Resources And Development

Question And Answer

Q There are two statements given below, marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the
statements and choose the correct option.

Assertion (A): Resource planning is a complex process.

Reason (R): Resource planning helps in the effective and judicious use of resources.
Options

a. A is true but R is false

b. A is false but R is true

c. Both A and R are true and R explains A

d. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A

Ans. Option (d)

Q. Identify the soil with the help of the following features.

Red to brown in color
Sandy in texture and saline in nature
Lacks humus and moisture
Develops due to high temperature and evaporation
Ans. Arid soil. Also remember the above features of arid soil. Questions can be asked like this:
Mention any 3 features of arid soil

Q. Identify the soil with the help of the following features.

It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
Soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size when we move closer to the river valley.
Such soils are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos, and Terai.
Ans. Alluvial soil. [*Also remember the above features of alluvial soil. Questions can be asked
like this: Mention any 3 features of alluvial soil.]

Q.Identify the soil with the help of the following features.

It develops under tropical and subtropical climates with an alternate wet and dry season.
Mostly deep to very deep, acidic, and generally deficient in plant nutrients.
It is humus-rich, but under sparse vegetation and in a semi-arid environment, it is generally
humus poor.
They are prone to erosion.
Ans. Laterite soil. Also remember the above features of the soil. Questions can be asked like
this: (Mention any 3 features of laterite soil in CBSE Board)
Q. Define resources.
Ans. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided,
it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable can be termed
as a ‘Resource’.

Q.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin.

Ans. Classification of resources on the basis of origin:

Biotic resources
Abiotic resources
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of exhaustibility.
Ans. Renewable and Non-renewable resources.

Q. Provide a suitable classification of resources on the basis of ownership.

Ans. Classification of resources on the basis of ownership:

Individual resources
Community-owned resources
National resources
International resources

Q. Examine the major problems created as a result of the indiscriminate utilization of natural
resources. How can this situation be averted?
Ans. The problems created as a result of indiscriminate utilization of natural resources are:

Depletion of resources at a faster rate for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
Accumulation of resources in few hands, as a result, dividing the society into two segments i.e.,
haves and have-nots or rich and poor.
Increase in global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental pollution, and land degradation
Judicious use of resources should be done keeping in mind the need of the present and future.
There should be equal distribution and sharing of resources so that everyone gets desired
benefits.
Resource planning should be done.
We should divert ourselves to the use of non-conventional sources.
Q. What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.
Ans. Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development.

The two principles are:

To combat environmental damage, poverty, and disease through global cooperation on
common interests, mutual needs, and shared responsibilities.
Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Q. Why is resource planning essential?
Or,
What is the need of doing resource planning in a country like India?
Ans. Resource planning is essential because:

Resource planning is a widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources.
Resources in India are not evenly distributed. Some parts of the country are rich in one resource
but deficient in other important resources. For example – Rajasthan is rich in solar and wind
energy but lacks water resources. Jharkhand is rich in minerals and coal deposits but lacks
industrialization.
Most of the resources present in our environment are limited. Therefore, if these resources are
not preserved or not used rationally we will be in great trouble.
To reduce regional disparity.
To save for future generations and to avoid wastage or overutilization of resources.
Q. What are the three stages of resource planning?
Ans. The three stages of resource planning are:

Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves
surveying, mapping, and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the
resources.
Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup
for implementing resource development plans.
Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Q.Write any three human activities which are responsible for land degradation in India.
Ans. Three human activities responsible for land degradation in India are:

Mining: Expansion of mining and quarrying have contributed significantly to land degradation. In
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa deforestation due to mining have
caused severe land degradation.
Over-grazing: In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra overgrazing
is one of the main reasons for land degradation
Over-irrigation: In the states of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is
responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to an increase in salinity and
alkalinity in the soil.
Mineral processing like the grinding of limestone for the cement industry and calcite and
soapstone for the ceramic industry generates huge quantities of dust in the atmosphere. It
retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
Q.Suggest and explain ways to protect the land from degradation in various states of India.
Or,
Describe any three measures of controlling land degradation.
Ans. Measures to control land degradation:
Afforestation and proper management of grazing should be done.
Planting of shelter belts of plants and control over grazing should be done.
Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
Control of mining activities and proper management of waste lands should be done.
Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.
Q Explain the various purpose of land use.
Ans. Land resources are used for the following purposes:

i. Forests
ii. Land not available for cultivation
Barren and wasteland
Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
iii. Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)
Permanent pastures and grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown area)
Culturable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years)
iv. Fallow lands
Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)
Other than the current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years)
v. Gross cropped area

Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is known as gross
cropped area.

Q. Study the pie diagram representing the land use data of India for the year 1960-61 & 2014-
15 and answer the following questions:
land use categories
a. Mention the percentage of land under the net sown area in 1960-61 & 2014-15 respectively.
b. Why maximum share of land is under Net Sown Area in India? Give two reasons.
c. State why 33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as mentioned in the National
Forest Policy of 1952. Give two reasons.

b. Maximum share of land is under the net sown area in India because:

The growing food demand to feed the growing population of India is responsible for the
maximum share of land under the net sown area.
To achieve food security the share of land under the net sown area is more.

c. The reasons are:

33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as it is essential for maintaining ecological
balance.
It provides a livelihood to millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests and depend
upon it.
Q.What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main features of
this type of soil.
Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain. It is the most widely spread soil in India.

The main features of alluvial soil are:

It is formed by the sediments deposited by river water.

It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
It is very fertile. It contains an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime.
It is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereals.
Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
Q. Classify alluvial soil on the basis of age and differentiate between them.
Or,
Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.
Ans. According to age, alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial
(Khadar).

Khadar & Bangar

i. It is a new alluvial soil.
i. It is an old alluvial soil.
ii. Lower concentration of kankar nodules.
ii. Higher concentration of kankar nodules.
iii. It has more fine particles.
iii. It has less fine particles.
iv. It is more fertile.
iv. It is less fertile.
Q Write the features of ‘regur’ soil.
Ans. The following are the characteristics of regur soil (also known as black soil):

It is made up of extremely fine clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold
moisture.
It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
It is ideal for growing cotton, so it is also known as ‘black cotton soil’.
Q. Distinguish between red and laterite soils.
Ans.

Red soil Laterite soil

i. Formed due to the weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
i. Formed by the leaching process.
ii. Develop in areas of low rainfall.
ii. Develop in areas of high rainfall.
iii. Red in color due to the presence of iron in them.
iii. Red in color due to little clay and much gravel of red sandstones
iv. These are less crystalline.
iv. These are crystalline.
v. These are highly porous and less fertile, but where these are deep, these are fertile.
v. These are less fertile, only grass grows in abundance.
Q. Define soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. What are
the causes of soil erosion in India?
Ans. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, caused by various agents such
as water, wind, and human activities. This can lead to loss of fertile land, reduced crop yields,
and increased risk of landslides and flooding.

Types of soil erosion:

Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels/gullies. The
unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The topsoil is washed
away. This process is known as sheet erosion.
Causes of soil erosion:

Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, etc. are responsible for
soil erosion.
Natural forces like wind, glaciers, and water also lead to soil erosion. Running water cuts
through the clayey soil and makes deep channels known as gullies, which makes the land unfit
for cultivation. The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in the wrong way
i.e., up and down the slope forms channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
Q. What are the factors that have contributed to the development of various types of soils in
India? Suggest any three methods through which soil erosion can be prevented.
Or,
Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.
Or,
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans. India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic reals, and vegetation types which have
contributed to the development of various types of soils.

Measures to prevent soil erosion:

Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water flow
down the slopes and soil erosion can be prevented.
Terrace cultivation: Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and Central
Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind and prevents soil erosion.
Shelter belts: Rows of trees called shelter belts have led to the stabilization of sand dunes in the
desert in western India.

Q Why maximum share of land is under Net Sown Area in India? Give two reasons.
Maximum share of land is under the net sown area in India because:

The growing food demand to feed the growing population of India is responsible for the
maximum share of land under the net sown area.
To achieve food security the share of land under the net sown area is more.

Q State why 33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as mentioned in the National
Forest Policy of 1952. Give two reasons.

33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as it is essential for maintaining ecological
balance.
It provides a livelihood to millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests and depend
upon it.
Q. What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main features of
this type of soil.
Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain. It is the most widely spread soil in India.

The main features of alluvial soil are:

It is formed by the sediments deposited by river water.

It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
It is very fertile. It contains an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime.
It is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereals.
Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
Q.Classify alluvial soil on the basis of age and differentiate between them.
Or,
Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.
Ans. According to age, alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial
(Khadar).(2nd options)

KhadarBangar
i. It is a new alluvial soil.
i. It is an old alluvial soil.
ii. Lower concentration of kankar nodul
ii. Higher concentration of kankar nodules.
iii. It has more fine particles.
iii. It has less fine particles.
iv. It is more fertile.
iv. It is less fertile.
Q. Write the features of ‘regur’ soil.
Ans. The following are the characteristics of regur soil (also known as black soil):

It is made up of extremely fine clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold
moisture.
It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
It is ideal for growing cotton, so it is also known as ‘black cotton soil’.
Q. Distinguish between red and laterite soils.
Ans.

Red soil ( 2nd options) Laterite soil

i. Formed due to the weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
i. Formed by the leaching process.
ii. Develop in areas of low rainfall.
ii. Develop in areas of high rainfall.
iii. Red in color due to the presence of iron in them.
iii. Red in color due to little clay and much gravel of red sandstones
iv. These are less crystalline.
iv. These are crystalline.
v. These are highly porous and less fertile, but where these are deep, these are fertile.
v.These are less fertile, only grass grows in abundance.
Q. Define soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. What are
the causes of soil erosion in India?
Ans. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, caused by various agents such
as water, wind, and human activities. This can lead to loss of fertile land, reduced crop yields,
and increased risk of landslides and flooding.

Types of soil erosion:

Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels/gullies. The
unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The topsoil is washed
away. This process is known as sheet erosion.
Causes of soil erosion:

Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, etc. are responsible for
soil erosion.
Natural forces like wind, glaciers, and water also lead to soil erosion. Running water cuts
through the clayey soil and makes deep channels known as gullies, which makes the land unfit
for cultivation. The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in the wrong way
i.e., up and down the slope forms channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
Q. What are the factors that have contributed to the development of various types of soils in
India? Suggest any three methods through which soil erosion can be prevented.
Or,
Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.
Or,
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans. India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic reals, and vegetation types which have
contributed to the development of various types of soils.

Measures to prevent soil erosion:

Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water flow
down the slopes and soil erosion can be prevented.
Terrace cultivation: Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and Central
Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind and prevents soil erosion.
Shelter belts: Rows of trees called shelter belts have led to the stabilization of sand dunes in the
desert in western India.

Q. Define soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. What are
the causes of soil erosion in India?
Ans. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, caused by various agents such
as water, wind, and human activities. This can lead to loss of fertile land, reduced crop yields,
and increased risk of landslides and flooding.

Types of soil erosion:

Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels/gullies. The
unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The topsoil is washed
away. This process is known as sheet erosion.
Causes of soil erosion:

Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, etc. are responsible for
soil erosion.
Natural forces like wind, glaciers, and water also lead to soil erosion. Running water cuts
through the clayey soil and makes deep channels known as gullies, which makes the land unfit
for cultivation. The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in the wrong way
i.e., up and down the slope forms channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
Q. What are the factors that have contributed to the development of various types of soils in
India? Suggest any three methods through which soil erosion can be prevented.
Or,
Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.
Or,
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans. India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic reals, and vegetation types which have
contributed to the development of various types of soils.

Measures to prevent soil erosion:

Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water flow
down the slopes and soil erosion can be prevented.
Terrace cultivation: Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and Central
Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind and prevents soil erosion.
Shelter belts: Rows of trees called shelter belts have led to the stabilization of sand dunes in the
desert in western India.