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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

BM3561

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENT LAB

(LABORATORY MANUAL)

(R-2021)

V- SEMSTER

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: V.JANSI RANI (AP/BME)

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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

HOLY CROSS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VISION

To serve the young minds by providing Quality Professional education in Engineering and
Technology.

HOLY CROSS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MISSION

To render the quality professional education through a Learner - Centric approach to empower
the students in professional ethics, social responsibilities and enabling the students to meet the
challenges in the field of Engineering and Technology.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

To provide a finest technical education in the field of Biomedical Engineering.

MISSION

To impart quality technical education by adopting Learner -Centric approach to empower the
students to meet the challenges in the field of Biomedical Engineering.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):-

 PSO 1: Apply the knowledge of Engineering and Applied Science to advance the research
aptitude skills in the emerging field of Biomedical Engineering.

 PSO 2: Display the skills of Bio-control and instrumentation, therapeutic devices towards the
development of processes and product in a global context.

 PSO 3: Adapt and communicate emerging ideas and solutions for current social and scientific
issues, thereby developing new medical instruments to improve Human Quality Life.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs):

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 BE THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD

HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. Always wear lab coats, gloves, and safety goggles.

2. Never eat, drink, smoke, or apply makeup in the lab to avoid contamination.
3. Understand the procedures for reporting accidents, spills, or exposure.
4. Familiarize yourself with the location of emergency exits, fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, and
eyewash stations.
5. Follow manufacturer instructions and lab protocols when operating any equipment.
6. Check for signs of damage or malfunction before using any equipment.
7. Report any faulty equipment to the supervisor immediately.
8. Ensure your hands and work areas are dry before handling electrical equipment.
9. Disconnect equipment from the power source before performing any maintenance.
10. Clean and disinfect work areas after completing lab work.
11. Report any spills, accidents, or injuries to your instructor or lab supervisor immediately.
12. Properly dispose of or decontaminate reusable equipment.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. Students will be able to perform diagnostic tests, interpret results, and understand the clinical
significance of the findings.
2. To demonstrate recording and analysis of different Bio potentials.
3. To examine different therapeutic modalities.
4. Cultivate analytical skills necessary for problem-solving and critical evaluation of diagnostic data
and therapeutic outcomes.
5. Students will demonstrate correct use, calibration, and maintenance of lab equipment, ensuring
accurate and reliable results.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Measurement of visually and auditory evoked potential.

2. Galvanic skin resistance (GSR) measurement.

3. Measurement of output intensity from shortwave and ultrasonic diathermy.

4. Measurement of various physiological signals using biotelemetry.

5. Electrical safety measurements.

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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

6. Measurement of various physiological signals using biotelemetry.

7. Measurement of stimulation current waveforms used in medical stimulator.

8. Analyze the working of ESU–cutting and coagulation modes.

9. Recording of Audiogram.

10. Study the working of Defibrillator and pacemakers.

11. Study of ECG, EEG and EMG electrodes.

12. Study of ventilators and Ultrasound Scanners.

13. Study of speech signals using speech signal trainer kit.

14. Measurement of Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate using Pulse-oximeter.

15. Study of heart lung machine model.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

CO1: Measure the different bioelectrical signals.

CO2: Record the various physiological signals using telemetry.

CO3: Demonstrate various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.

CO4: Examine the electrical safety measurements.

CO5: Analyze the different bio signals using suitable tools.

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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

S.NO DATE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO. STAFF SIGN

1. Measurement of visually and auditory

evoked potential.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

EXP. NO: 1 MEASUREMENT OF VISUALLY AND AUDITORY EVOKED

POTENTIALS FROM EEG

Objective

To measure and analyze visually evoked potentials (VEPs) and auditory evoked potentials
(AEPs) from the human brain using electroencephalography (EEG).

Materials Required

 EEG recording system (e.g., 32-channel EEG amplifier)

 EEG electrodes and conductive gel/paste
 EEG cap
 Visual stimulus generator (e.g., LED screen or checkerboard pattern generator)
 Auditory stimulus generator (e.g., headphones with click or tone generator)
 Computer with EEG recording software
 Calibration equipment for stimuli
 Comfortable chair for the subject
 Data analysis software (e.g., MATLAB, EEGLAB, or similar).

Preparation

1. Subject Preparation:
o Clean the scalp areas where electrodes will be placed with alcohol wipes to
reduce impedance.
o Apply the EEG cap, adjusting it to fit the subject’s head snugly.
2. Electrode Placement:
o Attach EEG electrodes according to the 10-20 international system. Key locations
for VEPs might include O1, O2 (occipital region), and for AEPs, Cz (central
region) and mastoid electrodes.
o Use conductive gel or paste to ensure good contact between the electrodes and the
scalp.
o Connect reference and ground electrodes, typically placed on the mastoid bone or
earlobes.
3. Calibration:
o Calibrate the visual and auditory stimulus generators to ensure consistent and
repeatable stimulus delivery.
o Set the EEG amplifier to filter out noise and artifacts (e.g., 0.1–30 Hz band pass
filter).
o
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

Procedure:

Part 1: Measurement of Visually Evoked Potentials (VEPs):

1. Baseline Recording:
o Start with a baseline EEG recording with the subject’s eyes closed for about 1-2
minutes to capture the resting state.
2. Visual Stimulation:
o Instruct the subject to focus on a central fixation point on the screen.
o Present a visual stimulus, typically a checkerboard pattern that reverses at a
regular interval (e.g., 1 Hz). Alternatively, you can use flashes of light or other
visual patterns.
o Record the EEG for about 50-100 trials to ensure a sufficient number of averaged
responses.
3. Data Recording:
o Record the EEG data while the visual stimulus is presented. Ensure that the
subject remains still and focused during the recording.
o Mark the time points in the EEG corresponding to the onset of each visual
stimulus.
4. Rest and Repeat:
o Allow the subject to rest briefly between trials to avoid fatigue.
o Repeat the stimulation protocol if necessary to gather more data.

Part 2: Measurement of Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs)

1. Baseline Recording:
o Begin with another baseline EEG recording with the subject’s eyes closed and in
a relaxed state for 1-2 minutes.
2. Auditory Stimulation:
o Place headphones on the subject, ensuring they are comfortably fitted.
o Present an auditory stimulus, such as a click sound or tone, to one ear at a time,
typically at 1 Hz.
o Record the EEG for about 100-200 trials for each ear.
3. Data Recording:
o Record the EEG data while the auditory stimulus is presented.
o Mark the time points in the EEG corresponding to the onset of each auditory
stimulus.

Post-Experiment:

Data Analysis:

 For VEPs, focus on the occipital electrodes to identify peaks typically around 70-100 ms post-
stimulus (P1, N1 components).
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

 For AEPs, analyze the central electrodes to identify the early peaks, such as the N1-P2
complex around 100-200 ms post-stimulus.

Interpretation:

 Compare the VEP and AEP waveforms to known reference patterns.

 Interpret the latency and amplitude of the evoked potentials, which may indicate normal
or abnormal sensory processing.

RESULT:
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

EX.NO: 2 MEASUREMENT OF GALVANIC SKIN RESISTANCE (GSR)

Objective

To measure and analyze the galvanic skin resistance (GSR), which reflects the changes in the
electrical properties (resistance or conductivity) of the skin in response to sweat gland activity
influenced by emotional and physiological stimuli.

Materials Required

1. GSR Sensor: A GSR sensor with electrodes (e.g., finger or palm electrodes).
2. Data Acquisition System: A computer with data acquisition software (e.g., LabVIEW,
Arduino IDE, or any GSR-specific software)
3. Electrodes: Disposable or reusable electrodes with conductive gel
4. Stimuli: Visual, auditory, or cognitive stimuli to evoke emotional responses (e.g.,
images, sounds, or tasks)
5. Stopwatch or Timer

Preparation

1. Subject Preparation:
o Ensure the subject is relaxed and seated comfortably in a quiet room with minimal
distractions.
o Clean the skin areas where electrodes will be placed (typically fingers or palms)
with alcohol wipes to remove oils and reduce impedance.
2. Equipment Setup:
o Connect the GSR sensor to the data acquisition system.
o Attach the electrodes to the subject's fingers (usually the index and middle
fingers) or palms using conductive gel for good contact.
o Calibrate the GSR sensor according to the manufacturer's instructions, ensuring it
is ready for accurate measurement.

Procedure

1. Baseline Measurement:
o Ask the subject to sit quietly and relax for 5 minutes to establish a baseline GSR
reading.
o Record the baseline GSR value for comparison with subsequent measurements.
2. Stimulus Presentation:
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

o Present a series of stimuli designed to evoke different emotional responses. These

could be images, sounds, or tasks. For example:
 Visual Stimulus: Show emotionally neutral images followed by
emotionally charged images.
 Auditory Stimulus: Play calming music followed by sudden loud noises.
 Cognitive Stimulus: Ask the subject to perform a simple mental
arithmetic task.
o Present each stimulus for a set duration (e.g., 30 seconds) while continuously
recording the GSR data.
o Allow a rest period between each stimulus presentation (e.g., 1-2 minutes) to
allow the subject's GSR to return to baseline.
3. Data Collection:
o Continuously monitor and record GSR during the entire experiment, noting the
time and type of each stimulus.
o Ensure the subject remains still and avoids unnecessary movements during data
collection to reduce noise and artifacts in the GSR signal.
4. Post-Experiment Rest:
o After all stimuli have been presented, allow the subject to rest for 5 minutes while
continuing to record GSR. This helps in capturing the recovery phase.
5. End of Experiment:
o Remove the electrodes from the subject's skin and clean the skin with alcohol
wipes.
o Save the recorded GSR data for analysis.
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

Data Analysis

1. Baseline Comparison:
o Compare the GSR readings during the baseline period with the readings during
stimulus presentation to determine the magnitude of response to each stimulus.
2. Stimulus Response Analysis:
o Analyze the GSR data to identify peaks and changes in resistance corresponding
to the presentation of each stimulus.
o Calculate the latency (time from stimulus onset to the peak response) and
amplitude of the GSR response.
3. Correlation with Stimuli:
o Correlate the GSR responses with the type of stimuli presented (e.g., emotional
vs. neutral) to assess how different stimuli affect skin conductance.
4. Statistical Analysis:
o If multiple subjects are involved, perform statistical analysis (e.g., t-tests,
ANOVA) to determine the significance of the observed differences in GSR
responses between different stimuli.

RESULT:
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

EXP. NO : 3 ANALYZE THE WORKING OF ESU – CUTTING AND COAGULATION

MODES.

Aim: To study and analyze the function and safety aspects of the electro surgerytechnique which is used
in the Electro Surgical Unit.

THEORY:

ELECTROSURGERY:

Electro surgery is the application of a high-frequency electric current to biological tissue as a means to
cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue. Its benefits include the ability to make precise cuts with
limited blood loss. Electrosurgical devices are frequently used during surgical operations helping to
prevent blood loss in hospital operating rooms or in outpatient procedures.

In electrosurgical procedures, the tissue is heated by an electric current. Electro surgery uses alternating
current to directly heat the tissue itself. When this results in destruction of small blood vessels and halting
of bleeding, it is technically a process of electro coagulation.

Electro surgery is performed using an electrosurgical generator (also referred to as power supply or
waveform generator) and a hand piece including one or several electrodes, sometimes referred to as an RF
Knife. The apparatus when used for cutting or coagulation in surgery is still often referred to informally
by surgeons as a "Bovie," after the inventor.

ECHNIQUES: CUTTING:
The electrode touches the tissue, and sufficiently high power density is applied to vaporize its water
content. Since water vapor is not conductive under normal circumstances, electric current cannot flow
through the vapor layer. Energy delivery beyond the vaporization threshold can continue if sufficiently
high voltage is applied (> +/-200 V) to ionize vapor and convert it into a conductive plasma. Vapor and
fragments of the overheated tissue are ejected. Forming a crater. Electrode surfaces intended to be used
for cutting often feature a finer wire or wire loop, as opposed to a more flat blade with a rounded surface.
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

COAGULATION:
When the electrode is placed near the skin, high frequency current is sent to the tissue in the form of a
burst, heating it locally so that it coagulates the tissue. Therefore it is performed using waveforms with
lower average power, generating heat insufficient for explosive vaporization, but producing a thermal
coagulum instead.

DESSICATION:
Electrosurgical desiccation occurs when the electrode touches the tissue open to air, and the amount of
generated heat is lower than that required for cutting. The tissue surface and some of the tissue more deep
to the probe dries out and forms a coagulum (a dry patch of dead tissue). This technique may be used for
treating nodules under the skin where minimal damage to the skin surface is desired.
FULGURATION:
In fulguration mode, the electrode is held away from the tissue, so that when the air gap between the
electrode and the tissue is ionized, an electric arc discharge develops. In this approach the burning to the
tissue is more superficial, because the current is spread over the tissue area larger than the tip of electrode.
Under these conditions, superficial skin charring or carbonization is seen over a wider area than when
operating in contact with the probe, and this technique is therefore used for very superficial or protrusive
lesions such as skin tags. Ionization of an air gap requires voltage in the kV range.
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT:
The heart of system is the logic and control part which produce the basic signal and provides various
timing signals for the cutting and coagulation modes of operation. Frequency range is from250 kHz to1
MHz .In the cutting it delivers400 W in 500 Ω load at2000 V. In the coagulation mode it delivers150 W.
The output circuit in ESU is generally isolated and carefully insulated from low frequency primary and
secondary voltage by means of capacitors. The block diagram shows the components of an electrosurgical
unit.

OPERATION:
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HOLYCROSSENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai Included under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
7/131, Holycross Nagar, Vagaikulam – Srivaikundatam Express Road, Thoothukudi - 628851

ELECTRODES USED:
The image below shows the electrodes generally in ESUs

RESULT: Thus the functions and safety aspects of the Electrosurgical Unit were studied.