Unit-7

Advanced Transaction Processing

Prepared By:
Dr. Aayushi Chaudhari,
Assistant Professor, CE, CSPIT,
CHARUSAT

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Agenda
• Transaction-Processing Monitors
• Transactional Workflows
• Main-Memory Databases
• Real-Time Transaction Systems
• Long-Duration Transactions

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What is advanced transaction processing?
• Advanced Transaction Processing (ATP) in Database
Management Systems (DBMS) extends the traditional
concept of transactions to handle more complex,
high-volume, and distributed data processing needs.
• It supports modern applications that require enhanced
scalability, reliability, and functionality.

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Key features of Advanced Transaction Processing:
1. Enhanced Scalability
ATP systems are designed to handle large-scale, high-volume transactions efficiently.
Supports concurrent execution of thousands or even millions of transactions without compromising
performance.
Ensures load balancing and optimized resource utilization in distributed environments.
2. Complex Transaction Support
ATP supports long-duration transactions that span hours or days, such as workflows, supply chain
management, or batch processing.
3. Distributed and Parallel Processing
Facilitates distributed transactions across multiple databases or servers in different geographic
locations.
Utilizes two-phase commit (2PC) or three-phase commit (3PC) protocols to ensure atomicity and
consistency across systems.

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Cont..
4. Real-Time Processing
ATP supports real-time transaction processing, ensuring low-latency responses for
applications like financial trading, e-commerce, and IoT systems.
5. Fault Tolerance and Recovery
Advanced mechanisms ensure high availability and fault tolerance, even in the event of
system failures.
Checkpointing and logging allow systems to recover transactions and maintain consistency.
6. Workflow and Process Management
ATP systems support workflow management to handle interdependent tasks and business
processes.
Enables stateful transactions where partial results are saved and resumed later.
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Transaction-Processing Monitors
• Transaction Processing Monitors are developed for building complex
transaction processing systems with a large number of clients and servers.
• Transaction Processing Monitors acts as middlewares (middleware is software that
helps and bridges a variety of communication/connectivity between two or more
applications) its main task is to support and handle interactions between
applications on a variety of computer platforms.
• Transaction Processing Monitors is also usually known as TP-monitors which
provides functionalities such as managing, deploying, and developing
transactional distributed information systems. It controls programs that monitor
or manage a transaction of data as it passes from one stage in a process to
another in an organized transaction-oriented manner.
• A transaction monitor can be used in various system components such as communication
systems, and operating systems for transaction-protected applications.
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TP Monitor Workflow

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Components of TP Monitor
Network: External users or systems send and receive transaction requests.
Input Queue: This is the entry point for all transaction requests.
Authorization: Validates transaction requests to ensure they are from authenticated and authorized users.
Application Servers: The core processing unit of the system. Handles the logic and execution of the transactions.
Coordinates with other components, such as the lock manager, recovery manager, log manager, and
database/resource managers, to complete the transaction.
Lock Manager:Ensures data consistency and prevents conflicts by managing locks on resources (e.g., database
records) accessed by transactions.
Recovery Manager: Handles transaction recovery in case of failures (e.g., system crashes, power outages).
Log Manager: Maintains a log of all transactions, including their states (e.g., started, committed, aborted).
Database and Resource Managers:Responsible for managing access to databases and other resources required by
transactions. Ensures ACID property.
Output Queue: Stores the results of completed transactions before they are sent back to the client via the network.
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Example of Transactional Workflows
Online Shopping Workflow
Step 1: Validate customer details and payment method.
Step 2: Deduct payment from the customer's account (transaction 1).
Step 3: Update inventory to reflect the item purchase (transaction 2).
Step 4: Generate an order record and send a confirmation email (transaction 3).
ACID Properties:
If payment fails, no inventory update or order record creation occurs (atomicity).
Inventory is not updated unless sufficient stock is available (consistency).
Multiple customers ordering simultaneously do not affect each other's transactions (isolation).
Successful order is saved even if the system crashes afterward (durability).
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Main-Memory Database
A Main-Memory Database (MMDB) is a database management system that stores the
entire database in the main memory (RAM) instead of traditional disk storage.
• This approach allows for significantly faster data access and processing compared
to disk-based systems.
• Since data is stored in RAM, read/write operations are much faster than disk-based
systems.
• Although data is stored in volatile memory (RAM), MMDBs ensure persistence
using techniques like periodic snapshots, transaction logs, or replication.
• MMDBs support transactions and ensure the ACID properties for reliability and
consistency
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Real-Time Transaction System
A Real-Time Transaction System (RTTS) is a type of database management system
designed to handle and process transactions with strict timing constraints. These systems
are critical in environments where the correctness of a transaction depends not only on its
logical consistency but also on its timeliness.
• Transactions must be completed within a predefined time frame (hard or soft deadlines).
• Ensures multiple transactions can run simultaneously without interfering with each other.
• Transactions are assigned priorities based on their urgency, ensuring critical tasks are
completed first.
• The system ensures consistent performance and meets deadlines even under high loads.

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Long-Duration Transactions
Long-Duration Transactions (LDTs) are database transactions that run for extended periods,
often spanning minutes, hours, days, or even weeks. These transactions are common in
environments where operations involve complex processes or workflows that cannot be
completed in a short time.
May involve communication with external resources, such as other databases, file systems, or
user inputs.
Due to the long duration, these transactions are more prone to system crashes, deadlocks, or
other failures.
Intermediate states or partial results may need to be saved for recovery or validation.

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