‫حكومة ارستقراطية‬

Aristocracy

- A government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or privileged upper class.

- Government by those considered to be the best or most able people in the state

‫هيئة تشريعية ذات مجلسين‬

Bicameral Legislature

- A legislature that comprises two chambers. The US Congress is a bicameral

legislature ; its two chambers are the House of Representative and the Senate

‫الرأسمالية‬
Capitalism

The economic system in which all or most of the means of production and -
distribution, as land, factories, railroads, etc., are privately owned and operated for
profit, originally under fully competitive conditions: it has been generally
characterized by a tendency toward concentration of wealth, and, in its later phase, by
.the growth of great corporations, increased governmental control, etc

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately -
or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and
.reinvestment of profits gained in a free market

- Economic system in which (1) private ownership of property exists; (2) aggregates
of property or capital provide income for the individuals or firms that accumulated it
and own it; (3) individuals and firms are relatively free to compete with others for
their own economic gain; (4) the profit motive is basic to economic life

‫جرائم الحرب‬
Crimes of war (War crimes)

- Any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war,

committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare

- Crimes committed against an enemy, prisoners of war, or subjects in wartime that

violate international agreements or, as in the case of genocide, are offenses against
humanity.
Serious violations of the laws applicable in armed conflict (Also known as -
International humanitarian law )giving rise to individual criminal responsibility.
Examples of such conduct includes "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of
civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-
treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of prisoners, "the wanton destruction of
cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian
."necessity

‫ديمقراطية‬
Democracy

- Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is

vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a
free electoral system.

- Government in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through
elected representatives.

‫عقوبات اقتصادية‬
Economic sanctions

- The imposition of international economic boycotts and embargoes.

- Any actions taken by one nation or group of nations to harm the economy of
another nation or group, often to force a political change.

- Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of
countries) on another for a variety of reasons. Economic sanctions include, but are not
limited to, tariffs, trade barriers, import duties, and import or export quotas.

‫تطهير عرقي‬

Ethnic cleansing

- The elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by

genocide or forced emigration.

- Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of
countries) on another for a variety of reasons. Economic sanctions include, but are not
limited to, tariffs, trade barriers, import duties, and import or export quotas.

‫فاشية‬
Fascism

- A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator,

stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and
censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.
‫فيدرالية‬
Federalism

- A political system in which authority is shared between a central government

and states or regional governments

‫تدخل إنساني‬
Humanitarian intervention
- A term used to describe when a state or group of states employs military force
within another country's territory to protect civilians from atrocities, such as civil war,
starvation or genocide.
- Entry into a country of the armed forces of another country or international
organization with the aim of protecting citizens from persecution or the violation of
their human rights. The creation of safe havens in north and south Iraq following the
Gulf War, and intervention in Somalia, Haiti, Liberia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and
Sierra Leone have seen (mostly American led) military operations to protect certain
groups in the population.

‫محكمة العدل الدولية‬

International Court of Justice

- The principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Located in The Hague, the
Netherlands, it was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations.

- The chief judicial agency of the United Nations, established in 1945 to decide
disputes arising between nations.

‫المحكمة الجنائية الدولية‬

International Criminal Court

- An independent, permanent court that tries persons accused of the most serious
crimes of international concerns, namely genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes.

‫القانون اإلنساني الدولي‬

International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

- The law of war that is outlined in the Geneva Conventions and other documents. It
defines the conduct and responsibilities of nations and individuals engaged in warfare.
IHL seeks to protect civilians from aggression.

‫ليبرالية‬
Liberalism

- Advocacy of positive government action to improve the welfare of individuals,

support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change.
 ‫هيئة تشريعية‬
Legislature

- A deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make,

change, or repeal the laws of a country or state; the branch of government having the
power to make laws, as distinguished from the executive and judicial branches of
government.

‫نظام برلماني‬
Parliamentary System

- Representative democracy where political power is vested in an elected legislature.

‫السياسة‬

Politics

- The art and science of government and conducting the affairs of a state

‫جمهورية‬

Republic

- A political order whose head of state is not a monarch and in modern times is
usually a president.
- a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and
is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them.

‫فصل السلطات‬
Separation of Powers

- Division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government among

separate and independent bodies. Such a separation limits the possibility of arbitrary
excesses by government, since the sanction of all three branches is required for the
making, executing, and administering of laws
- the principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and
judicial powers of a government.

‫االشتراكية‬
Socialism

- A social system in which the means of producing and distributing goods are owned
collectively and political power is exercised by the whole community.
- A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the
ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land,
etc., in the community as a whole.

‫حكومة دينية‬
Theocracy

- A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.

- A system of government by priests claiming a divine commission.

‫الشمولية‬
Totalitarianism

- A political system where the state, usually under the power of a single political
person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate
every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
- Form of government that subordinates all aspects of its citizens' lives to the authority
of the state, with a single charismatic leader as the ultimate authority.

‫هيئة تشريعية ذات مجلس واحد‬

Unicameral Legislature

A legislature that comprises chamber.

‫اإلعالن العالمي لحقوق اإلنسان‬

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- The Declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 and
drafted by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt. The Declaration includes 30
articles that define civil and political rights (including right to life, liberty, and fair
trial) as well as definitions of economic, social, and cultural rights, all of which owed
by the UN member states to those under their jurisdiction.