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Author Name YASHAS M N

Title Smart Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with IoT- Enabled Monitoring
Paper/Submission ID 3670073
Submitted by nbkraju@rvce.edu.in
Submission Date 2025-05-26 12:31:13
Total Pages, Total Words 8, 3881
Document type Research Paper

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 Smart Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with IoT-
Enabled Monitoring
Yashas M N Sanjay S Nithish B
1RV23CY062 1RV23CY048 1RV23CY038
Dept of Computer Science Dept of Computer Science Dept of Computer Science
5
RV College of Engineering RV College of Engineering RV College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India

Dr. K.B.Ramesh
Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation
rameshkb@rvce.edu.ins
RV College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India

11
ABSTRACT Piezoelectric energy harvesting has emerged as a promising technique for converting ambient
mechanical stress into electrical energy, offering a viable path toward decentralized and sustainable power
systems. However, conventional piezoelectric systems face significant limitations, including reliance on
lead-based ceramics that are
18 harmful to the environment, instability under dynamic conditions, and lack of
integrated monitoring.
7 To address these challenges, this paper presents an IoT-enabled, lead-free
piezoelectric energy harvesting system optimized for high-impact environments, particularly poultry farms.
The proposed solution captures mechanical stress using piezoelectric plates, processes the generated AC
voltage through a rectification and power conditioning stage, and stores the stabilized energy in a battery
reservoir. The use of microcontrollers such as LPC21xx, ESP-32, and Arduino Uno allows for real-time
voltage monitoring and system diagnostics. An integrated LCD module provides immediate feedback at the
site, while environmental sensors monitor temperature and humidity to assess piezoelectric material
degradation over time. The collected data is transmitted to a cloud server for long-term analysis, predictive
maintenance, and remote visualization. By leveraging repetitive biological motion in poultry zones and
replacing environmentally hazardous materials with sustainable alternatives, this system aims to provide a
scalable, eco-conscious solution for energy generation in resource-constrained settings.

INDEX TERMS Piezoelectric energy, energy harvesting, IoT monitoring, smart poultry infrastructure,
cloud integration, renewable energy.

I. INTRODUCTION
harvesting systems [1]. Malki et al. proposed a
The modern world faces an intensifying gap between pressure-based piezoelectric system for pedestrian
energy demand and available power supply, prompting crossings that could generate voltages sufficient to
a global pursuit of sustainable and decentralized energy power LED systems, indicating promising results for
3
solutions. Among these, piezoelectric energy public infrastructure [2]. A more integrated application
29
harvesting has attracted increasing attention for its by Spoorthy et al. focuses on harnessing vehicular
2
potential to convert mechanical stress—often stress to both collect tolls and power highway street
originating from environmental or biological motion— lighting systems, advancing sustainability in
into usable electrical energy without the need for fossil transportation infrastructure [3]. An especially novel
fuels. This approach is particularly attractive in regions and growing domain of study is the integration of
where conventional energy infrastructure is insufficient piezoelectric systems into vehicle tires. The paper
16
or absent. In recent years, researchers have explored presented at the International Conference on Energy
innovative deployments of piezoelectric materials. The and Green Computing (ICEGC) in 2021 explores the
study by Rumman et al. discusses the use of use of tire deformation for energy harvesting, with
piezoelectric slabs installed in mall entrances to collect applications in powering embedded Tire Condition
footstep energy, demonstrating the feasibility of 25
Monitoring Systems (TCMS). This method allows for
retrofitting existing infrastructure with energy independent energy generation for low-power sensors
while enhancing vehicle safety and autonomy [4]. In a unique automotive application, Alla et al. [5] presented
Despite these advances, the use of toxic lead-based a tire-integrated piezoelectric harvesting system designed to
materials such as PZT remains a significant power Tire Condition Monitoring Systems (TCMS). The
environmental and health concern. Furthermore, most study, presented at ICEGC 2021, demonstrated the ability to
convert mechanical deformation of tires into electrical
existing implementations lack real-time monitoring and
energy for sensor operation, eliminating the need for external
diagnostics, leading to inefficient power collection and power sources.
limited device lifespan. Moreover, methods like wind-
based harvesting, while renewable, are inherently II. System Design & Architecture
stationary and unsuitable for deployment in confined or
21
dynamic spaces such as indoor farms. To address these A. Hardware 8Components
constraints, this paper proposes a smart, lead-free Piezoelectric Transducer which converts mechanical energy
24
piezoelectric energy harvesting system with real-time from footsteps into electrical voltage. Arduino Uno it is the
monitoring and cloud integration, designed specifically central microcontroller that reads, processes, and displays
for deployment in biologically active zones like poultry sensor data. LCD Display (I2C 16x2) shows voltage output
farms. The system employs piezoelectric plates to and step count in real time. Capacitor and Resistor are used
for voltage smoothing and stability. LED Indicator flashes
collect energy from animal movement, conditions the
upon each step to provide visual feedback. Diodes and
output using passive circuit elements, and stores it for Transistor are used for signal rectification and amplification.
subsequent use in low-power applications. It integrates Breadboard and Jumper Wires are used to prototype the
15
temperature and humidity sensors to ensure system circuit without soldering.
reliability over time and utilizes microcontrollers for
data acquisition and transmission to cloud platforms
such as ThingSpeak or AWS IoT. This integrated B. Circuit Functionality
solution enables predictive maintenance and The piezoelectric sensor is connected to the analog input of
continuous performance tracking while serving as a the Arduino. When pressure is applied, the sensor generates
a6voltage which is read via the analog pin A0. The Arduino
scalable green energy prototype in semi-urban and rural
then converts this voltage into millivolts, checks for
settings. threshold crossing (to detect valid steps), and increments the
step counter accordingly. If a valid step is detected, the LED
II. Related Works connected to pin 8 lights up momentarily. Simultaneously,
31 the system updates the LCD to show the new step count and
Piezoelectric energy harvesting has been widely explored in the current voltage generated.
recent years as a sustainable solution for powering low-
energy devices through mechanical stress and vibrations.
Rumman et al. [1] implemented a system using piezoelectric
slabs embedded at mall entrances to harness energy from
human footsteps. The study demonstrated that the alternating
current produced by such foot traffic could be converted to
direct current and stored in capacitors, with the energy later
used for applications like lighting. It also emphasized the
economic feasibility of retrofitting existing mall
infrastructure with piezoelectric tiles.
Malki et al. [2] proposed a footstep-powered system for
pedestrian crossings using a pressure-based piezoelectric
generator. Their prototype yielded an average output voltage
of 20.9 V per step under a 100 N force, highlighting the
potential of such systems for powering localized electronics
in pedestrian-heavy zones. 1
Spoorthy et al. [3] developed an integrated system that
combines piezoelectric energy harvesting with RFID-based
toll collection and highway street lighting. By capturing
mechanical stress from moving vehicles, the system FIGURE 1. Circuit Diagram
automates toll collection while simultaneously generating
electrical power for streetlights, thus offering a dual-purpose
infrastructure solution. III. SOFTWARE & CODE IMPLEMENATION
13
Gieva et al. [4] designed a modular piezoelectric tile-based The software module for the proposed system was developed
system that achieved an output of 33.7 V under foot pressure. using9the Arduino IDE, programmed in Embedded C. The
The system demonstrated its suitability for low-power goal was to design a responsive, real-time system capable of
applications such as LEDs and was proposed for scalable monitoring energy generated through piezoelectric plates and
implementation in high-footfall zones like transportation counting mechanical impacts, such as footsteps or surface
hubs and malls. deformation events, which result in electrical signal
generation. The system initializes by configuring GPIO pin 8
as a digital output, which is used to control an indicator (such
as an LED) that blinks upon each energy generation event. A
16x2 LCD module is interfaced through the I²C protocol
using the address 0x27, allowing for compact and efficient
data visualization without excessive use of digital I/O pins.
The LCD displays two key metrics 1 in real time: the number
of mechanical impacts (steps) and the voltage generated by
the piezoelectric elements. An analog input pin (A0) reads
the voltage generated by the piezoelectric plate. This analog
voltage is sampled using the ADC of
the microcontroller. A simple debounce mechanism is
implemented using timestamp comparison (millis()) to
prevent false triggering from rapid signal fluctuations. When Figure 2. Internal structure of piezoelectric material
the voltage exceeds a specified threshold (in this case, a value
of 100 from the ADC), a step is registered, the counter is
incremented, and a short pulse is sent to pin 8 to activate the
indicator. The analog voltage reading is then scaled to derive
the actual voltage value using the ADC resolution and the PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS PROPERTIES 20
system’s reference voltage (5V). This voltage is displayed in 1. PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate)
This is a synthetic ceramic widely
recognized for its high piezoelectric
millivolts (mV) on the second line of the LCD, providing coefficient, 30making it extremely
continuous feedback on energy generation. This firmware efficient at converting mechanical stress
framework enables both visual representation and serial into electrical energy. Due to its
excellent energy22 conversion
communication for testing and validation. It serves as the capabilities, it is the preferred choice for
local monitoring interface for the energy harvesting system, power generation in high-impact
environments such as in your poultry
complementing the cloud-based remote monitoring module. farm application.
The use of simple logic and lightweight computations
2. Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) A ferroelectric ceramic, Barium
ensures compatibility with low-power microcontrollers and Titanate offers more environmentally
enables seamless integration with piezoelectric sensors in friendly alternative to PZT, though it
typically has a lower efficiency in
real-time embedded application. energy conversion. It is often used in
applications where non-toxicity and
cost-effectiveness are prioritized over
IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT maximum output.
3. Quartz (SiO₂) Quartz is a naturally occurring crystal
A. Introduction to Piezoelectricity: Piezoelectricity is the that exhibits stable and linear
phenomenon in which electric charge is generated in certain piezoelectric behavior. Although it
offers excellent precision & reliability,
solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress. The 28 is relatively low,
its power output
effect
23 was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie.
making it more suitable for sensor
applications rather than energy
Materials that exhibit this 12 behaviour are known as harvesting.
piezoelectric materials, and they are typically non- 4. PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) PVDF is a flexible polymer material
centrosymmetric crystalline solids, meaning their internal that exhibits piezoelectric properties.
crystal structure lacks a center of symmetry. While not as efficient as ceramic
materials like PZT, its flexibility makes
it highly suitable for applications
B. Microscopic
17 Mechanism: The piezoelectric effect refers involving wearables, curved surfaces,
or biomechanical sensors where rigid
to
3 the phenomenon where certain materials generate electric materials would not be viable.
charge on their surface when subjected to mechanical TABLE 1. Some piezoelectric materials and their properties
deformation (stress). The term "piezoelectric" is derived
from the Greek word "piezein", meaning to press or squeeze. V. Mathematical Modeling of Energy Generation
There are two main effects: Direct Piezoelectric Effect:
Mechanical stress to Electric charge and Inverse The electrical behavior of a piezoelectric element is
Piezoelectric Effect: Electric field to
governed by two constitutive equations:
Mechanical deformation. This project harnesses the direct
effect to convert physical pressure into usable electrical
D= d⋅T + ε⋅E (1)
energy.
S= s⋅T + d⋅E (2)

D: Electric displacement (C/m²)

d: Piezoelectric coefficient (C/N)
T: Mechanical stress (N/m²)
ε: Varepsilone: Permittivity (F/m)
E: Electric field (V/m)
S: Mechanical strain
s: Compliance (m²/N)
For energy harvesting, we focus primarily on the first generation events. This results in a more and
equation, where mechanical stress(T) generates electric substantial power output over time. The type of
displacement (D).
piezoelectric material used also significantly
VI. WORKING PRINCIPLE
affects efficiency. Materials like PZT (Lead
Impact/Movement by Objects (Humans, animals): Zirconate Titanate) offer much higher output
Animals/human apply repetitive pressure or vibrations as compared to alternatives such as PVDF
they walk or flap in a given area.Stress on PZT Plates: These (Polyvinylidene fluoride) or Quartz. PZT, being a
impacts cause mechanical deformation in the piezo plates. 26
high-performance ceramic, is ideal for applications
Charge Separation 2 in PZT Crystals
requiring maximum energy conversion efficiency.
The internal crystal lattice of the PZT deforms, creating
dipole realignment and inducing an electric potential Finally, mechanical design and mounting
difference between the two surfaces. AC Voltage Generation technique influence performance. Using
Due to the oscillatory nature of motion, the voltage produced mechanical amplifiers like cantilevers or spring-
is alternating in nature (AC). The magnitude depends on: based platforms can help concentrate and multiply
Vout ∝ Fapplied⋅ the mechanical force applied to the piezo plates.
Current and Energy
Such designs ensure that even low-magnitude or
The generated current I and power P are given by: distributed stress is effectively focused, enhancing
I= dQ/dt, P=V⋅I overall system efficiency.

FIGURE 3. Physical stress applied on piezoelectric plates.

E. Factors Affecting Energy Output

4
The efficiency and performance of a piezoelectric
energy harvesting system are influenced by several
physical and material parameters: One major factor is FIGURE 4. Factors affecting energy output
27 19
the surface area of the piezoelectric plate. A larger
surface area allows for the collection of 4more charge VIII. Post-Generation Signal Handling: From Piezo Output
when stress is applied, thereby increasing the amount of to LED Glow
electrical energy generated. Simply put, the greater the
area exposed to mechanical stress, the higher the charge 6
Once the piezoelectric material generates current and
density and energy output. The thickness of the plate
voltage due to applied pressure, the raw electrical signal
also plays a critical role. Thinner piezoelectric plates
must be conditioned and controlled before it can be safely
tend to be more sensitive and responsive to smaller
used to power components like an LED or microcontroller.
forces. This is particularly advantageous in applications
The system uses diodes, capacitors, resistors, and transistors
like poultry farms, where the mechanical pressure from
for this purpose. Here's how the flow work:
animal movement may be relatively low but frequent.
Another crucial factor is the frequency of impacts.
Since piezoelectric materials generate electrical pulses
in response to deformation, higher frequencies of
mechanical input—such as rapid foot traffic or constant
animal activity—lead to more frequent voltage
 Transistor: Signal Amplification and Switching. The
piezo output is weak in current, though the voltage may be
high (up to several volts). A transistor helps in two ways:
Amplifies the weak current from the piezo or capacitor,
strong enough to drive an LED or trigger the Arduino. Acts
as a switch: When a small current flows into the base, the
collector-emitter path allows a much larger current to flow.

Common Configuration: NPN transistor (e.g., BC547),

Piezo output (after diode-capacitor-resistor filtering) goes to
the base via a resistor. LED and resistor in series connected
between collector and +V. Emitter connected to GND. So,
when a footstep occurs: A small voltage appears across the
piezo. The diode rectifies and passes it to the capacitor. The
capacitor stores the charge and builds voltage. The transistor
detects this voltage, amplifies the current, and switches
ON, letting the LED glow briefly.
14
LED: Visual Feedback The LED lights up when sufficient
voltage has built up across the capacitor (typically ≥ 2V). The
transistor switches ON, allowing enough current flow. The
LED provides instant visual feedback that a footstep was
FIGURE 5. Flow of project
detected, confirming that energy was generated.

Piezoelectric nature (AC Output) The voltage generated REULTS & DISCUSSION
from the piezo is typically AC (Alternating Current) and
spiky in nature. The piezo doesn’t produce a continuous flow Performance Analysis and Optimization of Piezoelectric
of electricity — only short bursts when pressure is applied Energy Harvesting System:
or released. Voltage behavior equation, we start with the
basic piezoelectric charge equation, Q = d. F(t). The Performance Analysis and Optimization of
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System focuses on
evaluating the system's efficiency, durability, and economic
Diode: Rectification and Protection A diode (typically viability under varying conditions. It examines factors such
1N4007 or similar) is used to convert AC to DC (i.e., allow as poultry movement frequency, mechanical stress levels,
only positive half-cycles to pass). It blocks reverse current, environmental influences, and energy storage performance to
preventing the piezo or storage components from being identify optimal operating conditions. These insights help
damaged V forward ≈ 0.7V (Silicon Diode). Without the improve energy conversion efficiency, ensure long-term
diode, the reverse current flow could damage the piezo or reliability, and assess the cost-effectiveness of the system for
back feed into the Arduino. practical applications.

Capacitor: Energy Storage The rectified DC signal

charges a capacitor. Capacitors act as temporary energy
reservoirs: E = ( CV)2, where: E = energy in joules, C = Power Output vs. Frequency of Poultry Movement
capacitance in farads, V = voltage across the capacitor. The
8
stored energy smooths out the sharp voltage spikes and can
be used to power low-energy devices or an LED for a brief
time. The capacitor discharges slowly through the load
(resistor, transistor, or LED), so the LED may glow for a few
milliseconds even after the step.

Resistor: Voltage Division If the capacitor voltage is higher

than what the components can handle (e.g., LED or Arduino
input), a resistor is used to drop the voltage appropriately.
Current Limiting: When an LED is connected, a resistor is
needed in series to limit current, avoiding LED burnout: R =
(V source –VLED)/I. FIGURE 5. Power Output vs. Frequency of Poultry Movement
X-axis: Frequency of Poultry Movement (movements per X-axis: number of piezoelectric plates, Y-axis: energy
minute). Y-axis: Power Output (W). Purpose: This graph generated. This graph illustrates the total energy generated as
1
shows how the power output changes with increasing poultry the number of piezoelectric plates in the system increases.
movement frequency. Interpretation: The power output Purpose: To analyze the scalability of the system and how
increases with the frequency of poultry movement. This is adding more plates can enhance energy output.
because more frequent movements apply more mechanical
stress to the piezoelectric system, generating more energy.

Pressure vs. Voltage

Voltage Output vs. Environmental Factors

FIGURE 8. Pressure vs. Voltage

FIGURE 6. Voltage Output vs. Time
The above graph shows the relationship between the applied
pressure (measured in kilopascals) and the voltage generated
X-axis: Temperature (°C) or Humidity (%), Y-axis: Voltage
10 by the piezoelectric plate. As the pressure increases, the
Output (V). Purpose: To examine how environmental factors
voltage output also rises in a roughly linear trend, confirming
like temperature and humidity impact the system’s the expected behavior of piezoelectric materials. Minor
performance. Interpretation: Temperature: The voltage
variations due to noise simulate real-world sensor
output is highest near 25°C (room temperature) and
inconsistencies.
decreases as the temperature deviates from this range.
Extreme cold or heat can adversely affect the material
properties of the piezoelectric components. Humidity: The
voltage output is optimal near 50% humidity and decreases
Pressure vs. Voltage Output (in mV)
as the environment becomes too dry or too humid. Excess
humidity can lead to material degradation or electrical
leakage, while dryness might reduce stress transfer
efficiency.

Energy Generated vs. Number of Piezoelectric Plates

FIGURE 9. Pressure vs. Voltage Output (in mV)

This graph shows a strong positive correlation between

applied pressure and generated voltage. As mechanical
pressure increases, the piezoelectric plates produce more
electrical energy. This validates that animal movements or
vehicle stress can effectively be harnessed for energy
FIGURE 7. Energy Generated vs. Number of Piezoelectric
harvesting.
Plates
Humidity vs. Voltage Output This graph represents how voltage output degrades over time
with continuous usage. A steady decline is visible, which is
expected due to mechanical fatigue or environmental
exposure. It reinforces the value of protective design such as
casings, insulation, and coatings to extend lifespan.

IV.ꢀReal-Time Data Integration and Cloud Connectivity

A.ꢀSystem Architecture Overview

To facilitate real-time data monitoring and ensure seamless

storage and accessibility, the proposed system integrates
sensor data acquisition with cloud connectivity via a Wi-Fi-
enabled microcontroller. The core microcontroller unit,
FIGURE 10. Humidity vs. Voltage Output
Arduino Uno, is interfaced with an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
which enables wireless communication with a cloud server.
As humidity increases, a gradual decline in voltage output is The system is designed to monitor three key parameters: (1)
observed. This suggests that higher moisture levels may voltage generated from the piezoelectric energy harvester, (2)
affect the piezoelectric material’s efficiency, possibly due to environmental temperature, and (3) humidity. These
surface leakage or insulation breakdown—highlighting the parameters are continuously recorded, transmitted, and
need for protective coatings like epoxy or conformal spray. visualized through the ThingSpeak cloud platform.

Temperature vs. Voltage Output

FIGURE 11. Temperature vs. Voltage Output

The voltage decreases slightly with increasing ambient

temperature. Piezoelectric materials may lose polarization or
face material expansion at high temperatures, leading to a
drop in efficiency. This validates the importance of thermal
insulation or using materials with higher thermal stability.

Durability: Days vs. Voltage Output

FIGURE 13. System Overview

B.ꢀSensor Integration and Data Acquisition

The voltage output from the piezoelectric plates is connected

to the analog input pin of the Arduino. The analog voltage
signal is read and scaled to actual voltage values based on
ADC resolution. Additionally, a DHT22 sensor is employed
to collect real-time temperature and humidity data. These
three sensor inputs are processed by the Arduino Uno in
periodic intervals (typically every 15–20 seconds).

C.ꢀWireless Communication Using ESP8266

FIGURE 12. Durability: Days vs. Voltage Output
The Arduino communicates with the ESP8266 module
using the SoftwareSerial protocol on digital I/O pins. A
series of AT commands are used to configure the module in (ICEGC),2024.
station mode and connect to a local Wi-Fi access point. [5] Gieva EE et al., “Energy Harvesting Floor Tile Using
Once the connection is established, the module is Piezoelectric Patches for Low-Power Applications,” Journal
programmed to initiate TCP communication with the of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, 2024.
ThingSpeak API endpoint.

D.ꢀData Transmission to ThingSpeak

Each sensor reading (voltage, temperature, humidity) is

formatted into an HTTP GET request compatible with
ThingSpeak’s API. The ESP8266 sends this request to the
server, where data is parsed and stored in respective fields of
a dedicated channel. This channel is configured with
public/private access, and allows real-time graphical
visualization of the incoming data.

E.ꢀReal-Time Monitoring and Visualization

ThingSpeak provides a web-based dashboard with

automatically updating charts for each field. This enables
researchers and technicians to monitor system performance
and energy harvesting behavior in real time. Moreover,
ThingSpeak allows data export in JSON/CSV format and
supports MATLAB analytics for deeper trend analysis and
predictive maintenance.

I. CONCLUSION
The presented system offers a practical solution for
environmentally sustainable and locally deployable energy
harvesting. It overcomes critical limitations of traditional
piezoelectric systems by replacing lead-based materials with
safer alternatives and integrating real-time sensing for self-
diagnostics. The project capitalizes on dynamic mechanical2
input from animals in poultry environments, transforming it
into usable electrical energy for powering low-consumption
systems. The addition of IoT and cloud connectivity enables
continuous remote monitoring and performance evaluation,
elevating the system from a passive generator to an
intelligent, adaptive infrastructure.

The successful implementation demonstrates the viability of

using motion-based energy harvesting for micro-power
applications in agriculture and smart rural deployments. This
prototype not only enhances energy resilience in underserved
regions but also promotes eco-conscious engineering
practices.

REFERENCES
[1] Rumman et al., “Harvesting Electricity Using
Piezoelectric Material in Malls,” ResearchGate, 2023.
[2] Zakaria Malki et al., “Pedestrian Crossing System for
Mechanical Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric
Materials,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1112, 2023.
[3] Spoorthy M. R. et al., “Integrated Piezoelectric Energy
Harvesting: Automating Toll Collection and Highway Street
Lights,” International Education and Research
Journal,(IERJ),2024.
[4] Overview of Piezoelectric Energy 4 Harvesting in Tire
Condition Monitoring Systems, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Energy and Green Computing