Programs

◼ Write a C Program to find the roots of a

quadratic equation.
◼ Write a C Program which uses looping
statements.
Quadratic Equation (QE)
Algorithm: Roots of a QE
Step 1: Input coefficients ‘a’, ’b’ and ‘c’.
Step 2: Check if a is 0, if true, please “Invalid
input”.
Step 3: Find discriminant d=b2-4ac.
Step 4: if d is 0, find roots, r1=r2=-b/2a,
Display r1 and r2
Step 5: if d is greater than 0, find roots,
r1= (−b+√(b2 − 4ac))/2a, r2= (−b-√(b2 − 4ac))/2a.
Display r1 and r2;
Quadratic Equation (QE)
Step 6: if d is less than 0, find real part and
imaginary part.
 real_part = -b/2a;
 Imag_part = sqrt(abs(b2 − 4ac))/2a
 r1= real_part + i * imag_part
 r2= real_part - i * imag_part
 Display r1 and r2

◼ Step 7: Stop
Managing Input and
Output Operations
 Agenda
◼ Reading a Character
◼ Writing a Character
◼ Formatted Input
◼ Formatted Output
Reading a Character
◼ To read a single character from the
standard input device, getchar function
can be used.
var_name= getchar();
◼ Example:
char ch;
ch=getchar();
◼ getchar() can be used inside a loop with
proper terminating condition, to accept
multiple characters.
◼ Functions related to characters are
 isalnum(c) - Is ‘c’ an alphanumeric
character?
 isalpha(c) - alphabet
 isdigit(c) - digit
 islower(c) - lower case letter
 isprint(c) - printable character
  ispunct(c) - punctuation mark
 isspace(c) - white space
 isupper(c) - upper case letter

◼ ctype.h header file should be mentioned in

the program
Writing a Character
◼ To print a single character on the standard
output device, putchar function is used.
putchar(var_name);
ch=‘Y’;
putchar(ch);
◼ To print a new line character
putchar(‘\n’);
Formatted Input
◼ We go for formatted input when we have to
input multiple values of different types
Example: 15.75 123 John
◼ scan formatted (scanf) is the formatted
input statement.
Syntax:
scanf(“control string”,arg1,arg2,arg3,…argn);
◼ Control string specifies the format of the
data and arg1, arg2…argn specifies the
address or the location.
◼ Control string may contain numbers
specifying the numbers of characters to be
inputted.
◼ Inputting Integer Numbers
 Field specification will contain
%wd
 w- integer number specifying the field width
 d- integer number will be saved
 scanf (“%2d %5d”, &n1,&n2);
◼ If input is 50 31426, then 50 is assigned
to n1 and 31426 is assigned to n2.
◼ If input is 31426 50, then 31 is assigned
to n1 and 426 is assigned to n2. 50 is kept
in the buffer, and used in the next scanf
statement.
◼ If scanf statement encounters incorrect
input then it stops taking further inputs.
◼ Values can be skipped using * symbol.
scanf (“%d %*d %d”, &a, &b);
◼ If the input line is 123 456 789, then 123 is
assigned to a, 456 is skipped and 789 is
assigned to b.
◼ “ld” indicates that number is long integer
and “h” indicates that number is short
integer.
◼ Do not use unnecessary symbols in scanf
statement.
Example: scanf (“%d-%d”,&n1,&n2);
◼ For the above scanf statement the inputs
will be successfully read only if the inputs
are given as 4-2 or 8-6, i.e First value
followed by ‘-’ symbol and followed by
second values.
◼ Inputting Real Numbers
 Field width is not specified in case of floating
point values.
scanf (“%f %f %f”, &x,&y,&z);
 To read double values, use %lf instead of %f
 To skip values use ‘ * ’ symbol.
◼ Inputting Character Strings
 %ws or %wc is used to input specified
number of characters.
 Some versions of scanf also support following
formats

%[characters] - accepts these characters

%[^characters] - Do not accept these

characters
◼ Reading Mixed Data Types
 To achieve this the order and the type should
be specified correctly
 scanf(“%d %c %f %s”, &n1,&ch,&n2,name);
 scanf returns the number of values
successfully read. This can be used for Error
detection in inputs.
X=scanf(“%d %c %f %s”, &n1,&ch,&n2,name);
 Ifall the inputs are taken successfully then x
will have the values 4.
Formatted Output
◼ The printf statement is used to display the
results in the required alignment and
format
◼ Syntax:
printf(“control string”,arg1,arg2,…argn);
◼ Control string can have characters, Format
specifications and Escape sequence
characters
 % w.p type-specifier
◼ w- an integer values specifying total width
◼ p- integer value that specifies the number
of digits after decimal point
◼ Output of Integer values
% wd
 w is the width that has to printed, if the
original values is more than w, then the whole
values is printed.
printf(“%d”, 9876); 9 8 7 6
printf(“%6d”, 9876); 9 8 7 6
printf(“%2d”,9876); 9 8 7 6
printf(“%-6d”, 9876); 9 8 7 6
printf(“%06d”,9876); 0 0 9 8 7 6
◼ Default is right justified, to left justify it we
use ‘-’ symbol.
◼ To add preceding 0s we use 0 in the
control string
◼ Output of Real Numbers
% w.p f
 w- min number of positions to be displayed
 p- number of digits after decimal point
 If y=98.7654
printf(“%7.4f”,y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4
printf(“%7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 7
printf(“%-7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 7
printf(“%e”,y); 9 . 8 7 6 5 4 0 e + 0 1
 printf (“*.*f”, w,p,y);
 User can define the field size at run time.
◼ Printing a Single Character
 To print a single character, we use %w c
 Default is right justified, ‘ – ‘ is used to make it
left justified
◼ Printing of Strings
 Format is like printing real numbers
% w.ps
◼ w- specifies the field width
◼ p- indicates the number of characters to
be printed
◼ Default is right justified, ‘ - ’ is used to
make it left justified.
(Please refer text book for example)
◼ Mixed Data Output
 printf is used to print mixed data values as
shown below
printf (“%d %f %s %c”, a,b,c,d);
 printf returns the number of characters
printed.