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Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1 – Knowledge Representation with Graphs
1.4 Graphs and Triples

Prof. Dr. Harald Sack

FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure
AIFB – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Autumn 2023
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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1: Knowledge Representation with Graphs

1.1 From Data to Knowledge

1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it
1.3 The Art of Understanding
1.4 Graphs and Triples
1.5 Knowledge Graphs
1.6 The Semantic Web
1.7 Linked Data and the Web of Data

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

An Intuitive Way to Represent Knowledge

Subject Predicate Object = Triple

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

An Intuitive Way to Represent Knowledge

node edge node = Graph

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

An Intuitive Way to Represent Knowledge

Definition 1.1:
A directed edge-labeled graph G=(V,E,L) consists of
● a set V of nodes (vertices), |V|=n,
● a set L of edge labels,
● and a set E of directed edges, E ⊆ V × L × V,
where each edge ei=(vk, lj, vl), ei ∈ E is an ordered triple of
two vertices vk, vl ∈ V and an edge label lj∈ L.

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

An Intuitive Way to Represent Knowledge

Definition 1.2:
● Entity: a thing of distinct and independent existence.
● Relation: describes how entities are related to one
another.
Let N be a set of entities, then a relation R is defined as:
R ⊆ N⨉N

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

Definition 1.3:
● Literals: describe data values that do not
have a separate existence.

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

Definition 1.3:
● Classes: collections of individuals or objects,
defined as
○ Extension: specifying all class members
or
○ Intension: specifying class constraints

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Further Refinements

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Property Graphs

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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Next Lecture...
Information Sertvice Engineering , Prof. Dr. Harald Sack & Dr. Maria Koutraki, FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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 Graphs and Triples
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.4 Graphs and Triples

Bibliographic References:
● Aidan Hogan, Eva Blomqvist, Michael Cochez, Claudia d'Amato, Gerard de Melo, Claudio Gutierrez, Sabrina Kirrane, José Emilio Labra Gayo,
Roberto Navigli, Sebastian Neumaier, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, Axel Polleres, Sabbir M. Rashid, Anisa Rula, Lukas Schmelzeisen, Juan
Sequeda, Steffen Staab, Antoine Zimmermann: Knowledge Graphs. Synthesis Lectures on Data, Semantics, and Knowledge, Morgan &
Claypool Publishers 2021.
Chapter 2: Data Graphs, p. 5-11.

Picture References:
[1] “An image of the Semantic Web which is an extension of the World Wide Web…” , created via ArtBot, Dreamlike Diffusion, 2023,
[CC-BY-4.0], https://tinybots.net/artbot
[2] Spock, created via ArtBot, Dreamlike Diffusion, 2023, CC-BY-4.0, https://tinybots.net/artbot
[3] “An image of the Semantic Web which is an extension of the World Wide Web…” , created via ArtBot, Dreamlike Diffusion, 2023,
[CC-BY-4.0], https://tinybots.net/artbot

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology