CONTROL SYSTEMS

LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
CONTROL SYSTEMS
 ABOUT ME

❖ Teaching Experience: 14+ Years

❖ Qualification: M.E (Microelectronics), IISc Bangalore
❖ Achievements:
▪ Secured AIR 9 in GATE
▪ Mentored more than 50,000+ students
❖ Area of Expertise: Control Systems, Engineering Mathematics, Signals &
Systems, Digital Electronics, EMT and General Aptitude
 Official Syllabus : Electrical Engineering

GATE
Mathematical modeling and representation of systems, Feedback principle, transfer function, Block
diagrams and Signal flow graphs, Transient and Steady-state analysis of linear time invariant systems,
Stability analysis using Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist criteria, Bode plots, Root loci, Lag, Lead and Lead-
Lag compensators; P, PI and PID controllers; State space model, Solution of state equations of LTI
systems.

ESE
Principles of feedback, transfer function, block diagrams and signal flow graphs, steady-state errors,
transforms and their applications; Routh Hurwitz criterion, Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, root loci,
lag, lead and lead-lag compensation, stability analysis, transient and frequency response analysis, state
space model, state transition matrix, controllability and observability, linear state variable feedback,
PID and industrial controllers.
 Official Syllabus : Electronics & Communication Engineering

GATE
Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram
representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Frequency
response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots; Lag, lead and lag
lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI systems.

ESE
Classification of signals and systems; Application of signal and system theory; System realization;
Transforms& their applications; Signal flow graphs, Routh-Hurwitz criteria, root loci, Nyquist/Bode
plots; Feedback systems-open &close loop types, stability analysis, steady state, transient and
frequency response analysis; Design of control systems, compensators, elements of lead/lag
compensation, PID and industrial controllers.
BRANCH YEAR MARKS
ECE 2010 9 Weightage Analysis : ECE
ECE 2011 9

ECE 2012 9

ECE 2013 9

ECE 2014 8

ECE 2015 10

ECE 2016 8

ECE 2017 7

ECE 2018 8

ECE 2019 10

ECE 2020 6

ECE 2021 6

ECE 2022 8

ECE 2023 9

ECE 2024

ECE AVERAGE
BRANCH YEAR MARKS
EE 2010
Weightage Analysis : EE
8

EE 2011 9
EE 2012 9
EE 2013 10
EE 2014 7
EE 2015 9
EE 2016 9
EE 2017 9

EE 2018 8
EE 2019 8
EE 2020 8

EE 2021 8
EE 2022 8
EE 2023 8
EE 2024

EE AVERAGE
 Reference Books

Book Name: Automatic Control Systems Book Name: Nise's Control Systems Engineering
Author: Benjamin C. Kuo Author: Norman S. Nise
Publisher: Name: Wiley Publisher: Wiley
 GUIDELINES FOR LIVE CLASS

✓ Pen, Notebook and Calculator are must while attending the online class.

✓ Regularity and Punctuality is necessary.

✓ Hold chat while attending the class. We will allow you to ask and put your questions in the comment
box.
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Introduction

The basic objective of any control system & control a particular action in a predefined manner by
the application of an input through the elements of control system.
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open loop Control System

 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open loop Control System

In an open loop control system, the output has no effect on the control action of the
input.

Drawbacks:
1. The accuracy of the system depends upon the experience of the user.
2. It is poorly equipped to handle disturbance.
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closed loop Control System

 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closed loop Control System

 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closed loop Control System

One way in which we can accurately control the process is to measure the output and feed it back
to compare the actual output with the desired output.
Such a control system which uses measurement of the output to control the action of the input is
known as closed loop control system.
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop Control System Closed Loop Control System

It works generally more accurate because the error
The accuracy depends open the experience of the
between the actual output desired output is
user
measured continuously

It is easy to design and cheap It is complex in design & costly

The effect of noise is more The effect of noise is less

It may become unstable due to the introduction of

It is generally more stable
feedback elements

It is more sensitive to parameter variations It is less sensitive to parameter variations

 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Review of Laplace Transforms

x(t)  X(s)

X(s) =  x(t) e –st dt
0
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Review of Laplace Transforms

L{(t)} = 1 s
L{cos t} =
1
s2 + 2
–at
L{e }=
s+a 
L{sin t} =
L{u(t) or 1} =
1 s2 + 2
s
−at s+a
1 L{e cos t} =
L{r(t) or t} =
s2
(s + a)2 + 2

n n! −at 
L{t } = L{e sin t} =
(s + a)2 + 2
n+1
s
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Few Properties of Laplace Transform

1. L{x(t)}  X(s)
−sto
L{x(t − to )}  X(s)e

2. L{x(t)}  X(s)

s t
L{e o x(t)}  X(s − so )
3. Time derivative
L{x(t)}  X(s)
d 
L  x(t)  sX(s) − x(0)
 dt 
 d2 
L x(t)  s2 X(s) − sx(0) − x'(0)
2
 dt 
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Few Properties of Laplace Transform

4. Convolution
x(t) X(s)
y(t) Y(s)

x(t)  y(t)  X(s)Y(s)

c(t) = r(t)  g(t)

C(s) = R(s)G(s)
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Transfer Function

G(s) = L{g(t)}
g(t)  G(s)

G(s) =  g(t)e− st dt
0

Transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of output Laplace transform to the input
Laplace transform.
Mathematically it is equal to the Laplace transform of the impulse response of the system.
Transfer functions can be defined only for
i. initially relaxed systems i.e., the systems where initial conditions are zero.
ii. SISO Systems
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Q. Determine the transfer function of the system

dy(t)
+ 4y(t) = 3x(t)
dt
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Q. Determine the transfer function of the system

d2 y(t) 3dy(t)
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)
dt2 dt
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Q. Determine the transfer function of

d2 y(t) 6dy(t) d
+ + 8y(t) = x(t) + 3x(t)
dt2 dt dx
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Pole−Zero Diagram
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Definition of Poles & Zeros

Zeros: The values of ‘s’ for which the transfer function becomes zero are known as the zeros of
the function.

Poles: The values of ‘s’ for which the transform function becomes undefined as known as the
poles of the function.
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop System

C(s) = G(s)R(s)
C(s)
G(s) =
R(s)
 CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closed Loop System

R(s) = Input
C(s) = Output
G(s) = Forward path TF or gain
H(s) = Feedback path TF or gain
B(s) = Feedback signal
U(s) = Actuating signal
THANKS