Points to Remember

Anatomy : Anatomy is the study of internal structure of organisms. Plant

anatomy includes organisation and structure of tissues.
Tissue is a group is cells having a common origin and usually performing
a common function.
There are two types of tissues (i) Meristematic (ii) Permanent
Meristematic tissues : The meristematic tissue is made up of the cells which
have the capability to divide. Meristems in plants are restricted to a specialised
regions and responsible to the growth of plants.

Meristems

Apical meristem Intercalary meristem Lateral Meristem

 Occurs at the tips of  Occurs between  Occurs in the mature

roots and shoots mature tissue region of roots and

shoots
 Primary meristem  Primary meristem  Secondary meristem

 Increase the length of  Occur in grasses and  Appears later than

plant regenerate parts primary meristem

removed by grazers and responsible for
secondary growth
Axillary bud : The buds which are present in the axils of leaves (Consist
of cells left behind from shoot apical meristem) and are responsible for forming
branches of flowers.
Permanent tissues : The permanent tissues are derived from meristematic
tissue, are composed of cells, which have lost the ability to divide and have become
structurally and functionally specialised.

54 Biology Class - 11
 Types of Permanent Tissue

Simple (i) Complex (ii)

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem

Parenchyma : Living, thin walled isodiametric cells, with interceullar spaces,

cell wall is made up of cellulose. It performs the functions like photosynthesis,
storage, secretion.
Collenchyma : It is formed of living, closely packed cells. Its cells are
thicknened at the corners due to depositon of celluose and pectin. It provide
mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant. It is either found in
homogenous layer or patches.
Sclerenchyma : It is formed of dead cells with thick and lignified walls.
Provide mechanical support to organs. They have two types of cells : fibres and
sclereids.
(a) Fibers—are thick walled,elongated and pointed cells.
(b) Sclereids—are spherical, oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells
with narrow lumen. Found in walls of nut, pulp of fruits like guava, seed coat of
legumes and leaves of tea.
Xylem : Xylem consists of tracheids vessels, xylem fibres and xylem
parenchyma. It conducts water and minerals from roots to other parts of plant.
(a) Tracheids—Tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering
ends; dead, without protoplasm.
(b) Vessel—long cylindrical structure made up of many cells with large
central cavity, devoid of protoplasm. Present in angiosperms.
(c) Xylem fibres—highly thickened walls; with obliterated lumens; septate
or aseptate.
(d) Xylem parenchyma—living and thin walled; cell walls made up
cellulose, store food material in form of starch or fat.
Radial conduction of water takes place by ray parenchymatous cells
Protoxylem : The first formed primary xylem elements.
Metaxylem : The later formed primary xylem.
Endarch : Protoxylem lies towards the centre and metaxylem towards the
periphery of the organ; in stem

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 Exarch : Protoxylem toward periphery and metaxylem towards centre; in
roots.
Phloem :Phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem
fibres and phloem parenchyma; Phloem transports the food material from leaves
to various parts of the plant.
(a) Sieve tube elements :
 long tube like structures arranged longitudinally.

 associated with companion cells.

 end walls are perforated to form sieve plates.

 functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus of companion cells.

(b) Companion cells

 Specialised parenchymatous cells associated with sieve tube elements

 Connected with sieve tube elements by pit fields present between their

common longitudinal walls

 Help to maintain pressure gradient in sieve tubes.

(c) Phloem Parenchyma

 made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells with dense cytoplasm and

nucleus.
 cell wall made of cellulose with pits through which plasmodesmatal

connections exist between cells.

 store food material.

(d) Phloem fibers (bast fibers)

 are sclerenchymatous; absent in primary phloem but present in secondary

phloem.
 elongated, unbranched pointed, needle like apices with thick cell walls.

Protophloem : First formed phloem with narrow sieve tubes.

Metaphloem : Later formed phloem with bigger sieve tubes.
The Tissue System :
1. Epidermal tissue system : It includes cuticle, epidermis, epidermal hairs,
root hairs, trichomes and stomata.
The Tissue System :
(1) Epdiermal tissue system : It includes.
(a) Cuticle—Waxy thick layer outside epidermis, prevents the loss of water.
(b) Epidermis : Outer most layer of primary plant body.
(c) Epidermal hair : help in absorbing water and mineral from soil.
(d) Trichomes : help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.

56 Biology Class - 11
 (e) Stomata : Regulate process of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
Stomatal apparatus : The stomatal aperture, guard cells and surrounding
subsidiary cells are together called stomatal apparatus.

Nucleus

2. The ground tissue system : It is made up of parenchyma, collenchyma,

sclerenchyma. In dicot stems and roots (both monocots and dicots) the ground
tissue is divided into hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, medullary
rays and pith.
3. The vascular tissue system : It includes vascular bundles which are made
up of xylem and phloem.

Anatomy of Flowering Plants 57

Anatomy of Root
Dicot Root Monocot Root

1. Cortex is comparatively narrow. 1. Cortex is very wide.

2. Endodermis is less thicknened 2. Endodermal cells are highly
casparian strips are more thickened Casparian strips are visible
prominent. only in young roots.
3. The xylem and phloem bundles 3. Xylem and phloem are more than 6
varies from 2 to 5. (polyarch).
4. Pith is absent or very small. 4. Well developed pith is present.
5. Secondary growth takes place 5. Secondary growth is absent.
with the help of vascular cambium
and cork cambium.

Casparian Strips—The tangential as well as radial walls of endodermal

cells of dicot roots have deposition of water impermeable, waxy material, suberin
in the form of casparian strips.
Antomy of Stem
Dicot Stem Monocot Stem

1. The ground tissue is differentiated 1. The ground tissue is made up of similar

into cortex, endodermis, pericycle cells.
and pitch.
2. The vascular bundles are arranged 2. The vascular bundles are scattered
in a ring. throughout the ground tissue.
3. Vascular bundles are open, without 3. Vascular bundles are closed,surrounded
bundle sheath and wedge-shaped by sclerenchymatous bundle sheath,
outline. oval or rounded in shape.
4. The stem shows secondary growth 4. Secondary growth is absent.
due to presence of cambium
between xylem and phloem.

Secondary growth dicot stem—An increase in the girth (diameter) in plants.

Vascular cambium and cork cambium (lateral meristems) are involved in secondary
growth.

58 Biology Class - 11
 1. Formation of cambial ring : Intrafascicular cambium + interfascicular
cambium.
2. Formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem from cambial ring.
3. Formation of spring wood and autumn wood.
4. Development of cork cambium(phellogen)
Cork (phellem) – From outer cells
Cork Cambium (Phellogen)
Sec. cortex (phelloderm) – from inner cells
(Phellogen + Phellem + Phelloderm) = Periderm
Secondary growth in dicot roots : Secondary growth in dicot roots occur
with the activity of secondary meristems (vascular cambium). This cambium
is produced in the stele and cortex, and results in increasing the girth of dicot
roots.
Anatomy of Leaf
Dorsiverntral (Dicot) Leaf Isobilateral (monocot) Leaf

1. Stomata are absent or less abundant 1. The stomtata are equally distributed
on the upper side. on both sides.
2. Mesophyll is differentiated into two 2. Mesophyll is undifferentiated.
parts upper palisade parenchyma
and lower spongy parenchyma.
3. Bunldle sheath is single layered and 3. Bundle sheath may be single or
formed of colourless cells. double layered.
4. Hypodermis of the mid-rib region, is 4. Hypodermis of the mid-rib region
collenchymatous. is sclerenchymatous.
5. Stomata have kidney shaped guard 5. Stomata have dumb bell shaped
cells. guard cells.

Spring Wood Autumn Wood

1. Also called early wood. 1. Also called late wood

2. Cambium is active 2. Cambium less active
3. Xylary elements more 3. Xylary elements less
4. Vessels with wide cavities 4. Vessels narrow
5. Light in colour, low density 5. Dark, high denisty

Anatomy of Flowering Plants 59

 Heartwood Sapwood

1. Central or innermost region of stem 1. Peripheral region stem, light in

which is hard, durable and resistant colour
to attack of Microorganisms and
insects.
2. Not involved in conduction of water, 2. Involved in conduction of water and
gives mechanical support to stem mineral

Lenticels—Produced when phellogen cuts off parchymatous cells on outer

side. These cells rupture the epidermis forming lens shaped opening called lenticels.
Function—Permit exchange of gases.
Bulliform Cells—Large, empty, colourless adaxial cells with vein in leaves
which maintain turgidity of leaves.

Questions

Very Short Answer Question (1 mark each)

1. Name the tissue represented by the jute fibres used for making the ropes.
2. Which kind of roots have polyarch vascular bundles ?
3. Write the significance and location of heart wood.
4. State the role of pith in stem.
5. Where are bulliform cells found in leaves ?
6. Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues ?
7. Which meristem is responsible for longitudinal growth in plants ?
8. What forms’ the cambial ring in a dicot stem during the secondary
growth ?
9. Name the anatomical layer in the root from which the lateral branches of
root originate.
10. Which tissue of the leaf contains chloroplast ?
11. A plant tissue when stained, showed the presence of hemicellulose and
pectin in cell wall of its cells. Name the tissue.
12. Write the function of phloem parenchyma.
13. Name the cells which make the leaves curl in plants during water stress.
14. Give the function of lenticels.

60 Biology Class - 11
15. The vascular bundles are surrounded by a thick layer of cells in leaves. What
is the name of cells ?
16. Mention the signfiicance of casparian strips. Where do you find them ?
17. Give the function of companion cells.
Short Answer Questions (SA-I) (2 marks each)
18. Why is cambium considered to be lateral meristem ?
19. Give any four differences between tracheids and vessels.
20. How are open Vascular bundles differ from closed vascular bundles ?
21. What are trichomes ? State their functions.
22. Give below are the various types of tissue and their functions. Which out of
these is not a matching pair arid why;
(a) Collenchyma : provides mechanical support to the
growing parts of plant.
(b) Sclerenchyma : photosynthesis, storage and secretion.
(c) Chlorenchyma : perform the function of photosynthesis
(d) Xylem : conduction of water and minerals.
23. In which part of the plant you would see the following :
(a) Radial vascular bundle (b) Well developed pith
Short Answer Question (SA-II) (3 marks each)
24. Give the points of difference between lenticels and stomata.
25. Even being a monocotyledonous plant the Palm increases in girth. Why and
how does it take place ?
26. Differentiate between endarch and exarch conditions.
27. If you are provided with microscopic preparation of transverse section of a
meristemic tissue and permanent tissue, how would you distinguish them ?
28. Differentiate between aerenchyma and collenchyma on the basis of their
structure and function.
29. Are there any tissue elements to pholoem which are comparable to those of
xylem ? Explain.

Anatomy of Flowering Plants 61

30. Observe the figure and answer the following questions :
(i) Name parts (a) and (b).
(ii) Are these types of stomata observed in monocot or in dicot plants ?
(iii) Which parts shown in figure constitute the stomatal apparatus ?

Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

31. (i)
What are meristems ?
(ii)
Name the various kinds of meristems in plants.
(iii)
State the location and functions of meristems.
32. (i)
Suppose you are examining a cross section of a stem under compound
microscope, how would you determine whether it is monocot stem or dicot
stem ?
(ii) Write the characteristics of collenchyma.
33. What is secondary growth in plants ? Describe various steps of secondary
growth in dicot stem with the help of diagrams.

Answers

Very Short Answers (1 mark each)

1. Sclerenchyma.
2. Monocotyledonous roots.
3. The hard central region of tree trunk made up of xylem vessels, which provide
mechanical strength to stem.
4. Pith stores the food material.
5. Bulliform cells are found in the upper epidermis of monocot leaves.
6. As they are made up of more than one kind of cells.
7. Primary meristem.

62 Biology Class - 11
 8. Fascicular and intrafascicular strips of meristem.
9. Pericycle of mature zone.
10. Mesophyll tissue.
11. Collenchyma.
12. Lateral conduction of food and supply of water from xylem.
13. Bulliform or motor cells.
14. Permit exchange of gases.
15. Bundle sheath cells.
16. Casparian strips are found in endodermis and make them water impermeable.
17. Maintain pressure gradient in sieve tubes.
Short Answers (SA-I) (2 marks each)
18. The cambium is considered as a lateral meristem because it occurs along the
lateral sides of the stem and roots and appears later than primary meristem.
Cells of this meristem divide periodically and increase the thickness of the
plant body.

19. Tracheid Vessels

1. A tracheid is formed from a 1. A vessel is made of a number of

single cell. cells.
2. The ends are rounded or 2. The ends are generally oblique and
transverse. tapering.
3. They are comparatively narrower. 3. They are comparatively wider
4. The lumen is narrower. 4. The lumen is wide.
20. Open Vascular bundles : These vascular bundles contain a strip of cambium
in between phloem and xylem. Open vascular bundles are collateral and
bicollateral.
Closed Vascular bundles : Intrafascicular cambium is absent. Closed
vascular bundles can be collateral or concentric.
21. Trichomes are multicellular epidermal hairs on the stem, seeds or fruits.
Trichomes help in protection, dispersal of fruits and seeds and reduction in
water loss.
22. (b) Sclerenchyma : photosynthesis, storage and secretion is not a matchingpair.
The function of sclerenchyma is to provide mechanical support to
organs.
23. (a) Root (b) Monocot root

Anatomy of Flowering Plants 63

Short Answers (SA-II) (3 marks each)
24. Lenticels : Opening that are found in old stems and roots in the cork tissues
containing a number of complimentary cells and they are permanently opened
pores.
Stomata : Opening that are found in leaves and young stems in the epidermis
and have two guard cells. They open and close in response to turgidity of
their guard cells.
25. Palms possess residual meristem below their leaf primordial, which adds
ground parenchyma and vascular bundles. The ground parenchyma can also
undergo further divisions even after the completion of elongation.
26. Endarch condition Exarch condition

1. Protoxylem towards pith and 1. Protoxylem towards periphery and

metaxylem towards periphery metaxylem towards pith
2. Found in Stem 2. Found in root.

27. Meristematic tissues are composed of cells that have the capability to divide.
These cells are exist in different shapes without intercellular space. Cells are
thin walled, rich in protoplasm, without vacuoles.
Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue and are composed
of cells have their definite shape, size and function. These cells may be thin
walled (living) or thick walled (dead).

28. Aerenchyma Collenchyma

(a) Parenchymatous tissue containing (a) Tissue contains deposits of

large air space. cellulose and large pectin at the
corner of cells.
(b) Thin walled cells, isodiametric in (b) Consists of oval and polygonal
in shape with intercellular space. cells without intercellular space.
(c) Provides buoyancy to the plant. (c) Provides elasticity and mechanical
strength.

29. (a) The sieve elements of phloem is comparable to the vessel of the xylem because
both lack nucleus.
(b) Pholem fibre is similar to the xylem fibre because both provide tensile strength
to the tissue.
(c) Phloem parenchyma and xylem parenchyma is the living components
of phloem and xylem respectively.

64 Biology Class - 11
30. (i) a : epidermal cell
b : guard cell
(ii) In dicot plants.
(iii) The stomatal apparatus includes the stomatal aperture, guard cells and
the surrounding subsidiary cells.
Long Answers (5 mark each)
31. (i), (ii) and (iii) : Refer ‘Points to remember’
32. (i) and (ii) : Refer ‘Points to remember’.
33.  Secondary growth : Refer ‘Points to remember.
 Steps of secondary growth : Refer page 94–97, NCERT, Text Book of

Biology for Class XI.
 Figure 6.9, page 95 NCERT, Text Book of Biology for Class XI.

 

Anatomy of Flowering Plants 65