morning Joy walks to school from her boarding house and takes only a single
route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of paces she makes.
Monday morning’s number of paces made by Joy is listed as 345 paces. On Tuesday, 353
paces; Wednesday, 358 paces; Thursday, 348 paces and, lastly, on Friday 355 paces. That
Friday afternoon, a surveyor from City Engineer’s Office who is tasked to lay out a new
drainage system, measured the exact route she took and found out that the taped distance
is 275m. What is Joy’s pace factor?
Mean [N ]=
∑ of All Variables
Number of Variables
345+353+358+348+ 355
Mean [N ]=
5
Mean [ N ] =351.8 paces
Taped Distance
Pace Factor[ P . F .]=
Mean
275
Pace Factor[ P . F .]=
351.8
Pace Factor [ P . F . ]=0.78 m/ pace
5. The table shown below was taken from Jack’s notes when he tried to determine the
perimeter of his newly acquired agricultural piece of land. Knowing that his pace factor is
0.81, determine the perimeter of his lot. Complete the table:
TRIAL LINE NO. OF PACED PACED PERIMETER
PACES FACTOR DISTANCE
1 AB 125.25 101.4525
2 BC 85 68.85
3 CD 79.5 0.81 64.395 582.9975
4 DE 133 107.73
5 EF 185 149.85
6 FG 112 90.72
Computations:
o Paced Distance [ AB ] =125.25 paces 0.81( m
Paces)=101.4525 m
(
o Paced Distance [ BC ] =85 paces 0.81
m
Paces )
=68.85 m
o (
Paced Distance [ CD ] =79.5 paces 0.81
m
Paces )
=64.395 m
o (
Paced Distance [ DE ] =133 paces 0.81
m
Paces )
=1 07.73 m
o (
Paced Distance [ EF ] =185 paces 0.81
m
Paces )
=149.85 m
o (
Paced Distance [ FG ] =112 paces 0.81
m
Paces )
=90.72 m
Perimeter=∑ All Paced Distances
Perimeter=101.4525+68.85+ 64.395+107.73+149.85+90.72
Perimeter=582.9975 m
6. The length of a basketball court from MIT’s gym was paced by a CE student whose pace
factor is 0.78. How many paces accurate to 1/4 of a pace do you think did the student
make?
Length of Basketball court = 28m
P.F. = 0.78
Precision = 0.25
Length of Course
Computation: Pace Factor[ P . F .]= m/ pace
Number of Paces
1 28
×0.78=
4 N
28
143.59 ×0.25=
N
N umber of paces=35.90 ≈ 36 pace
FINAL DATA SHEET
A. Aguilar’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 37
2 BA 20 M 34 36 0.5556
3 AB 20 M 37
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 32
2 DC 32 31.67 0.5684 17.60 18 2.22%
3 CD 31
C. SKETCH
B. Andalis’ Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 37
2 BA 20 M 37 37.67 0.5309
3 AB 20 M 39
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 34
2 DC 32 33 0.5455 17.52 18 2.67%
3 CD 33
C. SKETCH
C. Arboleda’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 36
2 BA 20 M 35 36.33 0.5505
3 AB 20 M 38
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 30
2 DC 33 32 0.5625 17.62 18 2.11%
3 CD 33
C. SKETCH
D. Bao’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 32
2 BA 20 M 35 33.33 0.6001
3 AB 20 M 33
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 31
2 DC 28 29.33 0.6137 17.60 18 2.22%
3 CD 29
C. SKETCH
E. Bautro’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 33
2 BA 20 M 33 33.67 0.5940
3 AB 20 M 35
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 30
2 DC 29 29.33 0.6137 17.42 18 3.22%
3 CD 29
C. SKETCH
F. Borromeo’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 35
2 BA 20 M 37 35.33 0.5661
3 AB 20 M 34
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 30
2 DC 31 30.67 0.5869 17.36 18 3.56%
3 CD 31
C. SKETCH
G. Bulusan’s Final Data Sheet
FINAL DATA SHEET
FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND
DATE: 09/02/2023 GROUP NO.: 1
TIME: 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm LOCATION: Mapua University Intramuros
WEATHER: Rainy PROFESSOR: Mr. Sheendoulle Fabregas
A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION
TRIAL LINE TAPED NO. OF MEAN PACE
DISTANCE PACES FACTOR
1 AB 20 M 36
2 BA 20 M 37 36.67 0.5454
3 AB 20 M 37
B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING
TRIAL LINE NO. OF MEAN PACE PACED TAPED ERROR
PACES FACTO DISTANCE DISTANC
R E
1 CD 32
2 DC 33 32.33 0.5568 17.63 18 2.06%
3 CD 32
C. SKETCH
CONCLUSION
The group was tasked to utilize an individual's pacing in determining the length of a tape
of a specific length. In conducting the experiment, the group utilized various surveying
instruments such as (1) Range Poles (2) Tape with a max length of 50 meters (3) Chalk for
marking. The experiment was conducted on level-ground with minimal equipment which is
beneficial as it is easily replicable with procedures that are far from being complex. The recorded
values were then utilized in the equations (1) “ Mean Number of Paces=
∑ Paces ” (2) “
No . of Trials
Length of Course
Pace Factor= ” to find the necessary data to be recorded.
Mean
In conclusion, the group was successful in determining the taped distance through the use
of an individual's pacing. Through this method, the group yielded a percentage error of 2.22%
computed from the data recorded, which were 17.60 meters and 18 meters for paced distance and
taped distance, respectively. This activity has showcased the credibility and efficiency of the
fundamental theories of surveying in Civil Engineering. The simplicity of this procedure and the
efficiency that is produced showcases the importance of these fundamentals.
The group recorded a percentage error of 2.22%. This can be attributed to possible
Instrumental and personal errors that were included in the measurement of values. The group
recommends utmost precision and accuracy when recording measurements to ensure the lowest
percentage error to be yielded.
REFERENCES
Davis, R. E., & Foote, F. S. (2002). Surveying: Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill Education
Moffitt, F. H., & Bossler, J. D. (2015). Introduction to Surveying. Pearson.
