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C. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item questionnaire designed to assess the presence and severity of anxiety and depression symptoms, with separate subscales for each. It is validated for individuals aged 16 and above and uses a 4-point Likert scale for scoring, with total scores indicating normal, borderline abnormal, or abnormal levels of symptoms. The administration takes about 5 to 10 minutes, and results are interpreted based on standard cut-off points.

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176 views3 pages

C. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item questionnaire designed to assess the presence and severity of anxiety and depression symptoms, with separate subscales for each. It is validated for individuals aged 16 and above and uses a 4-point Likert scale for scoring, with total scores indicating normal, borderline abnormal, or abnormal levels of symptoms. The administration takes about 5 to 10 minutes, and results are interpreted based on standard cut-off points.

Uploaded by

Amna Shafique
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

by
Zigmond & Snaith (1983)
1. Description
Purpose: This questionnaire designed to detect the presence and severity of anxiety and
depression symptoms. It serves as a screening tool to differentiate between somatic
symptoms of physical illness and those of psychological origin.
Nature: HADS is a 14-item scale divided into two subscales:
 7 items for Anxiety (HADS-A)
 7 items for Depression (HADS-D)
Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale (0–3), resulting in a maximum subscale score of
21.
Domain: The HADS falls under the domain of clinical psychology and health psychology,
particularly anxiety disorders, depressive disorders.
Age: The scale is validated for use with individuals aged 16 years and above.
2. Procedure
Material: A Response Sheet is provided for individuals to record their selected responses to
each item. Additionally, a Scoring Sheet is available for clinicians or researchers to record
item scores, calculate the total scores for each subscale, and interpret the results based on
standard cut-off points.
Instructions:
 Inform the respondent that this is a brief, self-report screening tool to assess their
emotional state over the past week.
 Emphasize the confidentiality and importance of honesty in responses.
 Clarify that there are no right or wrong answers.
 Each item should be answered based on how the person has been feeling recently, not
how they think they should feel.
 The respondent must select one of four possible options per item, which reflects
increasing severity or frequency of symptoms.
Administration: To administer the scale, the patient is asked to read each item carefully and
select the response that best reflects how they have been feeling over the past week. Each
item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating
greater symptom severity. The total scores for anxiety and depression are calculated
separately by summing the scores for the relevant items. It usually takes about 5 to 10
minutes to complete.

3. Result / Interpretation:
Each subscale (Anxiety and Depression) is scored separately with a possible range of 0–21:
Score Range Interpretation
0–7 Normal
8–10 Borderline abnormal (mild)
11–21 Abnormal (moderate to severe)

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