CHEMISTRY

FORM 2

HYDROCARBONS-PART 4

Image source https://contenthub.llnl.gov/sites/contenthub/files/styles/scaled_425h/public/news/2011-04/18299_hydrocarbonsBig.jpg?itok=auoD2qPi

 SUCCESS CRETERIA

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to;

• state the uses of alkanes
• Name and draw the formulae of alkenes up to ten
carbon atoms.
 USES OF ALKANES
1. is used as a source of fuel;
(i).Methane (CH₄) is used as natural gas for heating,
cooking, and electricity generation
• it is also used as fuel in vehicles in some countries as a
substitute for petrol.
(ii).Propane (C₃H₈) is used for heating, cooking, and as a
fuel for engines.
 (iii).Butane (C₄H₁₀) is used in lighters and as a fuel in
portable stoves.
(iv).Gasoline (a mixture of various alkanes such as
heptane, tetraethyl lead (v) powers internal combustion
engines in cars and other vehicles
2. Propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) which are component of liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) are used in school laboratories and in industries for
heating purposes.

Image source https://www.msrgear.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Canister-Fuel2.jpg

3. Butane(C4H10) mixed with small proportions of propane (C4H10) are
compressed in gas cylinders and used in household lighting,
4. Lubricants:
• Higher alkanes are used in the production of lubricating oils. These
oils help reduce friction and wear in machinery and engines.
5. Solvents
• Alkanes like hexane and heptane are used as solvents in various
industrial processes and for extracting substances in laboratories
 6. AEROSOL PROPELLANTS
• Certain alkanes, such as butane and propane, are used as propellants in
aerosol sprays, helping to deliver the product from the container.

7. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products.

• Alkanes are used as emollients and solvents in a range of cosmetic and

personal care products, such as lotions, creams, and perfumes.

8. Industrial Processes.

• Alkanes are involved in various industrial processes, including the

production of synthetic fibers, rubber, and other materials.
 ALKENES
• Alkenes are another class of hydrocarbons.
• They are also known as olefins.
• They have one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) .
• The double bond is formed as a result of the two carbon atoms sharing two pair
of electrons.
• This double bond introduces a degree of unsaturation in the molecule, which
affects its chemical properties.
• Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
• Such that ,during reactions atoms or groups are add across the double bond.
 GENERAL FORMULA AND FUNCTIONAL
GROUP OF ALKENES
• Alkenes have both general formula and functional group.
• The general formula of alkene is CnH2n where “n” represent number
of carbon atoms.
• The first alkene is ethene(C₂H₄).
• Each member of alkene in the homologous series has two
hydrogen less than corresponding alkane.
• Example ethene(C₂H₄) and ethane(C2H6).
STRUCTUAL FORMULA OF ETHENE AND ETHANE
H H
H–C=C–H | |
| | H - C - C-H
H H | |
Ethene H H
Ethane
• An alkene has a functional group of carbon to carbon double bond (C=C) .
• The functional group makes alkenes to be more reactive than alkanes.
• Such that ,during chemical reactions; the double bond breaks and allow
atoms or other groups to be add across the double bond.
 NAMING ALKENE
• When naming alkenes we add suffix “ene” to a prefix .

• Note; all members of alkenes have the same suffix but different prefix
depending on number of carbons.

• When coming up with prefix ;we consider number of carbon atoms in the
molecule and relate it to a Greek prefix of naming except ethene.

• However the easiest method of naming alkenes is by replacing the “a” in the
corresponding alkane with “e”

• When naming we also consider position of the functional group.

 EXAMPLE
• Ethane gives ethene
• Propane gives propene
• Butane gives butene
• Pentane gives pentene
• Hexane gives hexene
• The names of all alkenes end with – “ene”.
 TABE SHOWING MOLECULAR, STRUCTURAL
,CONDENSED AND SKELETAL FORMULAE
Alkane Molecula Structural formula Condensed formula Skeletal
r Formula formula
Ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2 =
H –C = C- H
H H
Propene C3H6 H H CH2= CHCH3
H –C =C – C –H
H H
Butene C4H8 H H HH CH2= CH CH2CH3
H –C =C -C -C- H
H H
Alkene Molecula Structural formula Condensed Skeletal
r formula formula
Formula

Penten C5H10 H H H H H CH2=CH (CH2 )2CH3

e H-C=C –C – C - C-H
H H H
Hexene C6H12 HH H H H H CH2=CH (CH2 )3CH3
H-C=C – C – C – C - C-H
H H H H H

Hepten C7H14 HH HHH HH CH2=CH(CH2 )4CH3

e H C=C- C- C- C- C- C-H
HH HHH
Alkene Molecular Structural formula Condensed formula Skeletal
Formula formula

Octene C8H16 HH H H H HHH CH2 =CH(CH2)5CH3

H C=C –C –C –C –C–C -C-H
H H H H HH
Nonene C9H20 H H H HHHHHH CH2 =CH(CH2 )6CH3
H C=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
HHH HHHH
Decene C10H22 H HHHHHHHHH CH2=CH(CH2 )7CH3
H C=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- H
HHHHH HHH
 EXAMPLE 1
Using a general formula to identify an alkene.
1. An alkene has 5 carbon, determine the molecular ,structural,
condensed, skeletal, formulas and name an alkene.
CnH2n
Substitute 5 where there is “n”.
CnH2n
C5H2(5)
C5H10
C5H10 Name of the organic compound; “pentene”
STRUCTUAL FORMULA

H H H H H
| | | | |
C=C-C–C–C–H
| | | |
H H H H
Pent-1-ene/pentene
 CONDENSED FORMULA
H H H H H
| | | | |
C=C-C–C–C–H
| | | |
H H H H
• The condensed formula of pent-1-ene
CH2=CH (CH2 )2CH3 or CH2=CH CH2CH2 CH3
SKELETAL FORMULA
C= C–C–C–C
OR
 BUZZ SESSION
1. . Explain the difference between alkanes and alkanes.
2. Write the condensed formula of the following alkenes.
i. Decene.
ii. Butene.
iii. Methene
3. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons?
4. Name the following alkenes;
(i).CH3CH2CH=CH2 (ii). CH3CH = CHCH3
5. Explain briefly why methene does not exist.

6.Name the following compounds;

a. H H H H H b. CH3CH2CH=CH2 C. CH2=CH(CH2 )7CH3
| | | | |
C = C –C – C -C –H
| | | | |
H HH HH
 Thanks!
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 RESOURCES
References
● Excell and succed chemistry book 2
● Achievers chemistry book 2
● Target chemistry book 2

llustrations, design and graphics

● By Charlotta Brüning and Davie Mumba – own work, Xulendo

Photos
● https://contenthub.llnl.gov/sites/contenthub/files/styles/scaled_425h/public/news/2011-
04/18299_hydrocarbonsBig.jpg?itok=auoD2qPi
● https://www.msrgear.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Canister-Fuel2.jpg