ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING WITH JAVA
By

B SNV Ramana Murthy

Dept of CSE (AI & ML)
Aditya College of Engineering & Technology
Surampalem
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UNIT – 1 Syllabus
• UNIT-I: Introduction: Program Structure in Java: Introduction, Writing Simple Java
Programs, Elements or Tokens in Java Programs, Java Statements, Command Line
Arguments, User Input to Programs, Escape Sequences Comments, Programming Style.
Data Types, Variables, and Operators :Introduction, Data Types in Java, Declaration of
Variables, Data Types, Type Casting, Scope of Variable Identifier, Literal Constants,
Symbolic Constants, Formatted Output with printf() Method, Static Variables and
Methods, Attribute Final, Introduction to Operators, Precedence and Associativity of
Operators, Assignment Operator ( = ), Basic Arithmetic Operators, Increment (++) and
Decrement (--) Operators, Ternary Operator, Relational Operators, Boolean Logical
Operators, Bitwise Logical Operators.
Control Statements: Introduction, if Expression, Nested if Expressions, if–else
Expressions, Ternary Operator?:, Switch Statement, Iteration Statements, while
Expression, do–while Loop, for Loop, Nested for Loop, For–Each for Loop, Break
Statement, Continue Statement.
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Introduction
• Since the invention of the Computer, many programming approaches have been
tried. Such as modular programming, top-down programming, bottom-up
programming and structured programming.
• A programming language specifies the words and symbols that we can use to
write a program
• A programming language employs a set of rules that dictate how the words and
symbols can be put together to form valid program statements
• The Java programming language was created by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
• It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown quickly since.

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Introduction
• Like C, C++ etc. Java is another computer language but with a difference.

• Java’s designers have borrowed the best features of many existing language such
as C and C++ and added a few new features to form a simple language.

• One of the important reason for java’s success is the amazing functionality it adds
to the WWW.
• Java has two lives, one as a stand-alone computer language for general purpose
programming and the other as a supporting language for Internet programming.

• The general purpose programs are known as applications and the programs
written for internet are known as applets.

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Introduction
In Java, there are three types of programs as follows:
• Stand- aline application programs : These programs are made and run on users
computers
• Applet programs : These programs are meant to run in a web page on the
Internet.
• Java Servlets : These programs run in computers that provide web services. They
are also often called server isde programs or servlets.

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OOPs Concepts

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Procedural vs OOPs
POP OOPs
 POP stands for Procedure Oriented OOP stands for Object Oriented
Programming Programming
 Problem is divided into small things called Programs are divided into things called as
as functions objects
 Emphasis is on functions i.e., doing things Emphasis is on data rather than procedures
 Approach : Top down Approach : Bottom up
 Debugging is very difficult Debugging is very easy
No such features are supported Abstraction, Inheritance, Encapsulation &
polymorphism are its key features
Examples: C, Basic, FORTRAN etc.. Examples: Java, C++, VB.NET, C# etc..
Security: Less secure Security: More
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Advantages of OOPs
• Easy to understand
• Code reuse
• Improved software-development productivity ( Faster in time and Lower in
cost of development )
• Improved software maintainability.
• Encapsulation
• Data security
• Addresses real world problems
• Polymorphism
• Extensibility
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Applications of OOPs
• Real-time systems
• Simulation and modeling
• Object-oriented databases
• Hypertext, hypermedia and Expert Text
• AI and expert systems
• Neural networks and parallel programming
• Decision support systems
• CAD/CAM/CIM systems.

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Principles of Object Oriented Languages

OOPs languages have principles map very closely to the real world.
• Objects
• Classes
• Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic binding
• Message passing

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Object
• An object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming that
represents real-life entities.
• Every object has an identity, attributes, behavior and state.
• Examples: car, pen, table, apple, rose, student, account, keyboard,
chair etc..
• Similar objects are grouped and categorized.
• Each object has responsibility to react for a particular type of
functionality.
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Class
• A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects
are created.
• It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all
objects of one type.
• Using classes, you can create multiple objects with the same behavior
instead of writing their code multiple times.
• This includes classes for objects occurring more than once in your
code.

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Class
Examples
Class: Fruit ; Object: Apple, Banana,
Mango

Class: Flower; Object: Rose, Lilly, Jasmine

etc..

The class defines the nature and methods

common to the objects which are similar.

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Object Class
Class is a blueprint or template from
Object is an instance of a class.
which objects are created.
Object is a real world entity such as
pen, laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard, Class is a group of similar objects.
mouse, chair etc.
Object is a physical entity. Class is a logical entity.
Object allocates memory when it is Class doesn't allocated memory when
created. it is created
Object is created through new
Class is declared using class keyword
keyword

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Class Syntax
Class has attributes i.e., variables and methods which are operations
performed on attributes.

Syntax: class class_name

{
variable declarations;
method definitions;
}
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Classes & Objects in JAVA

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Class & Objects in JAVA

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Abstraction
• Data Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential
details are displayed to the user. The trivial or non-essential units are
not displayed to the user.
• Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of identifying
only the required characteristics of an object, ignoring the irrelevant
details.
• The properties and behaviors of an object differentiate it from other
objects of similar type and also help in classifying/grouping the
object.

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Abstraction
Ex: A car is viewed as a car rather than its
individual components.
• When you drive your car you do not have to be
concerned with the exact internal working of your
car.
• What you are concerned with is interacting with
your car via its interfaces like steering wheel, brake
pedal, accelerator pedal etc.

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Encapsulation
• Technically, in encapsulation, the variables or the data in a class is
hidden from any other class and can be accessed only through any
member function of the class in which they are declared.
• In encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes,
which is similar to what data-hiding does. So, the terms
“encapsulation” and “data-hiding” are used interchangeably.

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Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is a concept that binds together the data of an object,
and functions that manipulate the data in to a single unit or single
component.
• Encapsulation provides more security to the data with data hiding,
from outside interference and misuse.

• Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring all the variables in a class

as private and writing public methods in the class to set and get the
values of the variables.

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Abstraction & Encapsulation

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Encapsulation

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Encapsulation

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Inheritance
• Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object Oriented
Programming).
• Most important aspect of oops is code reusability.
• Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing
class.
The existing class called as base class, new class is
formed called as derived class.

We are achieving inheritance by using extends keyword.

Inheritance is also known as “is-a” relationship.
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Inheritance

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Inheritance

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Polymorphism
• The ability to use an operator or function in different ways is called
polymorphism
• Poly refers to many.
• A single function or an operator, functioning in many ways different
upon the usage is called polymorphism.
• Ex:
Method Overloading
Method Overriding
Operator Overloading

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Polymorphism

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Polymorphism

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Dynamic method binding

• Binding is what happens when a method invocation is bound to an
implementation.

• Binding can happen at two different times

Compile time - static binding ( or ) Early binding
Run time - dynamic binding ( or ) Late binding

• Dynamic binding is also known as late binding.

• The implementation code of a method is not known till it is get executed.

• Java always supports to dynamic binding by default.

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Static binding vs Dynamic binding

Static binding Dynamic binding
Binding which can be resolved at When compiler not able to resolve the
compile time by compiler. binding at compile time.
Also called early binding. Also called late binding.
Binding happens before a program Binding happens during run time.
actually runs.
Ex. Method Overloading Ex. Method Overriding

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Dynamic binding

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Message Passing
• Message passing is the vital activity for executing an object oriented program.

• Action is initiated in OOP by the transmission of a message to an agent (an

object) responsible for the action.

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Message Passing

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Introduction to JAVA
• Java is a general-purpose object oriented programming language.

• Java is a high-level programming language developed by Sun

Microsystems.

• It is intended to let application developers "write once, run

anywhere" (WORA).

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History of JAVA
• In 1990, James Gosling and his team was given the task of creating
programs to control consumer electronics.
• They used C++ as its model, stripping away all the difficult features of
C++, and named "Oak ".
• "By the time Sun Micro systems discovered that the name "Oak" was
already claimed and they changed the name to " Java" .

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Applications of JAVA
• Mobile applications (specially Android apps)
• Desktop applications
• Web applications
• Web servers and application servers
• Games
• Scientific applications
• Database connections
• Enterprise applications

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Simple to learn
 Java is Object Oriented
 Java is Distributed
 Java is Robust - (Strong )
 Java is Secured
 Java is Architecture Neutral
 Java is Portable
 Java is Interpreted
 Java is High Performance
 Java is Multithreaded
 Java is Dynamic

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Simple to learn
• Syntax is simple and easy to learn

• Java is resemblance with C & C++

• No pointers

• No operator overloading

• No multiple inheritance

• Automatic Garbage Collection

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Object Oriented
• Java supports programming with classes, objects.

• It also supports other oops concepts like polymorphism, inheritance,

encapsulation etc.,

• Objects are communicated through messages.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Architecture Neutral (Platform independent)

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Portable
• Java is the most portable language, which can be executed almost all popular
platforms in the world.
• The variety of platforms are :
Windows, Mac OS,
UNIX/Linux like HP-Unix,
Sun Solaris, Red hat Linux,
Ubuntu, Cent OS, etc.,

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Interpreted
• To translate the byte code into native machine code, java uses interpreter.

• Interpreter provides dynamic nature of execution with runtime checking.

• But Interpreters are slow when compared with compilers.

• To make fast execution, Java uses Just-in-Time compilers, which provides

high performance.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Interpreted

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Distributed

• The .class files of java can be easily transferred to remote machine.

• Support for TCP, UDP, and basic Socket communication.

• Ex : applets, servlets, remote method invocation (RMI), EJB, JDBC.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Robust - (Strong)
• It means, programs written in java will crash less often.
• JVM first checks the reliability of the code before execution.
• Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection
mechanism, to avoid memory failures.
• Java has got excellent inbuilt exception handling features.
• Not like C, arrays are handled without memory leaks.
• Strict Run-time checking and no pointers.
• Java is Strongly typed language.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Secured
• Java allows all the programs to run inside the JVM (‘sandbox’) only and
prevents many activities from non-trusted resources including reading or
writing to the local.
• No pointers, because pointers lead to hack easily.
• Bytecode, which are tested by the JVM at the time of program execution for
viruses and other malicious programs.
• Security problems like eavesdropping, tampering etc., are minimized on
internet.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is High Performance

• Just-in-time compilers

• Adaptive optimization, means dynamic recompilation of portions of a

program based on the current execution profile.

• Efficient memory management through garbage collector.

• Handle large memory space at run time.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Multithreaded
• Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing.

• Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously.

• Multithreading is used to achieve multitasking.

• Uses the processor’s resources most efficiently.

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Features of JAVA (or) Buzzwords

 Java is Dynamic
• Java loads the byte code dynamically at runtime and executes

• Java API is part of JRE and these libraries are dynamically linked at runtime
while executing on the target platform.

• Java classes carry run-time type information, that uses to dynamically linking
of objects at run time.

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Features of JAVA
• Many Java features are inherited from the earlier languages:
B, C, C++

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Differences between C and JAVA

Basis C JAVA
Programming Pattern It is a procedural language. It is a pure object-oriented
programming language.
Approach It uses the top-down approach. It also uses the bottom-up
approach.
Dynamic or Static It is a static programming It is a dynamic programming
language. language.
Code Execution The code is executed directly. The code is executed by the JVM.
Platform Dependency It is platform dependent. It is platform-independent
because of byte code.

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Differences between C and JAVA

Basis C JAVA
Translator It uses a compiler only to Java uses both compiler and interpreter
translate the code into and it is also known as an interpreted
machine language. language.
File Generation It generates the .exe, and It generates .class file.
.bak, files.
Number of Keyword There are 32 keywords in the There are 52 keywords in the Java
C language. language.
Source File Extension The source file has a .c The source file has a .java extension.
extension.
Pointer Concept It supports pointer. Java does not support the pointer concept
because of security.
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Differences between C and JAVA

Basis C JAVA
Union and Structure It supports union and structure data It does not support union
Datatype types. and structure data types.
Pre-processor It uses pre-processor directives such as It does not use directives but
Directives #include, #define, etc. uses packages.
Constructor/ It does not support constructor and It supports constructors only.
Destructor destructor.
Exception Handling It does not support exception It also supports exception
handling. handling.
Memory It uses the calloc(), malloc(), free(), and It uses a garbage collector to
Management realloc() methods to manage the manage the memory.
memory.
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Differences between C and JAVA

Basis C JAVA
Overloading It does not support the Only method overloading can be
overloading concept. achieved.
goto Statement It supports the goto statement. It does not support the goto
statements.
Used for It is widely used to develop It is used to develop web
drivers and operating systems. applications, mobile applications,
and windows applications.

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Program Structure
A Java Program source file having extension of .java,
consists of a collection of classes.

A class is a template containing methods and

variables.

Comments are added to the source , to improve

readability.

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Writing simple Java Programs

Java is an Object oriented language. Every java program imports packages which are
provides necessary classes and interfaces.
For example: import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
After import statement, every java program starts with the declaration of the class. A
program may have one or more classes.
A class declaration starts with the keyword class, followed by the identifier or name of
the class.
Giving the name of a package at the top is optional.
Class declaration contains name of the class and body of the class. The body of the class
may consist of several statements and is enclosed between the braces {}.

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Writing simple Java Programs

A sample of class declarations is as follows.

Here: public is access specifier. This class is accessible to any outside code. Otherwise the class is
accessible to only same package classes.
class is a keyword of java language which is used to declare the class.
The class body starts with the left brace { and ends with the right closing brace }. // are comments
which are neglected by the compiler.
A class body may comprise statements for declaration of variables. constants, expressions, and
methods.

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Writing simple Java Programs

C Program vs Java Program

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Compiling and running of Program

C Program vs Java Program

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Writing simple Java Program

/* Call this file “Example.java”.*/
class Example
{
//starts execution with a call to main() function

public static void main(String args[ ])

{
System.out.println(“This is a simple Java program”);
}
}

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Writing simple Java Program

• Entering the source code: text editor like notepad, edit plus, notepad++, netbeans IDE
or any other IDE
• Saving the source code:
Select File | Save As from the notepad menu.
In the ‘File name’ field, type “Example.java” within the double quotes
In the ‘Save as type’ field select All Files (*.*).
Click enter to save the file.

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Writing simple Java Program

• Compiling & running the source :
type cmd at the run prompt; move to the folder that contains the saved Example.java file :
compile the program using javac,
C:\javaeg\>javac Example.java
• Compilation creates a file called Example.class
• This class contains bytecode which is interpreted by JVM.
• To execute the program type the following command at the dos prompt:
C:\javaeg\>java Example
• The output of the program is shown below:
This is a simple Java program

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Important points in Java Program

• Java is CASE SENSITIVE

• Whitespace is ignored by compiler

• Whitespace makes things easier to read, hence it affects your grade

• File name has to be the same as class name in file.

• Need to import necessary class definitions

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Comments in Java Program

 The documentation section is an important section but optional for a Java program.

 It includes basic information about a Java program. The information includes

the author's name, date of creation, version, program name, company
name, and description of the program.

 It improves the readability of the program. Whatever we write in the documentation

section, the Java compiler ignores the statements during the execution of the
program.

 The comments may be

 single-line,
 multi-line, and
 documentation comments.

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Comments in Java Program

• Single-line Comment: It starts with a pair of forwarding slash (//). For example:
//First Java Program

• Multi-line Comment: It starts with a /* and ends with */. We write between these two symbols.

• For example:

1. /*It is an example of

2. multiline comment*/

• Documentation Comment: It starts with the delimiter (/**) and ends with */.

• For example:

• /**It is an example of documentation comment*/

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

• A token is an atomic unit in the program for compilation.
• Types of tokens:
 Identifiers: names the programmer chooses
 Reserved Keywords: names already in the programming language
 Literals ( constants) : Numeric: int and double, Logical: boolean , Textual:
char and String & Reference: null
 Separators (also known as punctuators): punctuation characters and paired-
delimiters and white spaces
 Operators: symbols that operate on arguments and produce results
 Comments : Line, Block

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

 Identifiers: names the programmer chooses - Variable names, method names, constants,
array names, class names, interface names etc., are Identifiers.
• Rules for identifiers :
 Can start with a letter(alphabet), underscore(_), or any currency symbol like dollar sign($),
pound (£).
 are case sensitive and have no maximum length.
 Second letter onwards we can use digits.
 Should not be keywords or reserve words
 No spaces are allowed.
valid invalid
username identi+fier
user_name 6userName
_sys_var1 #sys_var1
$change change&

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

Conventions for Writing Names
• Package Names: only in lower case and words are seperated by dot(.)
Ex : java.lang, java.awt.event
• Classes and Interfaces: Each word first letter is in Upper case.
Ex: IndexOutOfBoundsException, SavingAccount
• Methods: Each word first letter is uppercase except first word, and followed by paranthesis ()
Ex : getUserName(), setAccountBalance()
• Variables: Each word first letter is uppercase except first word
Ex : bookName, studentRollNumber
• Constants: All words are in uppercase and seperated by underscore.
Ex : MAX_VALUE, HEAD_COUNT, MAXIMUM_SIZE

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

 Reserved Keywords: names already in the programming language

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

Literals ( constants) :These are values represented by a set of character, digits, etc.
Integer literals
Decimal Integer Literals
Hex Integral Literals
Octal Integer Literals
Binary Literals
Floating point literal
Boolean literal - These are Boolean values. There are only two values—true or false.
Character literal - These are the values in characters.
Characters are represented in single quotes such as ‘A’, ‘H’, ‘k’, and so on.
String literal -These are strings of characters in double quotes. Examples are “Delhi”.
Null literal - There is only one value of Null Literal, that is, null.
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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

Separators (also known as punctuators): punctuation characters and paired-
delimiters and white spaces
These include comma, semicolon, period(.), Parenthesis (), Square brackets [],
etc.,

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Elements or Tokens in Java Programs

Operators: symbols that operate on arguments and produce results
Types of Operators
Arithmetic Operators (+ , - ,*, /, %)
Relational Operators (> , >= , < , <= , == ,!=)
Logical Operators ( &&, ||,!)
Assignment Operators (= , += , -= , *= , /= , %= )
Increment / Decrement Operators (++ , --)
Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^ , ~ , << , >>, >>> )
Conditional Operators (? : )

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JAVA STATEMENTS
 A statement specifies an action in a Java program.

 Java statements can be broadly classified into three categories:

 Declaration statement

 Expression statement

 Control flow statement

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JAVA STATEMENTS
Declaration statement

 A declaration statement is used to declare a variable.

Ex. int num;

int num2 = 100;

string str;

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JAVA STATEMENTS
Expression statement
 An expression with a semicolon at the end is called an expression statement.
Ex. //Increment and decrement expressions
num++; num--;
++num; --num;
//Assignment expressions
num = 100; num *= 10;
//Method invocation expressions
System.out.println("This is a statement");
someMethod(param1, param2);

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JAVA STATEMENTS
Flow Control statement
 By default, all statements in a Java program are executed in the order they
appear in the program. Sometimes you may want to execute a set of
statements repeatedly for a number of times or as long as a particular
condition is true.

 All of these are possible in Java using flow control statements. The if
statement, while loop statement and for loop statement are examples of
control flow statements.

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Command Line Arguments

 A Java application can accept any number of arguments from the command
line.

 Command line arguments are parameters that are passed to the application
program at the time of execution.

 The parameters are received by args array of string type.

The first argument is stored at args[0] The second argument is stored at args[1]
and so on…

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Command Line Arguments

Example
vehicle.java
CLargument.java
In an array, we can make use of the length property of the array.
Output

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Command Line Arguments

Example : Add two no’s using command line arguments.
Cadd2.java

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Declaration of Variables

Examples:
double price = 28.5;
char ch = "C":
String name - "John";
illustrates the declaration and output of some data types

PrintOut.java

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USER INPUT TO THE PROGRAM

 The class Scanner of package java.util to carry out input to the program.

 Importing the class is the first step. import java.util.Scanner;

 The object of the class Scanner is declared as follows.

Scanner scaninput = new Scanner (System. in);

The object “scaninput” invokes the method nextInt() which reads the value
typed by the user.

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USER INPUT TO THE PROGRAM

Input Types and their respective methods:
Method Description
nextBoolean() Reads a boolean value from the user
nextByte() Reads a byte value from the user
nextDouble() Reads a double value from the user
nextFloat() Reads a float value from the user
nextInt() Reads a int value from the user
nextLine() Reads a String value from the user
nextLong() Reads a long value from the user
nextShort() Reads a short value from the user
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USER INPUT TO THE PROGRAM

Illustration of a user's input from keyboard into program.

Example 1: Arithmetic.java

Example2 :Kinput.java

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ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS

A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and has a special
meaning to the compiler.
The following table shows the Java escape sequences.
Escape Sequence Description
\t Inserts a tab in the text at this point.
\b Inserts a backspace in the text at this point.
\n n Inserts a newline in the text at this point.
\r r Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point.
\f Inserts a form feed in the text at this point.
\’ Inserts a single quote character in the text at this point.
\” Inserts a double quote character in the text at this point.
\\ Inserts a backslash character in the text at this point.
\ddd Octal Character
\uxxxx
JAVA Programming Hexadecimal unicode
BSNV R character
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ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS

Example:

Escape.java

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Programming Style
There are no set patterns of good style and bad style

 The program should present a clean and orderly look.

 The program should be easy to understand.

 Debugging should be easy.

 The program should be easy to use.

 The program should be easy to maintain.

 The program should be fail-safe.

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DATA TYPES in JAVA

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DATA TYPES in JAVA

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DATA TYPES in JAVA

Non-primitive Types
These are the class and interface types.
The name of a class or interface is the name of type.
A class object is declared as
Class_identifier object_identifier;
Similarly, an interface reference is declared as
Interface_identifier reference_identifier;
Example: String str "Delhi“
Illustrates the all data types: DataType.java

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TYPE CASTING
Converting one data type to another data type is called as Type Casting.
There are two types of type casting.
They are,
i. Implicit Type casting
Implicit type casting is done automatically by a compiler when we assign a
value to the variable.
Example: int a=10;
double b;
b=a;
Here a is integer and d is double variables. Integer value is automatically converted
into double by the compiler
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TYPE CASTING
II. Explicit Type casting
The explicit type casting is carried out by the following code:
type variable = (new_type) variable;
It is illustrated by the following code lines:
double D = 6.865;
int A = (int) D;
In such a conversion, there is loss of data

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TYPE CASTING
II. Explicit Type casting
The explicit type casting is carried out by the following code:
type variable = (new_type) variable;
It is illustrated by the following code lines:
double D = 6.865;
int A = (int) D;
In such a conversion, there is loss of data

Example: TypeCast.java

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SCOPE OF VARIABLE IDENTIFIER

It is visible and holds the last entered value In Java.
There are distinctly two types of scopes.
(a) class scope
(b) method scope
A variable declared in a class has class scope and scope of a variable declared in a
method has method scope.
The variables declared in a block have block scope.
Thus, the variables defined in main() at the beginning have scope in entire main()
method, however, those defined in a block have block scope.
A block starts with the left brace ( { ) and ends with the right brace ( } ).

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SCOPE OF VARIABLE IDENTIFIER

Illustration of block scope
Example: ScopeA.java

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LITERAL CONSTANTS, SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS

i. Literal Constants
The char literals are enclosed in single quotes (‘ ’). The examples ‘A’ and ‘B’.
These may also be written as \u0041 and \u0042
ii. Symbolic Constants
A Symbolic constant is a variable whose value does not change throughout
the program. Some of the examples include Pi, NORTH, EAST etc.
Illustrates the use of symbolic constant
Example: SymbolicConst.java

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Formatted Output with printf() Method

In Java, the formatting of output may be carried out in two ways:

1. By using class Formatter
2. 2. By method printf()
The syntax of the method printf () method is as follows
System.out.printf("Formatting string" variables separated by comma);

Illustration of formatting strings for output of different types of variables

FPrintf.java

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Static Variables and Methods

Static Variables:
The static variables are class variables.
Only one copy of such variables is kept in the memory and all the objects share
that copy.
The static variables are accessed through class reference, whereas the instance
variables are accessed through class object reference.
Example: EmpCount.java
Static Method:

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Static Variables and Methods

Static Method:
The static methods are similar to class methods and can be invoked without any
reference of object of class.
However, class reference (name of class) is needed, as in the following example
The method like sqrt() is declared as static method in Math class and is called
Math.sqrt(5); // Finds square root of 5
The static method is called using the method name that is preceded by the class
name; in this case. Math and period ().
Example:StaticMethods.java

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ATTRIBUTE FINAL

Final Variable: The value of a variable declared final cannot be changed in the
program. It makes the variable a constant.
A few examples of declarations are as follows:
final double PI = 3.14159; // The value of PI cannot be changed in its scope
final int M = 900; // The value of M cannot be changed in its scope.
Final Method: The attribute final may be used for methods as well as for classes.
These are basically connected with inheritance of classes.
When final keyword is used with Java method, it becomes the final method.
A final method cannot be overridden in a sub-class.
Final Class: A Java class with final modifier is called final class A final class cannot
be sub-classed or inherited.
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FLOW OF CONTROL
CONTROL STATEMENTS: (FLOW OF CONTROL) - A Control statement is a statement
used to control the flow of execution in a Java Program.

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If Statement

• The Java if statement tests the condition.

• It executes the if block if condition is true.

Syntax:
if(condition)

//code to be executed

}
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If else Statement

• The Java if-else statement also tests the

condition.
• It executes the if block if condition is true
otherwise else block is executed.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//code if condition is true
}
Else
{
//code if condition is false
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else if ladder Statement

• The if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from multiple

statements.

• Syntax:

• if(condition1){//code to be executed if condition1 is true }

• else if(condition2){ //code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else if(condition3){//code to be executed if condition3 is true
• }
• ...
• …

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else if ladder Statement

• The if-else-if ladder statement

executes one condition from
multiple statements.
Syntax:
if(condition1){//code to be execut
ed if condition1 is true }
else if(condition2){
//code to be executed if con
dition2 is true }
else if(condition3){//code t
o be executed if condition3 is tru
e
}
...
…
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Switch Statement

 The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like if-else- if
ladder statement.
 The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long, enum types, String and some wrapper
types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long.
• Points to Remember:
• There can be one or N number of case values for a switch expression.
• The case value must be of switch expression type only. The case value must be literal or constant. It
doesn't allow variables.

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Switch Statement

Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case value1: //code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2: //code to be executed;
break; //optional
…
…
default: //code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
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Switch Statement

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Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a type of Java conditional operator.

The meaning of ternary is composed of three parts.
The ternary operator (? :) consists of three operands.
It is used to evaluate Boolean expressions.
The operator decides which value will be assigned to the variable.
It is the only conditional operator that accepts three operands.
It can be used instead of the if-else statement.
It makes the code much more easy, readable, and shorter.
Syntax: Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3

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Ternary Operator

Example:
public class Ternary
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int a=10;
int b = (a< 20) ? 100 : 200;
System.out.println("b= "+b);
}
}

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LOOP STATEMENTS

• In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code.

• In Java, there are three types of loops.

• for loop

• While loop

• Do-while loop

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For LOOP STATEMENTS

• A simple for loop is the same as C/C++ We can initialize the variable check
condition and increment/decrement value. It consists of four parts:
• Initialization:
• It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts. Here, we
can initialize the variable, or we can use an already initialized variable. It is an
optional condition.
• Condition:
• It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of
the loop. It continues execution until the condition is false. It must return
Boolean value either true or false. It is an optional condition.
• Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second
condition is false.
• Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is
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For LOOP STATEMENTS

for(initialization; condition; incr/decr)

{
//statement or code to be executed
}

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Nested For LOOP STATEMENTS

• If we have a for loop inside the another loop, it is known as nested for loop.
• The inner loop executes completely whenever outer loop executes.

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For each LOOP STATEMENTS

The for-each loop is used to traverse array or collection in java. It is easier to use
than simple for loop because we don't need to increment value and use
subscript notation.
It works on elements basis not index. It returns element one by one in the
defined variable.
Syntax:

for(Type var: array)

{
//code to be executed
}

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For each LOOP STATEMENTS

//Java For-each loop example which prints the elements of the array
public class ForEach
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int arr[]={12,23,44,56,78}; //Declaring an array
//Printing array using for-each loop
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
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For each LOOP STATEMENTS

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// an array of numbers
int[] numbers = {3, 4, 5, -5, 0, 12};
int sum=0; // iterating through each element of the array
for (int number: numbers)
{
sum += number;
}
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);
}
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For each LOOP STATEMENTS

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While & do-while LOOP STATEMENTS

The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
 The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop.
 This loop will execute the code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it will
repeat the loop as long as the condition is true.

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While LOOP STATEMENTS

// Program to display numbers from 1 to 5

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// declare variables
int i = 1;
// while loop from 1 to 5
while(i <= 5)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

}
}
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Do-While LOOP STATEMENTS

// Program to display numbers from 1 to 5

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// declare variables
int i = 1;
// do- while loop from 1 to 5
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while(i <= 5) ;
}
}

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Break STATEMENTS

Unconditional control statements: -

The unconditional control statements are,
a) break statement
b) continue statement

break statement: -The break statement skips from the loop or block in which it is defined.
The control then automatically goes to the first statement after the loop or block.
The general format is break;

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Break STATEMENTS

public class Break

{
Output:
public static void main (String args[])
{ C:\>javac Break.java
//printing the values from 1 to 10 C:\>java Break
0
for(int i =0; i<10;i++)
1
{ 2
if (i==5) 3
break; //Break Statement 4
System.out.println( i );
Here loop is stopped due to break statement.
}
}
}

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Continue STATEMENTS

The continue statement is used for continuing next iteration of loop statements. –
When it occurs in the loop, it does not terminate but it skips the statements after
it.
It is useful when we want to continue the program without executing any part of
the program.

The general format is continue;

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Continue STATEMENTS

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i)
{
i=1 2 3 4 9 10
if (i > 4 && i < 9)
{
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
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