Subject – Core Java

Name – Chinmay Sharma

Class – BCA(IBM-CS)
REG. NO. – 72211982
ASSIGNMENT
Section A: Very Short Answer Type (Limit: 20
Words)
Q1 - Explain the concept of object oriented programming?
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):
OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects containing
data and methods.

Q2 - Define Java and its origin.

Java and Its Origin:

Java is a high-level, object-oriented language developed by Sun
Microsystems in 1995.

Q3 - What are the applications of Java?

Applications of Java:
Java is used in web apps, mobile apps, desktop software, games, and
enterprise applications.

Q4 - Define Java API.

Java API:
Java API is a library of prewritten packages, classes, and interfaces with
reusable functions.

Q5 - What is Byte Code?

Byte Code:
Byte code is the intermediate code generated after Java compilation,
executed by the JVM.
Section B: Short Answer Type (Limit: 100 Words)
Q1 - Define the term JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK, JRE, and JVM:

JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software package that includes tools for
developing Java applications.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) provides libraries and components to run
Java applications.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is the engine that runs Java byte code on any
platform.

Q2 - Discuss the Java features.

Java Features:
Java is platform-independent, object-oriented, simple, secure, robust,
architecture-neutral, portable, high-performance, multithreaded, and
dynamic.
These features make it suitable for a variety of applications across different
platforms.

Q3 - Explain the scope of variables in Java

Scope of Variables in Java:

Java variables can be local (inside methods), instance (inside class but
outside methods), or static (shared among all instances).
Scope determines the variable’s visibility and lifetime.

Q4 - Discuss the different data types supported by Java, emphasizing

their use cases.

Data Types in Java:

Java supports primitive (int, float, char, boolean, etc.) and non-primitive
(arrays, classes, interfaces) data types.
Primitive types are used for storing basic values, while non-primitives
represent more complex data structures.

Q5 - How do decision-making statements contribute to program flow

in Java?

Decision-Making Statements in Java:

Java provides if, if-else, switch for decision-making.
 They control program flow based on conditions, enabling dynamic behavior
in applications.

Section C: Long Answer Type (Limit: 300 Words)

1. Provide an overview of the origin and evolution of Java as a
programming language.
Java was developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in
1995. Initially, the project was called "Oak", intended for programming home
appliances like TVs and VCRs. Due to trademark issues, it was renamed Java,
inspired by Java coffee.

Java’s design philosophy focused on creating a platform-independent language

that could run on any device. The “Write Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA)
concept was introduced using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows
compiled Java byte code to run on any platform.

Over the years, Java has evolved significantly:

 Java 1.0 (1996): Introduced core libraries and applet support.

 Java 2 (1998-2000): Added Swing, Collections, and J2EE for enterprise
development.
 Java 5 (2004): Introduced generics, annotations, enhanced for-loops, and
enums.
 Java 8 (2014): Major update with lambda expressions, Streams API,
and functional interfaces.
 Java 9–17 (2017–2021): Modular system (Jigsaw), local variable type
inference (var), text blocks, and pattern matching.

Today, Java is maintained by Oracle and continues to be one of the most

widely used programming languages, especially for backend systems, Android
development, enterprise applications, and web platforms.

2. Explain the stages involved in Java program development,

highlighting the significance of each stage.
Java program development includes several key stages:
 1. Writing the Code:
The programmer writes source code in .java files using a text editor or
IDE like Eclipse or IntelliJ. This code follows Java syntax and semantics.
2. Compilation:
The Java Compiler (javac) converts the source code into byte code
(.class files). This intermediate format is platform-independent and
not executable directly.
3. Class Loading:
The Class Loader loads .class files into memory for execution. It is
part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
4. Bytecode Verification:
The Bytecode Verifier checks the code for illegal code or security
breaches to ensure safe execution.
5. Execution (Interpretation and/or JIT Compilation):
The JVM interprets bytecode or compiles it using the Just-In-Time
(JIT) compiler to native machine code for faster performance.
6. Debugging and Testing:
Errors or bugs are identified and fixed. Tools like JUnit are used for
testing to ensure code correctness.
7. Deployment:
The program is packaged (e.g., .jar, .war) and deployed to a server or
client system for use.

Each stage ensures the code is efficient, secure, and portable across platforms.

3. Elaborate on the role of operators and expressions in Java

programming.
Operators and expressions are essential in Java to perform operations on
variables and values. An expression is a combination of operands (values or
variables) and operators (symbols representing computation).

Types of Operators in Java:

1. Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, %)

Used for mathematical calculations.
Example: int sum = a + b;
2. Relational Operators (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=)
Compare values and return a boolean.
Example: if (a > b)
 3. Logical Operators (&&, ||, !)
Used in conditional statements to combine multiple conditions.
Example: if (a > b && b > c)
4. Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
Assign and update variable values.
Example: x += 5; (means x = x + 5)
5. Unary Operators (++, --, +, -, !)
Work with a single operand.
Example: ++i;
6. Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)
Operate on binary representations. Useful in low-level programming.

Expressions:

Examples:

 int total = price * quantity;

 boolean result = (a > b) || (b == c);

Operators help in implementing logic, calculations, and decision-making in

programs, making them a core part of Java programming.

4. How do branching and looping statements enhance program

control in Java? Provide examples.
Branching and looping statements are control flow statements in Java that direct the
execution path based on conditions or repetition needs. These make programs dynamic and
flexible, responding to input or changing conditions.

Branching Statements:

Used to make decisions in a program.

1. if statement: Executes code only if a condition is true.

java
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if (age >= 18) {
System.out.println("Eligible to vote");
}

2. if-else statement: Chooses between two code blocks.

 java
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if (marks >= 40) {
System.out.println("Pass");
} else {
System.out.println("Fail");
}

3. else-if ladder: For multiple conditions.

java
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if (score >= 90) {
System.out.println("Grade A");
} else if (score >= 75) {
System.out.println("Grade B");
} else {
System.out.println("Grade C");
}

4. switch statement: Selects a block based on variable value.

java
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switch (day) {
case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid Day");
}

Looping Statements:

Used to execute code repeatedly.

1. for loop: Executes a block a fixed number of times.

java
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for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

2. while loop: Repeats while a condition is true.

java
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int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

3. do-while loop: Executes at least once.

java
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 int i = 1;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i <= 5);

These statements provide decision-making and repetition capabilities, which are essential
for efficient, logical, and real-world program flow.

5. How does Java support the principles of abstraction and

encapsulation?
Java is an object-oriented programming language that strongly supports key OOP
principles, including abstraction and encapsulation.

1. Abstraction:

Abstraction is the concept of hiding internal details and showing only essential features.

How Java supports abstraction:

 Abstract Classes: Classes declared with the abstract keyword may have abstract
methods (no body) and regular methods.

java
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abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound();
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
System.out.println("Barks");
}
}

 Interfaces: All methods are abstract by default. They allow multiple classes to
implement the same behavior differently.

java
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interface Shape {
void draw();
}

class Circle implements Shape {

public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing Circle");
}
}
Abstraction helps in hiding complexity and improving code modularity and
maintainability.

2. Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data and code into a single unit (class) and
restricting access to some components.

How Java supports encapsulation:

 By making variables private and providing public getter and setter methods.

java
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class Student {
private String name;

public void setName(String n) {

name = n;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
}

Encapsulation ensures:

 Data hiding (internal object state is not accessible directly).

 Control over data (validation via setters).
 Improved security and flexibility.

Summary:

Principle Feature in Java Benefit

Abstraction Abstract classes, Interfaces Hide complexity, show essentials

Encapsulation Private variables + Public methods Data security, controlled access

Together, abstraction and encapsulation form the backbone of robust, secure, and
maintainable Java applications.