G10-Science-WEEK 2-3 LECTURE OCEANIC CRUST IS DENSER COMPARED TO

CONTINENTAL CRUST.
THE LITHOSPHERE IS THE SOLID, OUTER PART OF THE
EARTH.

The smaller sections of the lithosphere are called

tectonic plates.
GEOLOGIC EVENTS AND FEATURES SUCH AS
EARTHQUAKES, ACTIVE VOLCANOES AND MAJOR
MOUNTAIN RANGES ARE DISTRIBUTED NEAR OR ALONG
PLATE BOUNDARIES.
SCIENTIST HAVE BEEN USING THIS EVENTS AND
FEATURES AS BASIS FOR IDENTIFYING PLATE
BOUNDARIES. THEY GATHER DATA SUCH AS
EARTHQUAKE, VOLCANIC ERUPTION AND PRESENT
MOUNTAIN RANGES IN ORDER FOR THEM TO PLOT THIS
PLATE BOUNDARIES.
Plate boundaries are the edges that separate tectonic
plates from one another. These are the lines between
tectonic plates.
TYPES OF LITHOSPHERIC PLATES

1. CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE
2. OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE

BASED ON THE DIAGRAM THE CONTINENTAL CRUST IS

THICKER THAN THE OCEANIC CRUST. HOWEVER, WHAT IS PLATE TECTONIC THEORY?
Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the global A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of
distribution of geological phenomena. principally it mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure and
refers to the movement and interaction of the earth’s alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually
lithosphere. This includes the formation, movement, an orogeny. mountain ranges are formed by a variety of
collision and destruction of plates and the resulting geological processes, but most of the significant ones on
geological events such as seismicity, volcanism, earth are the result of plate tectonics.
continental drift, and mountain building.
Mountain Ranges in the Philippines
1. Cordillera Central
2. Sierra Madre Mountain Range is the longest
mountain range in the country
3. The Caraballo Mountains connect Sierra Madre
Mountain with the Cordillera Central.
4. Zambales Mountains
5. Kalatungan Mountain Range
6. Kitanglad Mountain Ranges

Mountain Ranges in the world

WHY ARE THERE VOLCANOES? WHY DO THEY ERUPT? 1. Andes Mountain range in South America
Volcanoes are just a natural way that the earth and 2. Himalayas Mountain range in Asia
other planets have of cooling off and releasing internal 3.
heat and pressure. volcanoes erupt because of density
and pressure. The lower density of the magma relative
to the surrounding rocks causes it to rise (like air
bubbles in syrup). The gas bubbles exert pressure. This
pressure helps to bring the magma to the surface and
forces it in the air, sometimes to great heights.

HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED?

Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the
earth’s upper mantle works its way to the surface. At
the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash
deposits. over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it
will get bigger and bigger.
HOW ARE MOUNTAIN BELTS FORMED AND
WHAT IS AN ACTIVE VOLCANO? DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE WORLD?
An active volcano that has had at least one eruption Most mountains and mountain ranges are parts of
during the past 10,000 years. an active volcano might be mountain belts that have formed where two
erupting or dormant. An erupting volcano is an active lithospheric plates have converged and where, in most
volcano that is having an eruption. A dormant volcano is cases, they continue to converge. in effect, many
an active volcano that is not erupting but supposed to mountain belts mark the boundaries of lithospheric
erupt again. plates and these boundaries in turn intersect other such
(The Mt. Pinatubo eruption of June 15, 1991, was the boundaries.
second largest eruption of the 20th century. it had been
dormant for 600 years. The distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenter and major mountain belts are mostly found
Active Volcanoes along the plate boundaries. Since the plates are moving
slowly, geologic events happen along their boundary,
Taal Volcano that is why most active volcanoes, earthquake epicenter
Kanlaon Volcano and major mountain belts are mostly found along plate
Bulusan Volcano boundaries.
Mt Pinatubo

DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES

Volcanoes are distributed all around the world, mostly
along the edges of tectonic plates, although there are
intra-plate volcanoes that form from mantle hotspots
(e.g. Hawaii).

WHAT IS MOUNTAIN BELT?

A FAULT LINE is defined as a geological fracture wherein
the movement of masses of rocks has displaced parts of
the earth’s crust.

A rapid movement of a fault line may produce a

powerful energy that can trigger a strong earthquake.

BELOW IS THE LIST OF MAJOR FAULT LINES OF THE

PHILIPPINES

1. Marikina valley fault (Montalban, San Mateo,

Marikina, Pasig, Taguig, Muntinlupa, San Pedro,
Binan, Carmona, sta. rosa, Calamba, Tagaytay,
oriental Mindoro.)

2. Western Philippine fault (Luzon Sea, Mindoro

strait, Panay gulf, sulu sea)

3. Eastern Philippine fault (Philippine Sea)

4. Southern of Mindanao fault (Moro gulf, Celebes

Sea)

5. Central Philippine fault (entire Ilocos Norte, WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
aurora Quezon, Masbate, eastern Leyte,
1. ARRANGE YOUR HOME FOR SAFETY:
southern Leyte, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del STORE HEAVY OBJECTS ON LOWER SHELVES
sur, Davao del Norte) AND STORE BREAKABLE OBJECTS IN
CABINETS WITH LOCKED DOORS.
2. DON’T HANG HEAVY MIRRORS OR
PICTURES ABOVE WHERE PEOPLE
FREQUENTLY SIT OR SLEEP.
3. STORE FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AWAY FROM
POTENTIAL IGNITION SOURCES.
3. STOCK UP ON EMERGENCY SUPPLIES.
THESE INCLUDE BATTERY OPERATED RADIO,
FLASHLIGHTS AND EXTRA BATTERIES, FIRST
AID KIT, BOTTLED WATER, TWO WEEKS
FOOD AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES, BLANKETS,
COOKING FUEL, TOOLS NEEDED TO TURN
OFF YOUR GAS, WATER AND ELECTRIC
UTILITIES.
3. LEARN WHAT TO DO DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE.

WHAT TO DO DURING EARTHQUAKE

1. IF OUTDOORS, MOVE TO AN OPEN AREA
WHERE FALLING OBJECTS ARE UNLIKELY TO
STRIKE YOU.
WHAT TO DO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
2. CHECK FOR INJURIES AND ATTEND TO
PEOPLE WHO MAY NEED HELP.
3. IF THE POWER IS OUT, UNPLUG
APPLIANCES TO PREVENT POSSIBLE DAMAGE
WHEN THE POWER IS TURNED BACK ON.
4. IF YOU SMELL OR HEAR A GAS LEAK, GET
EVERYONE OUTSIDE AND OPEN WINDOWS
AND DOORS. IF YOU CAN DO IT SAFELY,
TURN OFF THE GAS AT THE METER.
5. IF THE BUILDING IS BADLY DAMAGED,
EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY.

THE FIRST MAP SHOWS THE WATERS THAT

WE HAVE WHICH REFERS TO THE SEAS AND
OCEANS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE 2ND
MAP SHOWS ALL THE PLATES IN THE WORLD
WHICH INCLUDES ALL THE LANDS AND EVEN
THE LANDS BELOW THE WATER AND WE
CALL THE LANDS AS LITHOSPHERE.

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER?

THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE IS THE
POINT ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
DIRECTLY ABOVE THE POINT IN THE CRUST
WHERE A SEISMIC RUPTURE OCCURS. THIS
ORIGIN POINT WITHIN THE CRUST IS CALLED
THE HYPOCENTER OR FOCUS.