Lecture Notes
Unit III
Big Data and IoT (IDS201T)
Topics covered: Evolution - Data Evolution, Data Terminologies, Big Data Definitions,
Essential of Big Data in Industry 4.0, Big Data Merits and Advantages, Big Data
Components, Big Data Characteristics, Big Data Processing Frameworks, Big Data
Applications, Big Data Tools, Big Data Use cases : Big Data in Social Causes, Big Data for
Industry Internet of Things (IoT) : Introduction to IoT, Architecture of IoT, Technologies for
IoT, Applications of IoT: Manufacturing ,Healthcare, Education, Aerospace and Defense,
Agriculture, Transportation and Logistics.
Evolution of Data & Big Data
1.1 Data Evolution
Data has evolved over time, from simple handwritten records to digital storage.
Earlier, data was stored in files, then databases, and now in cloud storage.
With the internet and smart devices, data is being generated in massive amounts every
second.
1.2 Data Terminologies
Structured Data: Organized data stored in tables (e.g., databases, Excel files).
Unstructured Data: Data without a fixed format (e.g., emails, videos, social media
posts).
Semi-Structured Data: Combination of both structured and unstructured data (e.g.,
XML, JSON).
1.3 Big Data Definitions
Big Data refers to large volumes of data that are difficult to store, process, and
analyze using traditional methods.
Example: Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter generate huge amounts
of data daily.
1.4 Essentials of Big Data in Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 represents the fourth industrial revolution, where automation, AI, and
smart technologies play a major role.
Big Data helps industries improve efficiency, reduce costs, and make data-driven
decisions.
Example: Smart factories using real-time data to monitor machine performance.
Big Data Characteristics & Processing
2.1 Big Data Merits and Advantages
Better decision-making using data analysis.
Improved customer service and personalized recommendations.
Fraud detection in banking and online transactions.
2.2 Big Data Components
Data Sources: Social media, IoT devices, business transactions, sensors.
Storage: Cloud storage, data lakes, distributed databases.
Processing: Analyzing large amounts of data quickly using frameworks like Hadoop
and Spark.
2.3 Big Data Characteristics (5Vs)
1. Volume: Large amount of data.
2. Velocity: Fast data generation and processing.
3. Variety: Different types of data (text, images, videos, etc.).
4. Veracity: Accuracy and reliability of data.
5. Value: Useful insights derived from data.
2.4 Big Data Processing Frameworks
Hadoop: An open-source framework for storing and processing large data sets.
Spark: Faster data processing framework for real-time analytics.
NoSQL Databases: MongoDB, Cassandra for handling unstructured data.
Big Data Applications & Use Cases
3.1 Big Data Applications
Healthcare: Predicting diseases using patient data.
Retail: Personalized recommendations on e-commerce websites.
Banking: Fraud detection and risk analysis.
Education: Improving student learning using performance data.
3.2 Big Data Tools
Hadoop: Large-scale data processing.
Spark: Real-time data analytics.
Tableau: Data visualization.
Python & R: Programming languages for data analysis.
3.3 Big Data Use Cases
Big Data in Social Causes
Disaster Management: Predicting and responding to natural disasters.
Disease Tracking: Analyzing COVID-19 trends using Big Data.
Crime Prevention: Identifying crime-prone areas using data analysis.
Big Data for Industry
Smart Manufacturing: Real-time monitoring of machines.
Supply Chain Optimization: Tracking products in logistics.
Customer Insights: Understanding customer behavior in marketing.
Introduction to IoT & Architecture
4.1 Introduction to IoT
IoT stands for the Internet of Things, where devices are connected to the internet to
share data.
Example: Smart home devices like Alexa, Smart TVs, and connected cars.
4.2 Architecture of IoT
1. Perception Layer: Sensors and devices that collect data (e.g., temperature sensors,
cameras).
2. Network Layer: Transfers data between devices (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth, 5G).
3. Edge Layer: Processes data near the source before sending it to the cloud.
4. Cloud Layer: Stores and analyzes data using Big Data technologies.
5. Application Layer: User interfaces, mobile apps, dashboards to visualize data.
4.3 Technologies for IoT
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Used for tracking items.
WiFi & 5G: Enables fast communication between devices.
Cloud Computing: Stores and processes IoT data.
AI & Machine Learning: Helps in decision-making using data from IoT devices.
IoT Applications in Different Industries
5.1 IoT Applications in Various Fields
1. Manufacturing
Smart factories use IoT for predictive maintenance and automation.
Example: Machines notify technicians before they break down.
2. Healthcare
Wearable health devices track heart rate, blood pressure, and physical activity.
Example: Smartwatches monitoring heart rate and alerting doctors.
3. Education
IoT-enabled smart classrooms improve student engagement.
Example: Interactive whiteboards and attendance tracking using facial recognition.
4. Aerospace and Defense
IoT sensors in aircraft monitor engine performance.
Military drones use IoT for surveillance.
5. Agriculture
Smart irrigation systems use IoT to optimize water usage.
Example: Soil moisture sensors control irrigation automatically.
6. Transportation and Logistics
IoT helps in real-time vehicle tracking and fleet management.
Example: GPS tracking for delivery trucks to optimize routes.
5.2 Future of IoT and Big Data
Smart Cities: IoT for traffic control, waste management, and energy conservation.
Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars using IoT sensors.
5G and Edge Computing: Faster and more efficient data processing for IoT devices.
Question Bank
Unit III
Big Data and IoT
2 Marks Questions (Short Answer)
1. Define Big Data in simple terms.
2. What are the three main types of data?
3. Mention any two characteristics of Big Data.
4. What is the role of sensors in IoT?
5. Give one example of IoT in agriculture.
5 Marks Questions (Brief Explanation)
1. Explain the importance of Big Data in Industry 4.0.
2. What are the key components of Big Data?
3. Describe the architecture of IoT with a simple diagram.
4. How does Big Data help in fraud detection in banking?
5. Discuss the role of cloud computing in IoT.
10 Marks Questions (Detailed Explanation)
1. Explain the five characteristics (5Vs) of Big Data with examples.
2. Describe the Big Data processing frameworks Hadoop and Spark.
3. Discuss five real-world applications of IoT in different industries.
4. Explain how Big Data and IoT are transforming the healthcare sector.
5. Describe the future trends and challenges of IoT and Big Data.
