DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF SUBSTATIONS 7.1 INTRODUCTION A sub-station is assembly of apparatus which transforms electrical energy from one fornia other form with a change of voltage. , Substations serves as sources of electrical supply for the local areas of distribution. Their function is to transform electrical energy received from generating stations to local distribution at reduced (11kv/400v) voltage having full arrangements of switching or for controlling. They provide safety devices to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of fault. At the substances the power factor improving equipments can also be kept in addition to all measuring equipments for checking the various parts of the power system. 7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION The substation can be classified in many ways as below. 1. On the’basis of nature of Duty (i) Step up or primary substations from where generated power is transmitted to various load centres. (i) Step up and Step down or Secondary substation from where part of generated poweris fed directly to the loads and the balance is transmitted to the network for transmission 0 other lacal centres. (il) Step down or Distribution substations from where power received from secondary substances at extra high voltage is stepped down for secondary distribution. 2. Onthebasisofvoltage. : () High Voltage (HV) Substation the voltage range of which is 11KV to 66KV (i) Extra High Voltage (EHV) Substation voltage range of which is 110KV to 400 KV. (ii)_Utra High Voltage (UHV) Substation operating on voltage above 400KV. 3. On the basis of mounting. , i) Indoor substations where the transformer.and swit i ed § premises of or within the substation bulging. ich gears are installed inside the oo”ignand Estimation of Substations si a bstations where thi jy) Out door su athe WaRSGRSa ETE : : te (0) substation can be pole mounted, iTheyate Whereas aon ra mounted ion: a rea % PERS) sak Such substations are erected for cistribution of power in localities jeveditoniivaner ‘out pole, H pole and 4-pole structures with suitable platforms are Suey ransformers of 25 KVA, 63 KVA, 100 KVA, 150 KVA 200 KVA & 250 KVA. 5 ; b. oundanen Mounted Substations. For transformers of above 250 KVA, the transforms are too heavy for pole mounting. Such stations are usually for voltage of 33KV above. 73 INDOOR SUBSTATIONS Indoor transformer substations with H.V. Switch Gear and indoor distribution consists of series {open and enclosed chambers where the main equipments are installed. The chamber space vere the equipment of one bus connection is mounled is called as cell cubicle or compartment. Indoor distributing transformer substations with switch gear may be further divided into : 4, Substances of the Integrally Built Up Type where the cell structures are constructed out of concrete or brick. 2, Substations of the composite Built up type in which the apparatus are assembled on site within aswitch gear room in the form of metal cabinets, each of which contains the equipment of one main connection cell. In enclosures an oil minimum circuit breaker, a load - interrupter switch and voltage transformers are mounted. 4, Unit Type Factory Fabricated Substations And Metal Clad Switch Boards. These are fully pre-assembled in factory which are then shifted to the site. After installation only connection to incoming and outgoing power circuits are required to be made. Cubides of unit type switch boards take the form of fully enclosed metal clad cubicles. + The Metal clad cabinets are designed with withdrawable trucks having control compartment, indicating and metering equpiments, protective device compartment, circuit breaker and operating ent lly enclosed metal clad cubicle. e 121 Safety to the opera compartment. When the enter for making co "lled back into thev a rf-fe---. iribution transformer Fig. 33 : 100 KVA Disti123 2 e ence ee Ae 100KVA instead of G.O.S. and HG fuse D.O.L.O: aif provided wih separate earth electrode, of fa ay sing f yo guyselsaLoitening apes “ed for transformer itself and to all i z and two more earth elect : ae far eibes Th a raSorreL Ea ee er Sel act : bushing to the distribution box and from distribution box to posigt and Estimation of Substations former H.G. fuses are required. In transfor sal jgare can be used. The D.P. et jrosae drawn through pipes using bends SI cification of transformer 4) Out put KVA + 25,50,63,100,200, or 300. 2) No. of phase + Single or Three 4) Primary voltage/Secondary voltage 11KV/A30V, S3KV/11KV or 110KV/T1KV 4) Primaryand secondary connection: Delta-star: star-delta. 5) Operating frequency > SOHz 6) Type of cooling + Oilimmersed, oil immersed forced oil cooled 7) Type of transformer : core, shell, distribution 8) Adjustment of secondary voltage : off load tap changer. lustrative ex: ion of 100 KVA 11KV/440V, 50Hz,3-phase distribution Q.1)Prepare an estimate of cost for errecti n HT & LT sides using current market rates. transformer including all accessories oF Estimate for 100 KVA transformer Quantity 15200.00 73.00 219.00 350.00 1050.00 565.00 2260.00 4050.00 1470.00 10.00, 1350.00 490.00124 2 Conereting material for guy set 100KVA distribution transformer S phase S0c/s 11kV/430V with oil and off load tap changer. } Transformer distribution box with load break switches and arrangement for double feeder + 95sq.mm aluminium PVC cable 500Vg for incoming phase wire - 70 Sq.mm aluminium PVC cable 500Vg. For in coming neutral & outgoing phase feeder calbe . 50sq.mm aluminium cable 500Vg (coil) for outgoing neutral . 62.5 PVC pipe 3mm thick . 62.5mm PVC bends . 50mm PVC pipe 3mm thick . 50mm PVC bends . G.O.S 11KV class 200A single break ). H.G. fuse unit 11KV class . Misce. materials such as bird guard, bolts nuts etc., © . Labour charge: a) Fixing T.C. structure - Transporation & S.1. Charges at 5% on above Electrical Design, Estimating ang Cy Ine Set 4 33.00 125, INGE 1 196390.00 116390 No. 1 8000.00 50009, (coil) 100(M) 15M 6465.00 96975 (coil) 100(M) 53M 5495.00 2ataae 100(M) 16M 3430.00 548.69 M 3M 53.00 159,00) Nos. 4 55.00 220.00 M 12 38.00 486.00 Nos. 8 40.00 320,00 Set 1 5350.00 5350.00] Set 1 2325.00 2325.00 Us, 200.00 7959.09 Rs. 1428.00 x 1 = 1428/- Rs. 201.00 x 3 = 603/-ean and, Estimation of Substations 125 esi = 2 foundation Mounted Substations 1h : : ‘substations are built entirely i Ried ‘nto one unit. Scr tee in the open and in such substation all the equipments are s32b!00 primary and secondary © usually enclosed by a fens from the point of view of safety. ismission and for secondary distribution above 250 KVA ups tion mounted outd re FO ae anare Fae hae Since equipment requirement for such substations is heavy, sie Las Reesscing Sra ie must have a good access for transportation. Since the usbars s ee e more. They will provide facility to easy inspection, cleaning and The switch gear consists of circuit breakers of suitable type on both the sides. 7.4.3 Advantages & Disadvantages of outdoor substation as compared with indoor substation ‘Advantages & disadvantages of outdoor substation (O.D.S) of compound in door substation. The 0.0. has the following advantages. 4, The installation work needed is much smaller than 1.D.S. 2, Building required is less inturn building costs less. 4, Installation cost of switch gear is less. 4, Sufficient space between equipments. 6. Installation can be completedin short period. & Alterations or aditions can be had easily. 7, Fault location is easy: The disadvantage of O.D.S. to deposition of dirt and dust. nt is more which may cause 1. Maintainence cost is more due difficulty in switching operation. . The chances of leakage curre! Particularly rainyseason. . The installation is not safe for the operation. ‘ x aad Ws SELE i station. For example a step possible to minimise the tation and step UP substation). On the other yearer to load centre to reduce transmission should be proposed land for a substation s! jason. logged particularly in rainy se ypproach of transmission lines and for 220 Kv 25 acres and fors 126 Electrical Design, Estimating ang Cosy li. The place near aerodrome, shooting practice grounds should be avoid ‘\. Communication Facility : Good Communication facilty is required. _ \ Atmosphere Pollution : The area selected should be free from pollution i,t ShOUId ny Very close to sea costs or to factories which spoils the atmosphere. & AAvailability of Essential amenities to staff: The site selected must have nere by ame like, school, hospital for working staff. 7.6 MAIN ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS The bus-bar arrangement in a substation is done according to given main circuit Scheme, For interconnecting high voltage power lines with the main busbar in the substation Apparaty Such as isolators, (or disconnecting switches), circuit breakers. CT, PT are used and are Tepresenteg by graphical symbols in the diagram. Connections may be divided as incoming connections (power feeder Connections) tie connecting (lines interconnecting 2 substation or switch gear installation), out going connections (feeder Connections for feeding other subsequent substations or switch gear installation), power transformer connections (connection made in a given station) The main connection scheme is drawn in view of following factors : . General bus bar arrangement ii, Operating voltage Number of incoming and outgoing lines iv. Number of transformers \v. Safety equipment vi. Future extension requirement vii. Safety to operating personnel The main connection diagram drawn fora substation shows the arrangement of all the circuits with the main busbars as shown in fig 28. Allthe electrical connections using circuit breakers, isolators, CT, PT can be represented bya single line diagram using graphical symbol.[i nd Estimation of Substations 127 rr PHICAL SYMBOLS if oraculT ELEMENTS al oR VARIOUS TYPES OF APPARATUS AND | UBSTATION MAIN CONNECTION DIAGRAM Circuit Elements ‘Symbols Earthing = Current Transformer © PP Potential Transformer —D- Fuse —oo— Isolator a an Tandom Isolator —f-- Circuit Breaker = —X— Aus Bas — Lightning Arrestor. | —?—— Transformer )- Auto-Transformer “C- Fig. 34: Graphical symbols%, 4 % % 4 SY Na Electrical Design, Estimating ang Cogs .8 KEY DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL SUBSTATIONS The key diagrams of typical 33 KV substation is shown in fig. 95. Bus P.T, ~ 33Kv G.0. Switch 33KV/110V <4) 33kV L.A. 33KV Bus Bar 33KV G.O. Switch Y 33KV G.0. Switch aah Fuse Unit No. 2 With Fuse Unit No. 1 = 1 MVA, 33/11 kv 2 MVA, 33/11 KV Transformer = C.T. 100/5A q oc. 11 KV Bus No.1 i b f C.Ts 30/54 Outgoing Feeders+2 et eee gnand Estimation of Substations 429 38 'g EQUIPMENT FOR SUBSTATIONS AND SWITCHGEAR INSTALLATIONS The equipments of Substances are: i) Main Bus-bars ii) Insulators iii) Isolators iv) Circuit breakers v) Power Transformers jpotential Transformers vi) Current Transformers vii) Indicaing & metering x) protective Reloys ) carrier current equipments xi) Control Cable. |, Main Bus-bars : Conductors carrying an electric current to which man connections may be madeis called as Main Busbar| or Main bar. Bus bars are means for connecting the equipments. ‘The arrangement of connections of substations permit working an equipment without interruption toincoming and outgoing feeders. TOP CAP FILLER PLUG 1 OILLEVEL INDICATOR FLEXIBLE CONNECTION130 Electrical Design, Estimating ang g In other type of arrangement double buses are provided to which incoming and outgoing and the principal equipment may be connected. One bus is usually called the 'main’ Bus Where the otheris called ‘auxiliary’ or ‘transfer’ bus. Usually the main bus will have more elaborate g, me of CT, PT, relays etc, connected with it. The switches used for connecting feeders or eduiomenen one bus or other are called "selector" switch. r Usually the rectangular cross section bars are used in substations. They can be of aluminimy Found or square tubes. The aluminium buses are usually coated with silver to get better condyejya" The most common sizes of bus-bars 40 mm x 4 mm, 40 mm x 5mm, 50 mm x 5 mm, 50 mn f mm, 60 mm x 8mm 80 mm x 8 mm, 100 mm x 10 mm according to maximum current tobe cara, The usual length of bus bars are 5 or 6 meter. il. Insulators : The insulators employed are of the post and bushing type which serves 5. supports and insulae the bus bars. a. Post Insulator : A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cay iron base, The Busbars can be bolted to the cap through the hold having thread. Post insulator Maybe Of round, oval or square flanged bases which may fixed to bus with 1, 2 or 4 bolts. The base, having an earthing bolt also. b. Bushing Insulator : The insulators material around a high voltage conductor when the conductor is passed through the metal sheath or plate of tank of circuit breakers calles Bushing Insulator. Most common type of bushings used for indoor and outdoor purposes are shown Fig. 36, Fig. 37 respectively iii. Isolators : An isolator or disconnecting switch is used to open some given part of a power circuit after switching off the load by circuit breaker. Isolators may be (a) single pole isolators (b) Three pole isolators iv. Circuit Breakers : Circuit Breakers are installed to perform the following duties a. To carry full load current continuously b. To open and close the circuit on no load. c. Tomake and break: the normal operating current d. To make and break rc jit currents of ma Ip to which it is designed for. # Or Air Blast circuit Breaker Oil Circuit Bre: n this which prevents restriking of arcaft the current reac to the zone of arc after the cure"rf gh and Estimation of Substations oe CURRENT IN 81 CURRENT OUT TERMINAL BUSHING ‘OR PLATE} 2) DRIVING LEVER OILLEVEL ROD GAP. ARRESTER (LIGHTNING PROTECTION) TOP-PLATE TOP-CAP AND CONNECTION. PORCELAIN INSULATOR —z COMPOUND —, CONDENSER INSULATOR MAIN OPERATING SHAFT ‘TRANSFORMER OIL-LEVEL CONTACT ARM PULL ROD FIXED CONTACT MOVING CONTACT: TURBULATOR TANK LINING TANK Single break outdoor type circult breaker Fig. 39132 Electrical Desi it ign, Estimatin 19 ANd Cosy ting The circuit bre 7 akers are havi either by penumatis faving high rupturi i e ic gear or by ir ing capacity an used for mineral oil free ere a aes coll The: stemate eet for remote action , acid and alkaline. ing gear can also ye ; Isobe Fig 38 & Fig. 39 sh - jows th it purposes respectively. e parts single break oil circuit breaker for indoor and OUt door Following are the advantages and disadvantages of the oil circuit Breaker. Advantages 1. Since the oil (such as ; 's transformer oil) used i it between live conductor and earth emia alla ia Basotae 2. The oil is having high dielectric strength 3. The oil is capable of entering i fering into ai reduces to zero. ° ae 4, The oil absorbs the heat energy of the arc 5, The gases formed by decomposition of ol as an insulator when the arc current when formed. during arc are having good cooling properties. Disadvantages 1. Oils are inflammable. 2. The oil forms an explosive mixture with ar 3. The oil requires high maintenance as itis to be kept clean. ve er are used for stepping Ul Power transformers : Power transform g stations or for stepping down the voltage for distribution al ip the voltage for transmission tt main stepping down at generatins transformer substation. Usually naturally cooled, ol immursed, ON type, 2 winding three phase transformers are used up to 10 MVA. For ratings ‘above 10 MVA air blast eoled transformers are used. For even) igh ratings, the forced oll either with water cooling or ai blast ‘cooling may be used. All power transformers will be have ON LOAD tap changer. vi. Current Transformers (ct):CTsare connected in power circuit for feedin indicating and metering jnetruments and protective relays. a i re core on which are wound a primary being directly insere in i wee sondany ane being inserted in the indicating and ‘metering instruments andalso in the Usually when rated cure® through CT primary winding, & current of appr one ndary winding. The ratio of primary current to ‘secondary current iS known as .g current coils of ed for voltage: the rated current of primary and secondary windings and Le (0.5, 1, 3,5, 10) indicates.the mit of error in percentage The CTs are ral uracy classes acouracy class. The SOOT aerated turn ratio oF Me given CT- ji, potential sraneformers (PTS): The PTS 2/0 employed for voltages above 440V for wil Fotential cols oF indicating and metering ‘nstruments and also for relay circuits. r Pre primary winding of PTs connected to main bus bar of the ‘switch gear installation 2" ig various indicating and metering s Pauments and connected "ley secondary windingee Ue ie: i < ¢ 4 SW Se Ss ™ x ' sign and Estimation of Substations ~ : ysually when rated high Volta, je Me acctns secondary win moblied to the primary of 133 yotageS known as turns ratio or transfor - The ratio of rated HET @ Voltage of approximately The PTs are rated for primary ang ation ratio of pt. PTItY voltage to the secondary osystem of cooling. Secondary rat ted volta a We, acura wis Indicating & Metering Instruments cy class, number of phases KVARH meter are installed in Voltmeters, Am , sul i 4 cicuits and over the power lone bstations to watch an ix, Protective Relays Relay is low-powere i js 4 red devic function of the relay is t aa? © used to activate Pati thus iateciy i the Galan tripping commands to the Ries ae instruments equipped with auxil and equipments from damage. These relay are measuring them exceed or fall below sone oon2ets which operate when the quantities flowing through Brerecitctarnochetasid Seemed value. When these contacts operate, they 5 S : a Pretathoitie motor to rastaray Switches or circuit breaker or in the case of regulator ‘oltage to the desired value. x) Carrier - Current Equipment meters, Wattmeter, Energy meter, 'd control the current flowing in the Such equipments are installed in the ‘sub-stations for communication, relaying, telemetering ar for supervisory control. These equipments are suitably mounted in a room known as carrier room and connected to the high voltage power circuit. xi) Control cable : The control cables and conduit: system are required for affecting automatic controls. The control system generally operates at 110 V or 220 V and the cables employed for this purpose are ‘multi-core cables having 10 or 37 or 61 conductors according to Tequirement. For laying these cables generally ducts are run from control room basement to centrally located junction box from where the conduits are run up to the required points. 740 SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES SUPPLY % power is | the auxiliaries like lighting circuit, battery transformer etc. Such a supply required for {wo transformers, the primary of which isees Electrical Design, Estimating and 03 11KV BUS NO.1 11KV BUS NO.2 4 o y b 415/230 V Usually sul location consid . flats having? wise) with all joint points bed ibaded 0.9m below groundlev® m dia, 25 to 50 Mong MS round fought to 0.5 OHM. This earth 1.5 m away from the periphen” ‘of a 50 m x 60 m substation Sranite jelly of size 2%s mn L fgn and Estimation of Substations si aS a ee —--------~-~~~-~~-~--~--=5 (pe Fig. 41 : Earthmat of 33 KV station having area of 60M X 50M 40M , Fig. 42 : Earthmat of 33 KV station having area of 40M X 30M eee136 Electrical Design, Estimating and Cosi driven at jointing points of flats (75 x 8mm) which are welded, with additional number of Deep Bor Electrodes. The plan of earthmat of such a substation having only 40m x 30m area is shown in Fi 42 with 6 Deep Bore Electrodes and 168 pegs. 3 If there is no space for earthmat at the substation point, then earth mat can be had at theg ot (within 0.5 KM) where sufficient space is available and this is connected to substation quipmen, through heavy cable and such a system of earthing is called SETELITE EARTHING. EXERCISES A. Give the classification of substations _2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of outdoors stations over Indoor substation? & Give key diagram of typical 33 KV substation. “74. Give main connection for auxillary supply in 110/11 KV substation. 5. What are the factors to be considered for the site selection for substation? A: Write short notes m Pole mounted substation ii) Indoor substation iii) Equipment for indoor substation