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The document outlines key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java, highlighting its characteristics such as simplicity, platform independence, and security. It covers fundamental programming structures including variables, data types, control flow statements, and methods, as well as advanced topics like inheritance, overloading, overriding, and exception handling. Additionally, it explains the concept of threads and their life-cycle, emphasizing the importance of these concepts for developing robust Java applications.

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Aseem Prakhar Sharma
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12 views4 pages

Networking[1]

The document outlines key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java, highlighting its characteristics such as simplicity, platform independence, and security. It covers fundamental programming structures including variables, data types, control flow statements, and methods, as well as advanced topics like inheritance, overloading, overriding, and exception handling. Additionally, it explains the concept of threads and their life-cycle, emphasizing the importance of these concepts for developing robust Java applications.

Uploaded by

Aseem Prakhar Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sure, let’s go through the key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java, including its

characteristics and fundamental programming structures.

### Characteristics of Java

1. **Simple:** Java is designed to be easy to learn and use.


2. **Object-Oriented:** Everything in Java is treated as an object.
3. **Platform-Independent:** Java code is compiled into bytecode which can run on any system with a
JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
4. **Secure:** Java has built-in security features.
5. **Robust:** Java has strong memory management, exception handling, and type checking.
6. **Multithreaded:** Java supports concurrent execution of two or more threads (part of a program) for
maximum utilization of CPU.
7. **Distributed:** Java supports networking and can create distributed applications.
8. **High Performance:** Just-In-Time compilers and various optimizations provide high performance.
9. **Dynamic:** Java can adapt to an evolving environment by loading classes at runtime.
10. **Portable:** Java bytecode can be carried to any platform.

### Fundamental Programming Structures in Java

1. **Variables:** Containers for storing data values. Types include ‘int‘, ‘float‘, ‘char‘, ‘boolean‘, etc.
2. **Data Types:** Defines the type of data that can be stored and manipulated within a program. Includes
primitive types (like ‘int‘, ‘float‘, etc.) and reference types (like arrays, classes).
3. **Operators:** Symbols that perform operations on variables and values (e.g., ‘+‘, ‘-‘, ‘*‘, ‘/‘).
4. **Control Flow Statements:** Includes ‘if-else‘, ‘switch‘, loops (‘for‘, ‘while‘, ‘do-while‘), and branching
statements (‘break‘, ‘continue‘, ‘return‘).
5. **Arrays:** Containers that hold a fixed number of values of a single type.

### Abstract Class

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is often used as a base class. It can contain
abstract methods (without a body) that must be implemented by subclasses, as well as regular methods.

‘‘‘java
abstract class Animal {
abstract void makeSound(); // Abstract method
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Sleeping...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {


void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
‘‘‘

### Interfaces

An interface is a reference type in Java that is similar to a class. It is a collection of abstract methods. A
class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the interface.

‘‘‘java
interface Animal {
void makeSound(); // Abstract method
}

class Dog implements Animal {


public void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
‘‘‘

### Defining Methods

Methods in Java are defined inside a class and are used to perform certain actions. A method definition
includes a method signature (name, parameters) and a body.

‘‘‘java
class Example {
void printMessage() {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
‘‘‘

### Inheritance

Inheritance is a mechanism where one class acquires the properties and behaviors (methods) of another
class. The class that inherits is called the subclass (or derived class), and the class being inherited from is
called the superclass (or base class).

‘‘‘java
class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {


void bark() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
‘‘‘

### Overloading

Method overloading allows a class to have more than one method having the same name, if their
parameter lists are different.

‘‘‘java
class MathOperation {
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

double add(double a, double b) {


return a + b;
}
}
‘‘‘

### Overriding

Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method that is
already defined in its superclass.

‘‘‘java
class Animal {
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Some sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {


@Override
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
‘‘‘

### Packages

A package is a namespace that organizes classes and interfaces by functionality. Java uses packages to
avoid name conflicts and to control access.

‘‘‘java
package com.example;

public class Example {


// Class code here
}
‘‘‘

### Exception Handling

Java provides a powerful mechanism for handling runtime errors using exceptions. It uses ‘try‘, ‘catch‘,
‘finally‘, ‘throw‘, and ‘throws‘.

‘‘‘java
try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("This will always execute.");
}
‘‘‘

### Threads
A thread is a lightweight process. Java provides built-in support for multithreaded programming.

‘‘‘java
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
}
}

public class Example {


public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
}
}
‘‘‘

### Thread Life-Cycle

The life-cycle states of a thread include:

1. **New:** The thread instance is created.


2. **Runnable:** The thread is ready to run.
3. **Running:** The thread is executing.
4. **Blocked/Waiting:** The thread is blocked or waiting for a resource.
5. **Terminated:** The thread has finished executing.

‘‘‘java
public class Example implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {


Thread t1 = new Thread(new Example());
t1.start();
}
}
‘‘‘

These concepts form the foundation of Java’s Object-Oriented Programming approach and are essential
for developing robust and scalable applications.

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