CIVIL
TG ECET-2025
Syllabus of Civil Engineering
MATHEMATICS (50 Marks)
UNIT-I: MATRICES
Definition of Matrix, Types of matrices-Algebra of matrices-Transpose of a matrix-
Symmetric, skew symmetric matrices-Minor, cofactor of an element-Determinant of a
square matrix -Properties- Laplace’s expansion-singular and non-singular matrices-
Adjoint and multiplicative inverse of a square matrix-System of linear equations in 3
variables-Solutions by Cramer‘s rule, Matrix inversion method-Gauss-Jordan method.
Partial Fractions: Resolving a given rational function into partial fractions. Logarithms:
Definition of logarithm and its properties, meaning of ‘e’, exponential function and
logarithmic function.
UNIT–II: TRIGONOMETRY
Properties of Trigonometric functions– Ratios of Compound angles, multiple angles, sub
multiple angles – Transformations of Products into sum or difference and vice versa.
Properties of triangles: sine rule, cosine rule, tangent rule and projection rule. Solution
of a triangle when (i) three sides (SSS), (ii) two sides and an included angle (SAS), (iii)
one side and two angles are given(SAA). Inverse Trigonometric functions, Hyperbolic
functions.
Complex Numbers: Definition of a complex number, Modulus, amplitude and conjugate
of complex number, arithmetic operations on complex numbers - Modulus-Amplitude
form (Polar form) - Euler form (exponential form).
UNIT–III: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Straight Lines–different forms of Straight Lines, distance of a point from a line, angle
between two lines, intersection of two non-parallel lines and distance between two
parallel lines. Circles-Equation of circle given center and radius, given ends of diameter-
General equation- finding center and radius, center and a point on the circumference, 3
non-collinear points, center and tangent, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the
circle. Conic section – Properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola – Standard forms
with vertex at origin and axis along co-ordinate axes only, simple problems.
UNIT–IV: DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Functions and limits – Standard limits – Differentiation of sum, product, quotient of
functions, function of function, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential,
logarithmic, hyperbolic functions, implicit, explicit and parametric functions–Derivative
of a function with respect to another function-Second order derivatives – Geometrical
applications of the derivative(angle between curves, tangent and normal)–Increasing and
decreasing functions–Maxima and Minima(single variable functions) using second order
derivative only, Physical application – Rate measure - Partial differentiation–Partial
derivatives up to second order–Euler’s theorem.
UNIT–V: INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Indefinite integral – Standard forms – Integration by decomposition of the integrand,
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Integration of trigonometric, algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic
functions– Integration by substitution –Integration of reducible and irreducible quadratic
factors – Integration by parts– Definite integrals and properties, Definite integral as the
limit of a sum – Application of integration to find areas under plane curves and volumes
of solids of revolution– Mean and RMS values, Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3 rule
for approximation of integrals.
UNIT–VI: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definition of a differential equation-order and degree of a differential equation-
formation of differential equations-solution of differential equation of the type first order
first degree, variable-separable, homogeneous equations, exact, linear differential
equation of the form dy/dx+Py=Q, Bernoulli’s equation, 2nd order linear differential
equations with constant coefficients both homogeneous and non-homogeneous and
finding the particular integrals for the functions eax, sin ax, cos ax, ax2 +bx+c (a,b,c
are real numbers).
UNIT–VII: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Laplace Transforms (LT) of elementary functions-Linearity property, first shifting
property, change of scale property, multiplication by tn and division by t - LT of
derivatives and integrals, Unit step function, LT of unit step function, second shifting
property, evaluation of improper integrals, Inverse Laplace transform (ILT)-shifting
theorems, change of scale property, multiplication by sn and division by s, ILT by using
partial fractions and convolution theorem. Applications of LT to solve linear ordinary
differential equations upto second order with initial conditions.
UNIT–VIII: FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, Euler’s formulae over the interval (C, C+2π) for determining the Fourier
coefficients. Fourier series of simple functions in (0, 2π) and (–π, π), Fourier series for
even and odd functions in the interval (–π, π) – Half range Fourier series – sine and
cosine series over the interval (0, π).
PHYSICS (25 Marks)
UNIT-I: UNITS, DIMENSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
Physical quantity – Fundamental and derived quantities, unit – definitions – system of
units – Advantages of S.I. units.
Dimensions and dimensional formula – definitions, units and dimensional formulae for
physical quantities, Dimensionless quantities, Principle of homogeneity, Applications of
dimensional analysis – Checking the correctness of physical equations – conversion of
unit from one system to another system – problems on density, force and energy.
UNIT-II: VECTORS
Scalar and Vector quantities – definition and examples, representation of a vector,
Classification of vectors - Proper vector, Equal vectors, Unit vector, Negative vector,
null vector and Position vector, Resolution of a vector.
Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram law of vectors – statement- expression for magnitude
and direction of resultant vector –derivation-, Representation of a vector in unit vectors
i, j and k. – numerical problems.
Scalar product of vectors- application to work done by force and power – properties of
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scalar product. – Numerical problems.
Vector product of vectors– Right hand thumb rule and right hand screw rule -
application to torque - properties of vector product - Application to area of
parallelogram and triangle -numerical problems.
UNIT-III: MECHANICS
Concept of Friction - Normal reaction, Angle of friction, Motion of a body over a rough
horizontal surface - expressions for Acceleration, Displacement, Time taken to come to
rest - derivations, inclined plane - Motion of a body over a smooth inclined plane and
rough inclined plane–forces acting on the body -angle of repose, Application of friction
– brake systemin bicycle– numerical problems
Projectile motion – definition – examples, Horizontal projection - Oblique projection,
Expression for path of a projectile in oblique projection –derivation, Maximum height,
Time of ascent, Time of descent, Time of flight, Horizontal range and maximum
horizontal range in oblique projection– derivations, numerical problems
Circular motion – definition of angular displacement, angular velocity, angular
acceleration, frequency and time period, Relation between linear and angular velocity –
derivation – related numerical problems, Central force – examples, Expressions for
centripetal and centrifugal forces (no derivation), Applications of centripetal and
centrifugal forces - Banking of roads and its expression, bending of cyclist and principle
of centrifuge - related numerical problems.
UNIT-IV: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Elasticity – Elastic body –definition - examples, Stress and Strain – definitions and
expressions, types of stress and strain, elastic limit - Hooke’s law – statement – modulus
of elasticity, significance of stress and strain curve -Young’s modulus – Derivation,
numerical problems.
Surface tension - Capillarity –angle of contact – definition- examples for capillarity-
Formula for Surface tension based on capillarity (no derivation), effect of temperature
and impurity on surface tension, applications and illustrations of surface tension,
numerical problems.
Viscosity - Newton’s formula for viscous force – derivation - Coefficient of viscosity -
Poiseuille’s equation (formula only), Effect of temperature on viscosity of liquids and
gases, applications of viscosity, numerical problems.
Concept of fluid motion –streamline and turbulent flow, Reynold’s number, equation of
continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem (only formula) and applications - related problems.
UNIT-V: CONSERVATION LAWS AND ENERGY SOURCES
Work, Power and Energy – explanation, Potential Energy and Kinetic energy–examples
– expressions for Potential energy and Kinetic energy– derivations, Work-Energy
theorem – derivation, Law of conservation of energy – examples, Law of conservation
of energy in the case of freely falling body – proof – Illustration of conservation of
energy in the case of simple pendulum, related problems.
UNIT-VI: HEAT
Heat – thermal expansion of solids – Coefficients of expansions, Boyle’s law –
statement, concept of absolute zero - Absolute scale of temperature, Charles’ laws, Ideal
gas equation – derivation - value of universal gas constant ‘R’, Gas equation in terms of
density, Isothermal and Adiabatic processes - Differences between isothermal and
adiabatic processes, Internal energy and External work done, Expression for work done
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– derivation, first law of thermodynamics –application of first law to isothermal and
adiabatic processes, second law of thermodynamics, specific heats of a gas, related
numerical problems.
UNIT-VII: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Periodic motion - Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)– definition – examples, Conditions
for SHM, Time period, frequency, amplitude and phase of a particle in SHM,
Expressions for Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Time period and frequency of a
particle executing SHM – derivations,
Ideal simple pendulum – time period of simple pendulum –derivation, laws of simple
pendulum, Second’s pendulum- related numerical problems
UNIT-VIII: SOUND
Stationary waves, beats - applications of beats, echo –definition - applications - relation
between time of echo and distance of obstacle,
Doppler effect in sound (no derivation, formulae only) – list the applications –
ultrasound and radar in medicine and engineering- –derivation- Reverberation and time
of reverberation - Sabine’s formula - Free and forced vibrations - Resonance -
Conditions of good auditorium, noise pollution – causes, effects and methods to
minimize noise pollution, related numerical problems.
UNIT-IX: MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY
Basics of magnetism, Coulomb’s inverse square law in magnetism, moment of couple
on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field – derivation, expression for
magnetic induction field strength at a point on the axial line of a bar magnet –derivation,
Kirchhoff’s laws in electricity, Wheatstone bridge – balancing condition, application of
Wheatstone bridge –Meter bridge,
Concept of electromagnetic induction - self-induction and mutual induction, Faraday’s
Laws, Lenz’s law, principle and working of transformer-types of transformers, types of
magnetic materials – dia, para and ferromagnetic materials, related numerical problems.
UNIT-X: OPTICS
Light theories-dual nature, reflection, refraction, and interference,
Photo electric effect - Einstein’s photo electric equation – Work function and threshold
frequency - laws of photo electric effect - applications of photo electric effect – photo
cell.
UNIT-XI: MODERN PHYSICS
LASER – definition, Spontaneous emission and Stimulated emission –principle and
working of LASER, characteristics of LASER- types of LASER, applications of
LASER,
Total internal reflection, critical angle, conditions for total internal reflection, Principle
and working of Optical fiber –types- Applications of optical fiber –
Nanotechnology, nano particles and nano materials-applications and devices,
Superconductivity-basic concept-applications of Superconductors.
UNIT-XII: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
Energy bands in solids- valence band- conduction band – forbidden gap – Energy band
diagram of conductors, insulators and semiconductors – concept of Fermi level -
Intrinsic semiconductors - examples - Concept of holes in semiconductors - Doping -
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Extrinsic semiconductors - P-type and N-type semiconductors, PN Junction diode –
Forward Biasing and Reverse Biasing - Volt-Ampere (V-I) characteristics - Applications
of PN diode - Diode as rectifier (half wave rectifier), Light Emitting Diode – principle
and working, solar cell – principle and working.
CHEMISTRY (25 Marks)
UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
Atomic Structure: Introduction – Atomic number – Mass number- Isotopes and Isobars
- Bohr's Atomic Theory - Orbitals - Shapes of s, p and d orbitals – Aufbau principle -
Hund's rule - Pauli's exclusion principle - Electronic configuration of elements
Chemical Bonding: Introduction – Electronic theory of valency - Types of chemical
bonds - Ionic, Covalent, Co-ordinate covalent, Metallic and Hydrogen bonds with
examples - Properties of Ionic and Covalent compounds - Types of Hydrogen bonds –
Effect of hydrogen bonding on physical properties.
Oxidation-Reduction: Electronic concept of Oxidation, Reduction, Oxidation Number
- Calculations.
UNIT-II: SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS
Introduction - Solution – Solubility - Classification of solutions based on physical state-
Atomic weight, Molecular weight, Equivalent weight - Mole concept – Molarity and
Normality - Numerical problems on mole, molarity and normality – Colloids - Types of
colloids- Lyophilic and Lyophobic colloids - Protective Colloids - Gold number -
Properties of Colloids - Industrial applications of colloids.
UNIT-III: ACIDS AND BASES
Introduction - Theories of acids and bases and limitations - Arrhenius theory - Bronsted
-Lowry theory - Lewis’s acid base theory - Ionic product of water - pH and related
numerical problems - Buffer solutions- buffer action - Applications of buffer solutions -
Ostwald’s theory of indicators.
UNIT-IV: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Introduction - Environment -Scope and importance of environmental studies- Important
terms -Concept of ecosystem - Producers, consumers and decomposers - Food chain -
Food web - Carbon and nitrogen cycles - Biodiversity, definition and threats to
Biodiversity- Forest resources- Deforestation – Green Chemistry – E-waste –
Management of e-waste.
UNIT-V: WATER TECHNOLOGY
Introduction -Soft and hard water - Causes of hardness – Types of hardness -
Disadvantages of hard water using in industries - Degree of hardness - Softening
methods - Permutit process and Ion exchange process - Drinking water - Municipal
treatment of water for drinking purpose – Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis - Advantages
of Reverse osmosis – Desalination by Electro dialysis – Defluoridation – Nalgonda
Technique.
UNIT-VI: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Conductors, insulators, electrolytes – Types of electrolytes - Arrhenius theory of
electrolytic dissociation - Electrolysis – Electrolysis of fused NaCl and aqueous NaCl –
Applications of electrolysis - Faraday's laws of electrolysis- Numerical problems.
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UNIT-VII: METALLURGY
Characteristics of metals - Distinguish between metals and nonmetals - Mineral, Ore,
Gangue, Flux, Slag - Concentration of ore - Construction and operation of
Reverberatory furnace and Blast furnace - Methods of extraction of crude metal -
Roasting, Calcination, Smelting - Alloys-Purpose of making alloys - Composition and
uses of Brass, German Silver, Nichrome, Stainless Steel and Duralumin.
UNIT – VIII: CORROSION
Corrosion - Factors influencing the rate of corrosion – Dry and wet theories of corrosion
– Composition cell, Stress cell and Concentration cell - Rusting of iron and its
mechanism - Prevention of corrosion – Protective coatings - Cathodic protection - Paint
– Constituents of paint – Functions of constituents of paint.
UNIT – IX: POLYMERS
Polymers - Polymerization - Types of polymerizations – Addition polymerization and
Condensation polymerization - Plastics - Types of plastics - Advantages of plastics over
traditional materials - Disadvantages of using plastics - Preparation and uses of the
following plastics: 1. Polythene 2. PVC 3. Teflon 4. Polystyrene 5. Urea formaldehyde
6. Bakelite - Compounding and moulding of plastics – Natural rubber – Vulcanization of
natural rubber - Elastomers – Preparation and uses of Butyl rubber, Buna-S rubber and
Neoprene rubber - Fibre -Preparation and uses of Nylon 6,6 and Polyester (Polyethylene
terephthalate) - Biodegradable polymers and their general applications.
UNIT – X: FUELS AND LUBRICANTS
Definition and classification of fuels- Characteristics of good fuels - Calorific value -
HCV and LCV - Calculation of oxygen required for combustion of methane and ethane
– Preparation method, composition, calorific value, and uses of some gaseous fuels; a)
CNG b) LPG c) Water gas, d) Producer gas, e) Coal gas, and f) Bio gas – Explosives –
Classification of explosives – Applications of explosives – Lubricants – Classification
and functions of lubricants.
UNIT XI: ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND BATTERIES
Galvanic cell - Standard electrode potential - Reference electrodes - Types of reference
electrodes- Electro chemical series - EMF of cells and batteries -Types of batteries - Fuel
cells.
UNIT – XII: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Introduction- Classification of air pollutants based on origin and physical state of
matter-Air pollution – Causes, effects and controlling methods of air pollution - Water
pollution – Causes, effects and controlling methods of water pollution – Soil pollution –
Causes of soil pollution – General effects of soil pollution - Controlling methods of soil
pollution – Carbon Trading.
CIVIL ENGINEERING (100 Marks)
UNIT–I: ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Forces and moments- Vectors and scalars (Without i,j,k representations), resultant forces
at a point, resolution and moment of forces, types of supports, beams, types of loading.
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Centroid – rectangle, triangle, parallelogram, circle, semicircle, trapezium. Location of
centroid of T, L, I, channel, Z sections. built-up sections. Moment of Inertia and radius
of gyration – T, L, I and built up sections,; Polar moment of inertia of solid and hollow
circular sections using perpendicular axis theorem only. Simple stresses and strains -
ductile materials- - Hooke‘s law - lateral strain-Poisson‘s ratio-Elastic constants and the
relation between them- Composite sections-Mechanical properties of materials.
UNIT-II: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Shear force and Bending Moment Diagrams for cantilever, Simply supported and
overhanging beams subjected to Point loads and UDL. Theory of simple bending-
assumptions-bending equation-bending Stresses-Section Modulus Neutral Axis -
Flexural Rigidity, Radius of curvature, Moment of Resistance – Calculation of bending
stresses in Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical sections-practical applications.Shear stress
distribution across various sections like rectangular, circular and I and T- Sections-
Torsion-solid and hollow circular shafts subjected to pure torsion – shear stress –
distribution in shafts – power transmitted by circular shafts.
Slope and Deflection of cantilevers and simply supported beams by Double Integration
method and Deflection of simply supported beams by Macaulay‘s method – Mohr‘s
theorems for slopes and deflections-Symmetrical loading. Columns and struts-types-
slenderness ratio- Euler’s and Rankine’s formulae for axial loading.
UNIT-III: REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Grades of concrete, characteristic strength, Modulus of Elasticity-I.S.456-2000-
Philosophy of Limit state design. Limit state of Strength and Serviceability, partial
safety factor-design strength of materials and design loads- assumptions – stress strain
diagram of singly reinforced R.C.C beams.
Analysis and Limit state design of rectangular Beams-Singly, Doubly reinforced and T-
beams. Shear in RCC beams - Development length. Slabs-analysis and limit state design
of one-way and two-way slabs as per IS.456-2000, Torsion reinforcement. Design of
continuous slabs and beams - Deflection check for slabs and beams. Detailing of
reinforcement in singly reinforced and doubly reinforced simply supported beams of
rectangular sections and lintels, one way and two way slabs.
Columns: Codal provisions of I.S 456-2000 - short and long columns-different shapes-
design of short columns by limit state method-long columns- concept, effective length
for different end conditions. Footings-Isolated column footings-one way shear and two
way shear.
UNIT-IV: SURVEYING
Chain surveying - purpose and principle-offsets - errors and corrections- different
operations in chain surveying- obstacles - methods of calculation of area. Compass
Surveying - purpose and principle - bearings- traversing using prismatic compass- local
attraction - errors. Levelling - definitions - component parts of Dumpy level - contouring
- Methods of levelling - errors - characteristics and methods. Theodolite - principles and
component parts- fundamental lines and relationship among them – temporary
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adjustments of theodolite - measurement of horizontal and vertical angles - errors-
traverse computations - Bowditch and Transit rule. Tachometry - principles - stadia
tachometry - tangential tachometry (simple problems), Principle and uses of E.D.M,
Electronic Theodolite, Total Station, Global positioning System - Importance, G.I.S –
Use and applications in Civil Engineering, Curves - simple curves, elements of simple
curve, setting out of simple curves by chain & tape, single & double theodolite
method(problems).
UNIT-V: HYDRAULICS
Fluid properties - specific weight – mass density-specific gravity - surface tension -
capillarity-viscosity. Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure.
Centre of pressure and total pressure on plane surfaces, measurement of fluid pressure
using piezometer and manometers. Types of flows-uniform, non-uniform, steady,
unsteady, laminar and turbulent flows. Energies of liquid in motion - continuity
equation. Bernoulli‘s theorem - Pitot tube - Venturimeter. Flow thorough small and large
orifices, coefficients of orifices - Cc, Cv and Cd. Flow through internal, external,
convergent and divergent mouthpieces. Types of Notches - rectangular and triangular,
Types of Weirs- sharp crested and broad crested-mathematical formulae for discharge-
Francis and Bazin’s empirical formulae.
Flow through pipes-major and minor losses - Chezy‘s and Darcy‘s formulae for loss of
head due to friction-HGL & TEL. Discharge through parallel pipes, Reynolds number,
Flow through open channels-rectangular and trapezoidal - Chezy‘s formula for discharge
-Manning‘s equation for Chezy‘s constants-Most economical sections. Reciprocating
and Centrifugal pumps (without problems). Classification of Turbines - Kaplan, Francis
and Pelton wheel (without problems) – component parts and functions of surge tanks.
UNIT VI: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Necessity of Irrigations - Perennial and inundation Irrigation, Flow and Lift Irrigation,
Principal seasons - kharif and rabi crops - Duty, delta and base period. Methods of
Irrigation - check flooding, basin flooding, Border strip, furrow, sprinkler and drip
Irrigations. Hydrology - Rainfall, types of Rain gauges, types of catchments-rainfall and
runoff (without problems). Measurement of velocity of flow in streams. Classification of
Head works - component parts of diversion head works. Weirs and Barrages. Percolation
and uplift pressures. Types of Reservoirs - dead storage and live storage.
Storage Head works-different types of dams- gravity dams-low and high dams. Failures
of gravity dams - drainage galleries. Types of spillways. Earth dams - types, failures and
precautions. Phreatic lines. Distribution works-classifications and alignment of canals-
typical cross section of canal-berms - balanced depth of cutting- canal lining. Cross
drainage works – types and functions. Soil erosion, Types and causes-measures to
control erosion.
UNIT VII: TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Importance of transportation engineering-I.R.C. – Classification of roads as per I.R.C.,
recommended I.R.C. values of camber for different roads. Gradients – Ruling gradient,
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limiting and exceptional gradient, Recommended I.R.C values of gradients.
Traffic Engg.- Traffic studies and its importance, Road intersections- Traffic signs-
Informatory signs- Mandatory signs, Cautionary signs – pavement – types of pavement
– CBR test. Highway constructions and Maintenance - Purpose of road drainage- surface
and sub-surface drainage, Typical cross section of highway in cutting and embankment.
Water bound macadam roads, Cement concrete roads. Permanent way of Railways,
Importance of Railways- Gauge, Types of gauges, Structure of permanent way –
different types of rails, requirements of a good rail, Sleepers- functions, Types of
sleepers, characteristics of a good sleeper –spacing of sleepers-sleeper density(without
problems).
UNIT VIII: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
Quality of water, Need for protected water supply, Total quantity of water for a town,
per capita demand and factors affecting demand, Forecasting population by arithmetical,
geometrical and incremental increase methods, Sources and conveyance of water:
surface sources, underground sources, Types of Intakes. Quality and Methods of
purification of water.
Distribution System: Methods of supply, Storage-Distribution systems, Types of layout-
dead end, grid, radial and ring system their merits and demerits and their suitability.
General layout of water supply arrangements in buildings.
System of sewage disposal-types of sewerage systems, design of sewers. Different
shapes of cross-section for sewers, Strength of sewage, sampling of sewage,
characteristics of sewage - principles of treatment, Preliminary and secondary treatment
(theoretical concepts). BOD-COD-pH. Sewers –sewer appurtenances-shapes, merits and
demerits. Septic tank – soak pit(without problems).
UNIT IX: BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
Stones-classification of rocks. Bricks – manufacturing, tests on bricks. Tiles- types of
tiles. Cement- classification, manufacturing - tests - As per IS specifications. Mortars –
classification - proportioning. Concrete- proportioning – water-cement ratio –
workability – admixtures-curing methods-R.M.C. Timber and surface protective
materials. Characteristics-types and uses.
Classification of buildings, foundations-N.B.C classification-bearing capacity of soil-
types of foundations. Masonry-Bonds in brick masonry. Plastering-purpose. Pointing
purpose and types.
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