SDM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UJIRE
Excellence in Education, Commitment to Society
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Introduction to Electrical Engineering
22ESC142
Module 4
Transformers: Necessity of transformer, Principle of
operation, Types and construction of transformers.
EMF equation, losses, variation in losses with respect
to load, efficiency and simple numerical.
Three Phase Induction Motors: Concept of rotating
magnetic field, Principle of operation, constructional
features of motor, types – squirrel cage and wound
rotor. Slip and its significance, simple numerical.
Text Books & Reference Books
Text Books:
1. Basic Electrical Engineering by D C Kulshreshtha, Tata
McGraw Hill, First Edition 2019.
2. A text book of Electrical Technology by B.L. Theraja, S
Chand and Company, reprint edition 2014.
Reference Books:
1. Basic Electrical Engineering, D. P. Kothari and I. J.
Nagrath, Tata McGraw Hill 4th edition, 2019.
2. Principles of Electrical Engineering & Electronics by V. K.
Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S. Chand and Company
Publications, 2nd edition, 2015.
3. Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering by Rajendra
Prasad, PHI, 3rd edition, 2014.
Module - 4
Topic: Necessity of transformer, Principle of
Operation, Types and construction of transformers.
EMF equation, losses, variation in losses with respect
to load, efficiency
TLO for the session
Learners will be able to understand the
Necessity, Working principle,
TLO
Constructional & Types, Losses and
efficiency of Transformers
Necessity of transformer, Principle
of Operation, Constructional
details
Transformers
A Transformer is a static device which transfers
electrical power from one circuit (primary) to
another circuit (secondary) with desired change in
voltage and current, without change in frequency.
Application of Transformer
Generation
Transmission
Distribution system
Necessity of Transformer
It can raise or lower the level of level of Voltage or
Current.
It can isolate two circuits electrically (Because
primary and secondary are connected magnetically
but not electrically).
Used in Generating stations to step up the voltage.
Used to step down the voltage in distribution stations
(at consumer premises).
Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation
When two coils are inductively coupled and if current in
one coil is changed uniformly then an emf gets induced in
the other coil. This is the principle of transformer.
The coil in which electrical energy is fed with help of source
Is called primary winding with turns N1.
The other winding connected to the load is called
secondary winding with turns N2.
Principle of Operation
When primary winding is excited by an alternating
voltage, it circulates an alternating current. This
alternating current produces an alternating flux Φ which
completes its path through common magnetic core.
Thus an alternating flux links with secondary winding.
As flux is alternating, according to faradays law of
electromagnetic induction, a mutually induced emf gets
developed in the secondary.
The symbol of transformer
Construction of Single Phase Transformer
Transformer are classification based on construction
i. Core type
ii. Shell type
Core Type
The vertical part of core is called limb and
horizontal part is called yoke. In this type of
transformer the windings are placed over limbs.
The primary and secondary are connected on
separate limbs encircling the core. The low voltage
coil is placed next to core where high voltage coil
surrounds low voltage coil. Core is made up of steel
laminations to reduce eddy current loss.
Shell type
It has a double magnetic circuit. The core has three
limbs.
Both the windings are placed on the central limbs. The
core encircles most part of the windings and are
sandwiched.
The flux in the central limb divides equally and returns
through the outer two legs. LV windings are placed
nearest to top and bottom of yokes. This is more
preferred for High voltages
EMF Equation
Let us consider a transformer having:
N1 = Primary turns
N2 = Secondary turns
Øm= maximum value of the flux in the core
Øm= Bm A,
Where
Bm = maximum flux density in the core
A = Area of cross section of the core
f1 = frequency of a.c. input in Hz.
The flux in the core will vary sinusoidally. So that it increases
from zero to maximum value Øm in one quarter of the cycle i.e.
in 1/4f second.
.`. Average rate of change of flux = Øm / 1/4f = 4fØm
w.k.t. Rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.m.f.
.`. Average e.m.f. induced / turn = 4fØm volts
Since the flux is varying sinusoidally, the r.m.s. value of induced
e.m.f. is obtained by multiplying the average value by form factor.
.`. r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced / turn
= 1.11 × 4f Øm volts
= 4.44 f Øm volts
The r.m.s. value of induced e.m.f. in the entire primary winding;
= (induced e.m.f. / turn ) × No. of primary turns, or
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Øm = 4.44 f N1 Bm A
In the similar manner, the r.m.s. value of induced e.m.f. in the
entire secondary winding is
E2 = 4.44 f N2 Øm = 4.44 f N2Bm A
In an ideal transformer on no- load,
Applied voltage, V1 = E1 and Secondary terminal voltage V2 = E2
Module – 4.b
Topic: Three Phase Induction Motors - Concept of
rotating magnetic field, Principle of operation,
constructional features of motor, types – squirrel
cage and wound rotor. Slip and its significance
TLO for the session
Learners will be able to understand the
Concept of RMF, Principle of operation,
TLO
construction, Types, Slip and its
significance
Three Phase Induction Motor
Introduction
A three phase induction motor is an A.C. motor.
Induction motor works on the principle of Induction i.e.,
when the power supply is given to the stator, it produces
rotating magnetic field which gets induced in the rotor
of Induction motor causing rotor to rotate.
Speed of the rotor is always less than the stator speed,
hence they are also called Asynchronous motor.
Of all the a.c. motors available, it is extensively used, because of
the following advantages:
Its construction is simple, rugged and almost unbreakable.
Its cost is low & is highly reliable.
Its efficiency is high.
It works with reasonably good power factor at rated load.
Its maintenance is less.
Induction motors are self-starting.
Hence, motors of smaller ratings do not require a starter.
The starting arrangements for large motors are simple.
The disadvantages are:
It is essentially a constant speed motor & the
speed cannot be changed easily. The speed
variation can be done at the cost of efficiency.
The starting torque is inferior to that of a D.C.
shunt motor.
Construction of 3-phase Induction Motor
NS =
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor:
Advantages
i. It is simple in construction, rugged & can withstand rough handling.
ii. Cost of maintenance and repair is less.
iii. It has better efficiency and power factor
iv. A simple star-delta starter is sufficient to start the motor
v. It is explosion proof as there are no slip rings, brushes and their
assembly.
Disadvantages
i. It has low starting torque.
ii. The p.f. at starting is lower.
iii. The starting current is high and it has no smooth running.
Applications
The squirrel cage induction motors are used for loads which require
normal starting torque such as lathes, agriculture & industrial pumps,
blowers, fans, centrifugal pumps etc.
Slip-ring Induction Motor
Advantages
i. It has external resistance in the rotor circuit which can be used as a
starter, especially with load, with higher starting torque and lower
starting current.
ii. The external resistance can be used to control the speed and also to
improve the power factor.
iii. The motor is smooth running.
iv. Slip-ring induction motors of very high capacity can be built.
Disadvantages
i. The size of the slip-ring induction motor of the same capacity is more
than that of squirrel cage induction motor.
ii. It is costlier as the construction is complicated.
iii. The maintenance and repair costs are quite high.
Applications
The slip-ring induction motors are used for loads which require high
starting torque such as conveyors, crushers, hoists, cranes, elevators,
compressors etc.
Working Principle
Slip Speed = Ns - N S= %S = x 100
Frequency of Rotor Current
When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of the rotor
current is the same as the supply frequency.
When the induction motor is rotating, the frequency of the
current induced in the rotor conductors is proportional to the
relative speed or slip speed.
If f’ is the frequency of the induced current in the rotor, then
NS – N =
But NS =
f’ = S f
Preferred Textbook:
1. Basic Electrical Engineering - D.C. Kulshreshtha,
TMH, 1st Edition, Revised.
2. Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and
Electronics - B. L. Theraja, S. Chand & Company
Ltd.
3. Principles of Electrical Engineering & Electronics
- V.K. Mehta.
4. Basic Electrical Engineering - M.V. Rao.
