Teacher: Mostafa Kayello Scholastic year: 2023-2024
Math department Class: Grade 9
Name: ________________ Revision Geometry
Angles:
1) Acute angle: an angle is acute if its measure less than 90𝑜 and greater
than 0𝑜 .
2) Right angle: is an angle whose measure is equal to 90𝑜 .
3) Obtuse angle: an angle is obtuse if its measure less than 180𝑜 and greater
than 90𝑜 .
4) Straight angle: is an angle whose measure is equal to 180𝑜 .
Y
Complementary angles: two angles are said to be complementary if their
sum is 90𝑜 . Z
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑍 + 𝑍𝑂̂𝑌 = 90𝑜
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂̂𝑌 are complementary angles.
O X
Supplementary angles: two angles are said to be supplementary if their
sum is 180𝑜 . Z
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑍 + 𝑍𝑂̂𝑌 = 180𝑜
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂̂𝑌 are supplementary angles. Y X
O
U
Vertically opposite angles: are the angles opposite to each other when to
lines intersect. Y X
O
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑈 and 𝑌𝑂̂𝑉 are vertically opposite angles.
𝑌𝑂̂ 𝑈 and 𝑋𝑂̂𝑉 are vertically opposite angles. V
𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑈 = 𝑌𝑂̂ 𝑉 and 𝑌𝑂̂𝑈 = 𝑋𝑂̂𝑉.
Midpoint of a segment:
If 𝑀 is the midpoint of [𝐴𝐵] then: 𝐴 𝑀 𝐵
𝐴𝑀 = 𝑀𝐵.
Symmetry of a point with respect to a point:
If 𝐴 is the symmetry of 𝐵 with respect to 𝑀, then: 𝐴 𝑀 𝐵
𝑀 is the midpoint of [𝐴𝐵]
Symmetry of a point with respect to a line:
(𝑑)
If A is the symmetry of B with respect to (d), then:
(d) is perpendicular bisector of [AB]. 𝐴 𝐵
1
Collinear points: three points are collinear if they make a straight angle. 𝑇 𝑍
Three points 𝑋, 𝑂 and 𝑌 are collinear if:
1) 𝑋𝑂̂ 𝑍 + 𝑍𝑂̂𝑇 + 𝑇𝑂̂ 𝑌 = 180𝑜 𝑌 𝑋
𝑂
2) 𝑋𝑌 = 𝑋𝑂 + 𝑂𝑌
3) O is the midpoint of [𝑋𝑌]. 𝑈 𝑉
4) If (𝑈𝑉) // (𝑂𝑌) and (𝑈𝑉) // (𝑂𝑋) then (𝑈𝑉) // (𝑋𝑌)
then 𝑋, 𝑂 and 𝑌 are collinear. (d)
Perpendicular bisector: the perpendicular bisector of a segment is a
perpendicular that passes through the midpoint of this segment. 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑑) is the perpendicular bisector of [𝐴𝐵], or axis of symmetry. C O
(d)
𝑀
Property: if a point belongs to the perpendicular bisector of the segment, C
then it is equidistant from its extremities.
𝐴 𝐵
If 𝑀 belongs to the perpendicular bisector (d) of [𝐴𝐵], then: C O
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵.
Converse: if a point is equidistant from the extremities of a segment, then (d)
𝑀
it belongs to the perpendicular bisector. C
If 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵, and OA=OB then:
𝐴 𝐵
(𝑑) is perpendicular bisector of [AB].
C O
Orthogonal projection: 𝐴
Point 𝑯 is the orthogonal projection of point 𝑨 on the line (𝒙𝒚). C
Or we say: 𝑯 is the foot of perpendicular from 𝑨 to the line (𝒙𝒚 ). 𝑥 𝑦
𝐻
How to prove perpendicular bisector:
By 90𝑜 and midpoint.
Activity 1:
(D)
Given the adjacent figure:
𝐸
1) What does line (𝐷) represent for [𝐴𝐵] ? Juestify. C
4 𝑐𝑚
2) Calculate 𝐸𝐵.
3) Show that 𝐹 belongs to (𝐷). 𝐴 CVC 𝐵
C O
3 𝑐𝑚 3 𝑐𝑚
CVC CVCV
𝐹
C
2
Arcs and angles:
Central angle Inscribed angle
𝐴 𝐴
𝐼
𝑂 𝑂
𝐵
𝐵
̂
𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑂̂ 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵
̂ 𝐴𝐼̂𝐵 =
2
Inscribed angle Internal angle
facing diameter
𝐴
𝐶
𝐸
𝐵
𝐵 c
𝐴 𝑂
𝑂
𝐹
𝐶
𝐴𝐶̂ 𝐵 = 90𝑜 ̂ + 𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝐹
𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐶 ̂
𝐴𝐵̂𝐶 = 𝐸𝐵̂𝐹 =
2
External angle
𝐶
𝐷 𝑂
𝐸
𝐵
̂ − 𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝐸
𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐶 ̂
𝐴𝐵̂𝐶 = 𝐷𝐵̂𝐸 =
2
15
Relative position of a line and a circle:
Consider the 𝐶(𝑂, 𝑟) and the line (𝑑)
Case 1: External line
If (𝑑) and (𝐶) have no point of intersection
𝐴
then (𝑑) is external to (𝐶)..
➢ The distance from 𝑂 to (𝑑) > 𝑟 𝑟 𝑂
𝑂𝐴 > 𝑟
(𝑑)
Case 2: Secant (Chord)
If (𝑑) and (𝐶) have two points of intersction,
then (𝑑) is secant to (𝐶). 𝐴
➢ The distance from 𝑂 to (𝑑) < 𝑟 𝑟 𝑂
𝑂𝐴 < 𝑟
(𝑑)
Case 3: Tangent
If (𝑑) and (𝐶) have one point of intersection,
then (𝑑) is tangent to (𝐶).
𝐴
➢ The distance from 𝑂 to (𝑑) = 𝑟
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑂
➢ If (𝑑) is tangent to (𝐶) at 𝐴,
then (𝑂𝐴) is perpendicular to (𝑑).
➢ 𝐴 is called the point of tangency or
(𝑑)
the point of contact.
Property:
two tangent from the same point to
the same cicle are equal. 𝐴
If (𝑀𝐴) is tangent to (𝐶) at 𝐴,
and (𝑀𝐵) is tangent to (𝐶) at 𝐵.
Then: 𝑀 𝑂
➢ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵
➢ [𝑀𝑂) is the bisctor of angles
𝐴𝑀̂ 𝐵 and 𝐴𝑂̂ 𝐵.
𝐵
➢ [𝑀𝑂) is perpendicular bisctor of [𝐴𝐵].
16
