FIRE PROTECTION

DESIGN COURSE

AYMAN QURANY
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
aymmhas@yahoo.com
01004334635
 FIREFIGHTING COURSE OUTLINE(1/2)

1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd Lectures:
 Introduction to Firefighting Systems.

 Codes & Standards for Firefighting design& installation.

 Occupancy Hazards Classifications.

 Types of Building Occupancies.

 Main Components of Firefighting Network . (Pipes, Valves & other

required Accessories).

 Manual Firefighting Systems (Landing Valves – Hydrants –

Portable Extinguishers…etc) - Siamese Connection.

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 FIREFIGHTING COURSE OUTLINE 2/2

4 th &5 th Lecture:
 Automatic Firefighting Systems (Sprinklers’ Types – Sprinkler
Distribution – Sprinkler Piping System – Gas Systems).

6 th Lecture:
 PRACTICAL SESSION for Sprinkler distribution, pipe routing and
sizing.

7 th Lecture:
 Hydraulic Calculation using FIRE ELITE SOFT WARE, (PRACTICAL
SESSION).

8 th Lecture:
 Fire pumps types& Selection Criteria.

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 FIRST LECTURE CONTENTS

1. Fire Definition, Causes &How to suppress.

2. Codes & Standards for Firefighting design& installation.

3. Occupancy Hazards Classifications.

4. Types of Building Occupancies.

5. Main Components of Firefighting Network. (Pipes, Valves &

other required Accessories).

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 1. DEFINITIONS
WHAT’S THE FIRE?

 A process in which substance combines chemically with

oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light, heat,
and smoke; combustion or burning .

 Fires start when a flammable MATERIAL, in combination with

a suf ficient quantity of an oxidizer( AIR), is exposed to a
source of HEAT.

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 HOW TO SUPPRESS FIRE?

 To avoid or suppress fire, one of the FIRE TRIANGLE sides

should be eliminated.

 The most applicable side is to:

1 . TAKE AWAY THE HEAT(COOLING):
(MANUAL SYSTEM(HOSE) – AUTOMATIC SYSTEM(SPRINKLER)).
OR
2. TAKE AWAY THE OXYGEN(GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM).

 COST OF WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS LESS THAN CO2, IS

LESS THAN FM-200.

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 2. CODES & STANDARDS.

 ‫الكود المصري ألسس التصميم وإشتراطات التنفيذ لحماية المنشأت من الحريق ( الجزء‬
) ‫ الجزء الرابع‬- ‫األول‬

 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION(NFPA).

 American National Standard Institute(ANSI).

 American Society of Mechanical Engineer(ASME).

 American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM ).

 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL).

 Factory Mutual (FM).

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 FM LISTED & UL APPROVED

 UL Standards development covers more than just products; it

also includes testing of systems and services. And, while we're
widely known for our work with safety standards, UL develops a
wide variety of standards to measure and validate performance,
environmental health and sustainability.
WEB SITE: http://www.ul.com.

 FM Approvals certifies products and services with a unique focus

on Objectively testing property loss prevention products and
services and certifying those that meet rigorous loss prevention
standards.
 Encouraging the development and use of FM Approved products
and services that improve and advance property loss prevention
practices.
WEB SITE: http://www.fmglobal.com/

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 MOST IMPORTANT NFPA CHAPTERS

 NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.

 NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems.

 NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

 NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose

Systems.
 NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
Fire Protection.
 NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection.
 NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing
Systems

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 3. HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION

 Occupancy hazard classification is the most critical aspect of

the sprinkler system design process .

 If the hazard is underestimated, it is possible for fire to

overpower the sprinklers(resulting in a large loss of property
or life).

 The classification of hazard varies according to the

commodities and application of the project.

1. Light Hazard.
2. Ordinary Hazard.
3. Extra Hazard.

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 LIGHT HAZARD

 Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or

portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or
combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low
rates of heat release are expected.

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 LIGHT HAZARD EXAMPLES

Educational Institutional

Theaters
Churches Residential
(not Stage)

Clubs Museums
Offices
Hospitals Restaurant

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 ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 1)

Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as

occupancies or portions of other occupancies where
combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate.

Stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and

fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.

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 ORDINARY HAZARD GROUP(1)EXAMPLES

Beverage Glass and glass Dairy products

manufacturing products manufacturing
Canneries manufacturing

Laundries Restaurant
Electronic service
plants Basement Floors areas
Bakeries

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 ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2)

 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of

other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of
contents are moderate to high.

 Stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with

moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.

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 ORDINARY HAZARD GROUP(2)EXAMPLES

Cereal mills Repair garages Chemical plants

Machine shops Leather goods Metal working

manufacturing
Libraries
Post offices Horse stables

Paper process Printing and Dry cleaners

plants publishing Feed mills
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 EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 1)

 Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as

occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and
dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the
probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat
release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids.

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 EXTRA HAZARD GROUP(1)EXAMPLES

Printing [using
Aircraft hangars inks having flash Metal extruding
points below
100°F (38°C)]

particle board Combustible

hydraulic fluid Die casting
manufacturing
use areas

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 EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 2)

 Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as

occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate
to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or
occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.

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 EXTRA HAZARD GROUP(2)EXAMPLES

Flammable Asphalt
liquids spraying saturating

Plastics Open oil

processing quenching

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 4. T YPES OF BUILDING OCCUPANCIES

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 WHEN TO USE SPRINKLER SYSTEM?!

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 WHEN TO USE SPRINKLER SYSTEM?! ½
AT OFFICE BUILDING(EXAMPLE)

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 WHEN TO USE SPRINKLER SYSTEM?! 2/2

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5.FIREFIGHTING NET WORK COMPONENTS

Firefighting Network Components:

1. Water Source & Pumping Station.

2. Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.

3. Pipe Accessories& Valves.

4. Manual Firefighting System.

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 5.1 WATER SOURCE & PUMPING STATION

 The main sources of firefighting water is Water

Tanks(Under/Above Ground).

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 WATER SOURCE & PUMPING STATION

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 5.2 PIPE T YPES & USAGES

ABOVE GROUND PIPES:

1. Black Steel.

2. Galvanized Steel.

UNDERGROUND PIPES:
1. H.D.P.E High Density Polyethylene.

2. uP.V.C (Poly Vinyl Chloride).

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 FIREFIGHTING PIPE ROUTING

 Routing of firefighting pipes would be:

A. Aboveground
B. Buried underground.

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 FIREFIGHTING PIPE ROUTING

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 GALVANIZED STEEL

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 STEEL PIPE GALVANIZATION

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 GALVANIZED STEEL

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 STEEL PIPE OPENING

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 SEAM & SEAMLESS PIPES

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 A. UNDERGROUND PIPES
DEPTH OF UNDERGROUND PIPE

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 CLEAN SAND BEDDING

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 CLEAN SAND BEDDING

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 UNDERGROUND HD.PE WATER PIPE

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 UNDERGROUND HD.PE WATER PIPE

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 UNDERGROUND HD.PE WATER PIPE

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 UNDERGROUND P.P WATER PIPE

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 UNDERGROUND HD.PE WATER PIPE

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 BACKFILLING ABOVE WATER LINE

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 B. ABOVEGROUND PIPE

 Firefighting pipes are preferred to be aboveground wherever possible.

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 ABOVEGROUND PIPE

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 COMMON T YPES OF ACCEPTABLE HANGERS

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 PIPE HANGER AND SUPPORT

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 PIPE HANGER AND SUPPORT

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 ABOVEGROUND PIPE SUPPORTS

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MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN HANGERS

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 ROD SIZE

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 STEEL PIPE DIMENSIONS

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05-Jan-17 54
 CONNECTION OF FIREFIGHTING PIPES

 Firefighting Steel pipes are being connected by:

1. Threaded connections.
2. Welding connection.
3. Grooved coupling connection.(most expensive).

 Firefighting Plastic pipes are being connected by:

1. Welding.

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 CONNECTIONS OF PIPE

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 CONNECTION OF FIREFIGHTING PIPES

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 A. THREADED CONNECTIONS

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 THREADED CONNECTIONS

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 B. WELDING CONNECTION

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 WELDING CONNECTION

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 WELDING CONNECTION

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 WELDING CONNECTION

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 WELDING CONNECTION

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 PIPE FLANGES

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 PIPE FLANGES

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 C. GROOVED COUPLING CONNECTION

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 CONNECTION OF PLASTIC PIPES(VIDEO1)

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 CONNECTION OF PLASTIC PIPES(VIDEO2)

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 CONNECTION OF PLASTIC PIPES(VIDEO3)

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 5.3 PIPE ACCESSORIES& VALVES
UNDERGROUND PIPE SUPPORTS

 Underground pipes should be supported wherever were placed

underground.

 Pipes should be supported along its full length.

 Elbows, Tees, and other fittings should be supported on thrust

blocks.

 Sleeves should be placed wherever required.

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 PIPE ACCESSORIES

Pipe sleeve Thrust Block Valve Box

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 PIPE SLEEVE(ABOVE GROUND PIPE)

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 PIPE SLEEVE(UNDER GROUND PIPE)

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 PIPE ACCESSORIES

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 VALVES
1. SECTIONAL VALVES
 Sectional Valves are used to separate specific parts of the
firefighting network for maintenance and repair times.

 Approved self-indicating valves only should be used for

sectional valves.

 Valves should be automatically supervised.

(Electrically/Mechanically).

 Shall be of the type that doesn’t totally close in less than 5

seconds to prevent water hammer occurrence.

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 SECTIONAL VALVES

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 OS&Y GATE VALVE(INDICATING T YPE)

 CLOSED OPENED OS&Y INSIDE A VALVE BOX

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 TAMPER SWITCH
(ELECTRICALLY SUPERVISED)

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 MECHANICALLY SUPERVISED OS&Y GATE
VALVES

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 2. AUTOMATIC AIR VENT

 Automatic Air Vent should be placed at the highest points of

the network to vent the air exists inside the pipes.

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 AUTOMATIC AIR RELEASE VALVE

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 AUTOMATIC AIR RELEASE VALVE

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 3. DRAIN VALVE

 Drain valve should be placed at the lowest point of the

firefighting network to drain the water network for washing&
maintenance of the pipes.

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 4. CHECK VALVE

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 CHECK VALVE

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 CHECK VALVE

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 5. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

 Pressure Relief Valve is designed specifically to automatically

relieve excess pressure in fire protection piping systems.
 It maintains constant system pressure within very close limits
as demands change.

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 FLUSHING OF FIREFIGHTING PIPE

 Firefighting pipes should be flushed against contaminations

and waste solid materials.

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 FLUSHING OF FIREFIGHTING PIPE

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 TESTING OF PIPES

 Firefighting pipes should be tested after installation at site to

ensure durability of the system.

 All pipes, fittings, valves and other accessories should be

tested at 4 bar above the working pressure for two hours.

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 TESTING OF PIPES

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 HYDROSTATIC TEST

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 HYDROSTATIC TEST

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 HYDROSTATIC TEST

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 TEST READINGS

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 6. MANUAL FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM

 Firefighting systems are classified into two main systems:

Manual Firefighting systems:

1. Landing Valve(L.V)-Fire Hose Cabinet(F.H.C).

2. Fire Hydrant(F.H).

3. Fire Department Connection(F.D.C ).

4. Portable Fire Extinguishers.

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 STANDPIPE SYSTEM

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 DRY SYSTEM

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 1. LANDING VALVE(L.V)

A Valve to control the water stream, located inside or outside

the building.

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 FIRE HOSE CABINET(F.H.C)

 A fire hose is a high -pressure hose that carries water to a fire

to extinguish it.
HOSE REEL HOSE RACK

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 FIRE HOSE CABINET(F.H.C)

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 F.H.C COMPONENTS

 F.H.C COMPONENTS:
1. Cabinet(Wall Mounted-Recessed).

2. Landing Valve.

3. Hose(30 meter).

4. Discharge Nozzle.

5. Fire Extinguisher(Optional).

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 WHERE TO PLACE L.V& F.H.C?

F.H.C should be located at the following places:

 Exit stairs.

 Entrance of buildings .

 Garages entrances.

 Wherever travel distance exceeded 36 meter from another L.V

or F.H.C.

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 WHERE TO PLACE L.V& F.H.C?

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 FIRE HOSE CABINET(F.H.C)

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 FIRE HOSE CABINET

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 FIRE HOSE CABINET

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF F.H.C
PRESSURE LIMITATIONS

 The maximum pressure at any point in the system at any time

shall not exceed 24.1 bar (350 psi).

 Maximum Residual Pressure for ( 2½-in.) Dia F.H.C=12.1 Bar

 Maximum Residual Pressure for ( 1½-in.) Dia F.H.C=6.9 Bar

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF F.H.C
WORKING PRESSURE

 Hydraulically designed standpipe systems shall be designed to

provide the Water flow rate required at a minimum residual
pressure of 100 psi (6.9 bar)at the outlet of the hydraulically
most remote 65-mm (2½-in.) hose connection.

 and 4.5 bar (65 psi) at the outlet of the hydraulically most
remote 38-mm (1½-in.) hose station.

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF F.H.C
PIPE SIZE

 Class I and Class III standpipes shall size be at least 100 mm

(4 in.) in size.

 Standpipes that are part of a combined system shall be at

least 150 mm (6 in.) in size.

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 DETAIL OF F.H.C

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 2. FIRE HYDRANT(F.H)

 Fire Hydrant consists of ( 2) landing valves& a 4”Dia. inlet for

filling of fire department cars.

 Pillar Hydrant – Sidewall Hydrant – Ground Hydrant

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 PILLAR HYDRANT DETAIL

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 FIRE HYDRANT

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 FIRE HYDRANT

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF F.H

 MINIMUM WORKING PRESSURE= 6.9 Bar

 MINIMUM FLOW RATE=500 gpm

 MINIMUM PIPE SIZE=4” ( OR 6” IF PROVIDED WITH CAR FILLING

PORT).

 MAXIMUM DISTANCE BET WEEN 2 F.H=100m

 MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM THE BUILDING BEING

PROTECTED=25m.

 Hydrants shall be located not less than 40 ft (12.2 m) from the

buildings to be protected.

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 FIRE HYDRANT DETAIL

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 3. FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION(F.D.C)
/SIAMESE CONNECTION

 Fire Department Connection is used to provide the firefighting

network or tanks by required amount of water at water
shortage cases.

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 FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION(F.D.C(

 Number and locations of F.D.C depends on the length of

firefighting networks, Sectional valves locations .
 Preferred to be placed on walls in the direction of external
walls.
 Size of F.D.C pipe dif fers from 4”Dia to 6”Dia.

 30m Maximum Distance from nearest fire hydrant.

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 FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION(F.D.C(

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 4. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.

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 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.

 Portables fire extinguishers should be distributed to cover a

distance of 22 meter throughout the building.

 Available capacities of cylinders are:

1kg, 2kg, 6kg, 9kg, 12kg

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 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.

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 CO2& DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

 The most common portable fire extinguishers are co 2& dry

chemical powder, the co 2 is placed near electrical rooms,
while chemical powder is distributed to be within 22 meters
away from any point from the building.

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