U.L.E.L.

E 2019

SECTION-B

4. Answer the following questions briefly :7x2=14

(a) Mention the three steps for conducting remedial teaching.

Ans:Three steps for conducting remedial teaching are:

(1) Identify Learning Gaps: Assess students to determine specific areas where they are struggling and
need additional support.

(2) Set Clear Objectives: Establish clear, achievable learning goals tailored to address the identified gaps.

(3) Adapt Teaching Strategies: Implement targeted teaching methods and materials to help students
overcome their difficulties and achieve the set objectives.

(b) State four possible relationship between language and people.

Ans : Four possible relationships between language and people are:

1. Cultural Identity: Language is a key component of cultural identity, helping individuals express their
heritage and connect with their cultural community.

2.Social Interaction: Language facilitates social interaction, allowing people to communicate, share
ideas, and build relationships within their communities.

3.Power Dynamics: Language can reflect and reinforce power dynamics in society, with certain
languages or dialects often associated with higher social status or authority.

4.Cognitive Development: Language plays a crucial role in cognitive development, influencing how
people think, learn, and process information.

(c) Write two demerits of grammar translation method.

Ans : Two demerits of the Grammar Translation Method are:

(1) Lack of Speaking and Listening Practice: This method focuses heavily on reading and writing,
neglecting the development of speaking and listening skills, which are crucial for effective
communication.

(2) Teacher-Dependent Learning: It often leads to students becoming overly reliant on the teacher for
translations and explanations, reducing their ability to think and learn independently.

(d) Explain briefly the relationship between reading and writing.

Ans : Reading and writing are closely linked because:

(2) Cognitive Processes: Both involve similar cognitive processes such as decoding, encoding, and
understanding language structures, making them interdependent.

(e) What is cumulative record and why would you prefer it over the other récords?

Ans : A cumulative record is a comprehensive document that tracks a student’s academic and personal
development over time, including grades, attendance, behavior, and other relevant information.

Preference Reasons:

(1) Holistic View: It provides a complete picture of a student’s progress and growth, helping teachers
and parents understand the student’s overall development.

(2) Informed Decision-Making: With detailed historical data, educators can make better-informed
decisions regarding interventions, support, and future planning for the student.

(f)What is expository text? Give examples.

Ans : Expository text is a type of writing that aims to inform, explain, or describe a topic in a clear and
straightforward manner. It focuses on delivering factual information without the author’s personal
opinions or arguments.

Examples of Expository Text:

(1) Textbooks: Provide detailed explanations of subjects like science, history, and mathematics.

(2) News Articles: Report on events and provide factual information about current afford.

(g) Briefly explain observation as an assessment and highlight the two types of observation.

Ans : Observation as an Assessment: Observation is a method of assessing students by systematically

Two Types of Observation:

(1) Naturalistic Observation: This involves observing students in their usual environment without
interference, allowing for the collection of authentic data on their natural behaviors.

(2) Controlled Observation: This type involves observing students in a structured setting where specific
variables are manipulated to study their responses under controlled conditions.

SECTION-C

5. Write short notes on: 6x4-24

Ans : Informative Function:

(1) Communication of Information: The informative function of language is used to convey factual
information, describe events, and share knowledge. It involves statements that can be verified as true or
false, such as news reports, scientific explanations, and instructional texts.

(2) Examples: “The Earth revolves around the Sun,” or “Water boils at 100°C.”

Performative Function:

(1) Performing Actions: The performative function of language involves using words to perform actions.
This includes making promises, giving orders, or declaring something officially. The act of speaking itself
accomplishes the action.

(2) Examples: “I hereby declare the meeting open,” or “I promise to help you with your project.”

(b) The oral approach and situational language teaching.

Ans : The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching:

(1) Foundational Principles: Developed by British applied linguists between the 1930s and 1960s, this
approach emphasizes teaching language through structured, controlled practice of vocabulary and
grammar in specific situational contexts.

(2) Focus on Speech: The method prioritizes speaking and listening skills over reading and writing. It
aims to develop practical language use by presenting language structures in meaningful situations.

(3) Behaviorist Influence: It is based on behaviorist theories of learning, which emphasize habit
formation through repetition and practice. Mistakes are minimized to avoid forming bad habits.

(4) Structured Syllabus: The syllabus is designed around a set of high-frequency vocabulary and
grammatical structures, which are taught through situational contexts to help learners internalize
language rules.

(c) Portfolio as a tool in assessment.

Ans : Portfolio as a Tool in Assessment:

(1) Comprehensive Evaluation: Portfolios provide a holistic view of a student’s progress and abilities over
time. They include a variety of work samples, such as essays, projects, and reflections, showcasing the
student’s learning journey and achievements.

(2) Encourages Reflection: Portfolios encourage students to reflect on their own work and learning
processes. This self-assessment helps them identify strengths and areas for improvement, fostering a
deeper understanding of their own learning.
(3) Personalized Learning: Portfolios can be tailored to individual students, allowing them to
demonstrate their unique skills and interests. This personalized approach makes assessment more
meaningful and relevant to each student.

(4) Engages Multiple Stakeholders: Portfolios can be shared with teachers, parents, and peers, providing
a comprehensive picture of a student’s development. This collaborative approach helps in setting goals
and planning further learning activities.

(d) Benefits of constructive approach in teaching language at school.

Ans : The constructivist approach offers several benefits in teaching language at school:

(1) Active Learning: Students actively engage with the language through meaningful activities, which
helps them construct their own understanding and retain information more effectively.

(2) Real-Life Application: This approach emphasizes using language in real-life situations, making
learning more relevant and practical. Students practice communication skills that they can use outside
the classroom.

(3) Collaboration and Interaction: Constructivist methods encourage group work and peer interaction,
which enhances social skills and allows students to learn from each other.

(4) Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving: By exploring language through problem-solving tasks and
critical thinking exercises, students develop higher-order thinking skills that are essential for language
mastery.

(e) Teachers role in acquiring second language.

Ans : Teachers play a crucial role in second language acquisition through various strategies and
approaches:

(1) Creating a Supportive Environment: Teachers establish a positive and encouraging classroom
atmosphere where students feel comfortable taking risks and making mistakes, which is essential for
language learning.

(2) Providing Comprehensible Input: They use language that is slightly above the students’ current
proficiency level, known as “i+1,” to help students understand and acquire new language structures and
vocabulary.

(3) Facilitating Interaction: Teachers design activities that promote interaction among students, such as
group work, discussions, and role-plays, which are vital for practicing and internalizing the language.

(4) Using Varied Teaching Methods: They employ a range of teaching methods and materials, including
visual aids, realia, and multimedia resources, to cater to different learning styles and keep students
engaged.
(f) Kind of assessment a teacher should carry out in order to follow Continuous and Comprehensive
Evaluation (CCE).

Ans : To follow Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), a teacher should carry out the
following types of assessments:

(1) Formative Assessment: These are ongoing assessments conducted during the learning process. They
help identify learning gaps and provide immediate feedback to improve student performance. Examples
include quizzes, class discussions, assignments, and observations.

(2) Summative Assessment: These assessments are conducted at the end of a term or academic year to
evaluate overall learning outcomes. They include exams, final projects, and standardized tests.

(3) Diagnostic Assessment: This type of assessment is used to diagnose students’ strengths and
weaknesses before instruction begins. It helps in planning targeted interventions and personalized
learning strategies.

(4) Portfolio Assessment: A portfolio is a collection of a student’s work over time, showcasing their
progress and achievements. It provides a comprehensive view of their learning journey and helps in
continuous monitoring.

SECTION-D

6. Answer any two questions: 2 x 6 = 12

(a) Elaborate the rules that govern the language learning system

Ans : Certainly! Here are the key rules that govern the language learning system:

(1) Phonology: This involves the rules that govern the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech
sounds. It includes understanding how sounds function in a particular language or dialect.

(2) Morphology: This refers to the rules that govern the structure of words. It includes the formation of
words through the combination of morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning.

(3) Syntax: These are the rules that govern the structure of sentences. Syntax involves the arrangement
of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

(4) Semantics: This involves the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences. It includes
understanding how meaning is constructed and interpreted in different contexts.

(5) Pragmatics: These rules govern the use of language in social contexts. Pragmatics involves
understanding how context influences the interpretation of meaning, including the use of language in
different social situations.
(6) Sociolinguistics: This involves the rules that govern how language varies and changes in different
social contexts. It includes understanding how factors like region, class, and social setting influence
language use.

OR

(b) What are the factors that influence language learning for kids?

Ans : Here are six key factors that influence language learning for children:

(1) Motivation: A child’s interest and enthusiasm for learning a language significantly impact their
progress. When children are motivated, whether through personal interest or understanding the
practical benefits, they tend to learn faster and more effectively.

(2) Support at Home: The language environment at home plays a crucial role. Children who are exposed
to multiple languages or have family members who encourage and support language learning often
show better proficiency.

(3) Prior Linguistic Knowledge: Children who have already learned one language may find it easier to
learn additional languages. They can transfer skills and recognize patterns, which aids in acquiring new
languages.

(4) Learning Environment: A positive and supportive classroom environment can enhance language
learning. Factors such as low anxiety, encouragement, and a culture that values language learning
contribute to better outcomes.

(5) Teaching Strategies: The methods and strategies used by teachers are vital. Effective teaching
strategies that include interactive and engaging activities help children grasp language concepts more
easily.

(6) Age: Younger children often learn languages more naturally and with greater ease. Early exposure to
language learning can lead to better pronunciation and fluency.

These factors collectively influence how well and how quickly children can learn new languages. Each
element plays a part in creating an effective and supportive language learning experience.

(c) What is the role of writing in the process of language learning?

Ans : Writing plays a crucial role in the process of language learning for several reasons:

(1) Enhances Cognitive Development: Writing helps learners organize their thoughts and ideas, which
enhances cognitive processes. It allows them to structure their sentences and refine their language use,
leading to better understanding and retention.

(2) Reinforces Learning: Writing provides a tangible record of what has been learned. This “hard copy” of
progress helps learners review and consolidate their knowledge, identify mistakes, and track their
improvement over time.
(3) Improves Vocabulary and Grammar: Through writing, learners actively use new vocabulary and
grammatical structures. This practice helps solidify their understanding and correct usage, making it
easier to recall and apply these elements in speaking and reading.

(4) Facilitates Feedback and Correction: Writing allows teachers and peers to provide feedback on
language use. Constructive feedback helps learners recognize and correct errors, leading to improved
language proficiency.

(5) Promotes Critical Thinking: Writing encourages learners to think critically about how they express
their ideas. It requires them to consider the best way to convey their message clearly and effectively,
which enhances their overall communication skills.

(6) Supports Other Language Skills: Writing is interconnected with other language skills such as reading,
listening, and speaking. It helps reinforce these skills by providing a comprehensive approach to
language learning, ensuring a well-rounded proficiency.

OR

(d) Explain in detail, micro-processes in reading.

Ans : Micro-processes in reading refer to the fundamental, low-level cognitive operations that occur as
we read. These processes are essential for decoding and understanding text. Here are the key micro-
processes involved:

(1) Word Recognition: This is the ability to identify and understand words quickly and accurately. It
involves recognizing familiar words by sight and decoding unfamiliar words using phonetic rules.

(2) Phonological Processing: This involves the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes, the
smallest units of sound. Phonological processing is crucial for decoding words and understanding their
pronunciation.

(3) Vocabulary Knowledge: Understanding the meaning of words is essential for comprehension. This
includes knowing the definitions of words and how they are used in different contexts.

(4) Syntactic Parsing: This process involves understanding the grammatical structure of sentences. It
includes recognizing parts of speech, sentence patterns, and the relationships between words in a
sentence.

(5) Chunking: This refers to grouping words into meaningful phrases or chunks. Chunking helps readers
process information more efficiently by reducing the cognitive load of reading each word individually.

(6) Working Memory: This is the ability to hold and manipulate information in the mind over short
periods. Working memory is used to keep track of information as we read, such as remembering the
beginning of a sentence while reading the end.