Industeel

D2

D2: A cold work tool steel

D2 is a high chromium tool steel specifically designed to provide a high abrasive wear resistance and a high
hardenability.
The grade is delivered in annealed condition to keep a good machinability. After machining it requires a hardening
to achieve its service properties. The adjustment of hardness should be done to get the best compromise between
touhness and wear resistance.

This grade can be used for cutting and deformation tools submitted to high abrasive wear. It can be used when 2%
carbon steels (D3 type) shows an excessive sensivity to cracking or chipping.
Main applications are stamping tools, punches and dies, forming dies, shear blades and cutters, ceramic molds, ….

PROPERTIES

STANDARDS
>>EURONORM X153 CrMoV12
>>Werkstoff Nb W1.2379
>>AISI D2

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS -% WEIGHT

Typical values
C S max P max Si Mn Cr Mo V
1.55 0.005 0.020 0.30 0.35 11.75 0.75 0.75

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
D2 is delivered in annealed condition with hardness ≤ 250 HB
Hardness in heat
Hardness in annealed Young modulus Compression
treated condition KV* J
condition (HB) (GPA) strength (MPA)
(HRC)
56 205 2000 18
250 max
60 205 2190 12
* unnotched specimen. Typical values.

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PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient
W m-1 K-1 10-6°C-1/10-6°K-1
20°C 20-100°C 20-200°C 20-300°C 20-400°C
68°F 68-212°F 68-392°F 68-572°F 68-752°F
18 11.7 11.96 12.2 12.7

Specific heat (J.kg-1°C-1) Density 20°C

460 7.8

Abrasive wear resistance

100

80
ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE
60
D2 has a very good wear resistance based on high
carbon and chromium contents. 40

20

0
TD2 X100 CrMoV5 X38 CrMoV5

METALLURGIC PROPERTIES
D2 is delivered in annealed condition to make machining easier. Its structure is made of primary
carbides inserted in a soft ferritic matrix in which there is also a distribution of secondary carbides of
chromium and vanadium.
Metallurgical transformation points
AC1 AC3 Ms
°C °F °C °F °C °F
820 1508 860 1580 200 390

CCT Diagram TTT Diagram

AUSTENITIZATION TEMPERATURE : 1030°C- 1885°F Temperature (°C) AUSTENITIZATION TEMPERATURE : 1030°C
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°F) 1200
1200 2190
1000
1000 1830
AC3 860°
AC3 800 AC1 820°
800 AC1 1470 Perlite
Perlite 600
600 1110
400
400 750 Austenite + Carbides
Austenite
200 Bainite
200 + Carbides
Bainite 390 Martensite
Martensite
0
0 Hardness HV 890 890 885 780 620 435 260 250 Time (s)
1 10 102 103 104 105
1 10 102 103 104 105 Time (s)

DELIVERY CONDITIONS
DIMENSIONAL PROGRAM
Thickness Width
15 - 100 mm (.59” - 3.9”) 1500 - 2000 mm (59” - 78.7”)

For specific sizes, please consult

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MACHINING
Milling with carbide tips Drilling with naked HSS drill
Cutting parameters Roughing Finishing Cutting parameters Ø ≤ 10 Ø 10-20
Cutting speed (Vc) m/min 100-130 120-150 Cutting speed (Vc) m/min 10 10
Feed (Fz) - mm/tooth 0.15 - 0.4 0.1 - 0.23
Cutting depth (ap) / mm 2-5 ≤2 Feed (Fz) - mm/rotation 0.08 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.4

HEAT TREATMENT
After machining, service properties of D2 should be >>On an other hand, a high cooling speed can cause
restored by hardening. Generally, heat treatment strong distortions, because of important temperature
consist in made of a quenching operation and at least gradients between mid-thickness and surface of the
two temperings. It is recommended to perform heat piece.
treatments in vacuum furnaces or under protective
>>High stress levels induced by fast cooling rates can
atmospheres to avoid decarburization or oxidation of
also eventually generate cracking when pieces have
surfaces.
complex shapes.
Austenitization
>>When possible, cooling under over pressed gases
>>To minimize deformations and cracking risks, (nitrogen) shall be preferred to more efficient
slow heating rates should be used with an media such as oil quenching. Oil quenching should
homogenization at 750°C -1380°F (holding be limited to high sections and simple shapes.
time ½ hour per 25 mm thickness). After
homogenization, final heating shall be done also Tempering
slowly. >>Service hardness will be obtained by the adjustment
>>Austenitization temperature shall be high of tempering temperature (see softening curve
enough to ensure a complete dissolution of below).
secondary carbides. On an other hand, a too It is highly recommended to perform several successive
high austenitization temperature will induce tempering, at least two, to reduce as much as possible
an important grain coarsening detrimental for the quantity of retained austenite. Destabilization of
toughness, it will also induce a high content of retained austenite will be more efficient when tempering
retained austenite. The best optimized temperature is done at high temperature (500°C-930°F and over).
range is 1020 / 1050°C. It is not advised to perform tempering at low temperature
(200°C-392°F), which may induce a weakening of the
>>Generally holding time at austenitization
tools.
temperature shall be 1min/mm. The final holding
time is left to the heat treating company, according
to the size and shape of the piece, and according to
HRC Aust. 1050°C - 1920°F
furnace characteristics and to the constitution of Aust. 1000°C - 1830°F
65
the furnace load.
60
Quenching 55

>>Quenching process shall be selected in order to: 50

1. Obtain the best microstructure (martensite), 45
2. Reduce cracking risks, 40
3. Ensure the smallest deformation possible. 8h
4h
>>Cooling speed shall be sufficient to avoid formation 1h
2h

of unacceptable components such as bainite 100 200 300 400 500 600 Tempering temperature

or pearlite. Selection of quenching media shall

take into account the size of the piece (see CCT
diagram). D2-Softening curve for a plate th 80 mm (3.1”) oil quenched

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Heat treatment chart Stress relieving

Temperature (°C/°F) In case of complex shape or heavy machining, it may be
(1) Small section - overpressed gas - Complex shapes
1000/1050°C (2)High section - Warm oil (70/90°C-160/195°F) necessary to perform a stress relieving before hardening
1830/1920°F Single shapes to avoid distortion during heat treatment.
750°C
(1) Stress relieving shall be conducted as follow:
1380°F (2) 500/550°C 500/550°C
930/1020°F 930/1020°F >>Heating 650/700°C (1200/1300°F) - vacuum
air or gas air or gas furnace to avoid decarburization,
Austenitization 1st tempering 2nd tempering >>Holding time ½ hour per 25 mm,
1 min/mm 1 h/25 mm 1 h/25 mm
>>Slow cooling in furnace.
60/62 HRC 55 to 60 HRC
Duration
Annealing
tective When necessary, it is possible to perform an annealing to
Vacuum furnaces or heat treatment under protective atmosphere soften (250 HB max) a piece which is already hardened.
Thermal cycle to apply is:
>>Heating 860°C ±10°C (1580°F ±50°F),
Temperature (°C/°F)
1030/1040°C >>Holding ½ hour per 25 mm,
1885/1900°F
>>Cooling 60°C/H max down to 780°C (1435°F),
750°C
1380°F 500/550°C
930/1020°F
500/550°C
930/1020°F
>>Cooling 20°C/H max within 780/700°C
still air still air (1430/1290°F)
Austenitization
1 min/mm
1st tempering
1 h/25 mm
2nd tempering
1 h/25 mm >>Still air-cooling.
salt

salt

salt
air

60/62 HRC 55 to 60 HRC

Duration

Salt bath heat treatment

YOUR CONTACTS
Perrine Lavalley Industeel France
Tel. +33 3 85 80 52 56 Le Creusot Plant
perrine.lavalley@arcelormittal.com 56 rue Clemenceau
F-71202 Le Creusot Cedex
http://industeel.arcelormittal.com

Technical data and information are to the best of our knowledge at the time of printing. However, they may be subject to some slight variations due to our ongoing
research programme on steels.Therefore, we suggest that information be verified at time of enquiry or order.Furthermore, in service, real conditions are specific for
each application. The data presented here are only for the purpose of description, and considered as guarantees when written formal approval has been delivered by our
company.Further information may be obtained from the address opposite.

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