Debre Markos University

Debre Markos Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction to Communication Systems (ECEg 4132)
Analysis and transmission of signals

By: Gebey A.

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 Outline

 Communication

 Communication Systems

 Classification of Communication Systems

 Elements of Communication system

 Representation of deterministic signals in frequency domain

 Signal transmission in Baseband

 Distortion & distortion less transmission

 Radio wave propagation

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 Communication
What is communication?

 Communication is a process of transmitting information from one point to another

point (i.e. from source to intended receiver).

 It should be efficient, reliable and secured.

 Communication can be between humans, between machine and human or between

machines.

 Communication can be electronic or non electronic types.

 Electronic-communication uses electronic devices to transmit information and the

information carriers are electrical signals.

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 Communication
 Examples:- phone calls, faxes, text messages, video messages, emails and internet

messaging.

 Non electronic communication

 does not use electronic devices to transmit information so that the information

carriers are not electrical signals.

 Written letters, face-to-face conversations, using sign, brochures etc.

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 Communication System
 Communication System : Integration of components which facilitate the process

of communication. Or

 It is a group (collection) of subsystems such us

 transmission subsystem,

 channel and

 receiver subsystem.

 They are designed and assembled in a proper manner for sending and receiving

information signals.

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 Classification of electronic communication
 Based on direction of communication:
 Simplex
 half duplex or full duplex
 Based on nature/type of information signal:
 Analog or
 digital communication
 Based on the type of channel used:
 Wired or
 Wireless
 Based on techniques of transmission :
 Baseband or
 pass band/communication using modulation

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 Classification of electronic communication systems
Based on the direction of communication

1. Simplex
 One way data communication only. rarely and carefully used as no back way to
send error.
 Examples :- live broadcasting (Radio and TV), interface of keyboard in computer

2. Half Duplex
 Can send and receive but not at the same time. Example:- Walkie-Talkie

3. Full Duplex
 Data can transfer in both direction simultaneously. Example :- Mobile
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 Elements of Communication System
 The three essential components/elements for every communication system are:

 Transmitter

 Channel

 Receiver

Figure-1: Elements of a communication systems

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 Elements of Communication System
 Figure-1 can be modified as follow:

Figure-2: Basic model of communication system

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 Elements of Communication System
Source of Information

 Information may take many forms: computer data, image, voice, music, video.

 The message produced by the information source is not an electrical in nature. So

we need a transducer.

Input transducer

 Converts information source to electrical signals.

 (these signals are called baseband signals or message signal or modulating signal

or Audio frequency signal). Example: Microphone, Camera, Keyboard

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 Transmitter

 Convert the message signal produced by the source of information into a form

suitable for transmission over the channel.

 Example: modulation and encoding

 Other functions performed: Amplification, filtering

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 Channel(Transmission medium)
 It is the path through which the signal propagates from transmitter to receiver.

 It may be wired or wireless

 Wired: copper, coaxial cable, optical fibers.

 Wireless: microwave links or radio waves or space. E.g. mobile radio

channels, satellite channels.

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  Every channel introduces some amount of Transmission loss or attenuation, so the

signal power progressively decreases with increasing distance.

 This is reason that the transmitter signal is degraded.

 Losses caused by

 Noise

 Electrical interference

 Distortion due to non-linearity

 Electromagnetic discharges such as lightning, power line discharge and etc.

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 Receiver
 It receives information. For example all TV sets and radios are receivers.
 As the transmitted signal propagates along the channel, it is distorted due to
channel imperfections.
 Noise and interfering signals (originating from other sources) are added to the
channel output and thus received signal is a corrupted version of the transmitted
signal.
 Hence the receiver has the task of reconstructing a recognizable form of the
original message signal for a user.
 Demodulator

 Amplifier

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 Output transducer

 used to convert electrical signal into appropriate message.

 Speaker

 Monitor

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 Types of communication systems
II. Based on the nature of signal and the type of modulation used, communication can
be classified as
 analog and

 digital

Analog Communication system

 Are designed to transmit and receive only analog information using analog modulations
techniques (AM, FM, PM, PPM, PDM, PPM).
 transmit a continuous (uncountably infinite) range of signals.

 voice and video are natural analog information sources.

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 Analog Communication system

or

Figure-3: Block diagram of analog communication system

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 Types of communication systems
Digital Communication System
 Are designed to transmit and receive only digital information using digital

modulations techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, DM).

 transmit a finite number of signals/ non-continuous stream of on/off pulses.

 text and data are naturally digital information sources.

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 Figure-4: Block Diagram of a digital communication system
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 Advantages of digital communication
 Relatively inexpensive digital circuits may be used.

 Privacy is preserved by using data encryption.

 Data from voice, video, and data sources may be merged and transmitted over a

common digital transmission system.

 In long-distance systems, noise does not accumulate from repeater to repeater.

 Errors are easy to detect even when there is a large amount of noise on the

received signal.

 Errors may often be corrected by the use of coding.

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 Disadvantages of digital communication

 Much more bandwidth is required than that for analog systems.

 Synchronization is required.

 However, The advantages of digital communication systems usually outweigh

their disadvantages. Consequently, digital systems are becoming dominant.

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 Applications of AC Applications of DC
 Television  Image processing for pattern
 Radio recognition, robotic vision and image
 Wireless enhancement
 Satellite Communication  Digital signal processing

 Radar  Military application for security

 Space communication where

spacecraft transmits information to
earth

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 Why are communication systems designed?
 In short, communication systems are designed to transmit information.

 Communication system designers have four main concerns:

1. Selection of the information-bearing waveform/ signal

2. Bandwidth and power of the waveform

3. Effect of system noise on the received information

4. Cost of the system.

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 Analysis of deterministic signals in frequency domain
 Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for
any given time. E.g. sine and cosine wave, ramp signal, delta function,
exponential wave, pulse etc…
 Two methods/mathematical tools used to analyze the signals in frequency domain
are:
 Fourier series

 Fourier transform

 Fourier series (for periodic signals)

 Fourier transform (for both non periodic and periodic signals)

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 Analysis of deterministic signals in frequency domain

 Fourier transforms allow you to represent a signal in the frequency domain,

which is essential for tasks such as:

 Signal processing,

 Modulation and demodulation

 Filtering, and understanding the behavior of linear time-invariant systems.

 Separate the desired signals from undesired signals. Those signals are often in

different frequencies, so they are easy to separate in frequency domain, but hard
to separate in time domain.

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 Analysis of deterministic signals in frequency domain

 In communication systems, we often deal with non-periodic signals. So. We focus

of analysis of deterministic signals using Fourier transform .

 Let g(t) denote a non periodic deterministic signal, expressed as some function of

time t.

 The Fourier transform of the signal g(t) is given by the integral;

 This equation is the analysis equation.

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 Cont…
 The original signal g(t) is recovered exactly using the formula for the inverse

Fourier transform:

 This is the synthesis equation.

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 Cont…
Example1: Consider a box function or rectangular pulse of duration T and
amplitude A,

which stands for a rectangular function of unit amplitude and unit duration centered
at 0.

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 Cont…

Figure 6: (a) Rectangular pulse. (b) Amplitude spectrum

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 Signal transmission in Baseband

 Baseband is the range of frequencies occupied by a signal that has not been

modulated to higher frequencies.

 Baseband signals typically originate from transducers, converting some other

variable into an electrical signal.

 For example, the electronic output of a microphone is a baseband signal that is

analogous to the applied voice audio.

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 Signal transmission in Baseband Signal
 In baseband communication, baseband signals are transmitted without modulation
(i.e. without any shift in the range of frequencies of the signal ).
 These signals cannot be transmitted over a radio link because of low frequency
content.
 They are suitable for transmission over a pair of wires, coaxial cables and
optical fibers.
 Example: local telephone communication, short haul PCM and long distance
PCM over optical fiber use baseband communication.
 Since baseband signals have overlapping bands, they would interfere severely if
sharing a common channel.
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 Signal Transmission Through a Linear Time Invariant
(LTI) System

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 Cont…

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 Signal Distortion during Transmission
 In signal processing, distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other

characteristic) of a signal.

 In communications and electronics it means the alteration of the waveform of an

information-bearing signal, such as an audio signal representing sound or a video

signal representing images, in an electronic device or communication channel.

 Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize

it.

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 Linear and Nonlinear distortion
 A linear distortion is defined as a change in amplitude or phase with no new

frequencies added.

 A non-linear distortion occurs when new frequency components are generated.

 Non-linear distortions are what is usually meant by "distortion".

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 Distortion less Transmission

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 Cont…

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 Electromagnetic wave propagation
Radio Waves Generation
 When a high-frequency alternating current (AC) passes through a copper

conductor, it generates radio waves which are propagated into the air using an
antenna.

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 Cont…

 Radio waves (in wireless communications) are generated by an antenna

and they propagate in all directions as a straight line.

 Radio waves travel at a velocity of 186.000 miles per second (speed of

light).

 Radio waves become weaker as they travel a long distance.

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 Modes of Wave Propagation
 There are 3 modes of propagation:
 Ground wave propagation – for low frequency waves (less than 2MHz)

 Sky wave propagation mode – long distance high frequency waves (<30MHz)

 Space wave– for high frequency waves (>30 MHz)

I. Ground wave propagation/ surface wave
 A surface wave is an Earth-guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the
surface of Earth.
 This wave exists when both transmitting and receiving antennas are close to the
earth and the antennas are vertically polarized.

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 I. Ground wave propagation/ surface wave

 It is useful at low frequency broadcast application.

 The wave is attenuated as it propagates due to imperfect nature of the earth,

 The attenuation is mainly as a result of the absorption and reflection of EM

energy by the earth.

Figure 7: Ground wave between transmitting and receiving antenna

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 II. Sky wave propagation
 Electromagnetic (EM) waves directed upward at some angle from the earth’s

surface are called sky waves.

 Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level.

 Typically, sky wave are radiated in a direction that produces a relatively large
angle with reference to Earth.
 Sky waves are radiated toward the sky, where they are either reflect or refracted
back to Earth by the ionosphere.
 The ionosphere is the region of space located approximately 50 -400 km above
the Earth’s surface.

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 II. Sky wave propagation
 The ionosphere layer absorbs large quantities of the sun’s radiant energy, which

ionizes the air molecules and creating free electron.

Figure 8: Sky waves propagation

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 III. Space wave propagation / tropospheric wave
 The wave propagates directly from the transmitter to the receiver in the

troposphere region (16km above the earth).

 It includes both direct and ground reflected.

 Direct waves / line of sight (LOS) transmission travel essentially in a straight

line between the transmit and receive antennas. .

 Therefore, direct space wave propagation is limited by the curvature of the Earth.

 Ground-reflected waves are waves reflected by Earth’s surface as they propagate

between the transmit and receive antennas.

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 III. Space wave propagation

Figure 9: Space waves propagation

 This is useful for frequencies above 30MHz.

 FM reception is normally by space wave propagation.

 It is also used for FM,TV,VHF and UHF bands and radar applications.

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 Thank You!!!
Any Question?

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