CVS216B Conversion Systems -1-

UNIT 2: Single-phase transformers

2.1 A 5 kVA, 6600/240 V, 50 Hz single‐phase transformer has 400 turns on the primary.
Calculate:
2.1.1 The approximate values of the primary and secondary currents. [Ans: 0.758 A; 20.833 A]
2.1.2 The approximate number of secondary turns. [Ans: 14.545 turns]
2.1.3 The maximum value of the flux. [Ans: 74.324 mWb]

2.2 A single‐phase, two‐winding transformer is rated at 20 kVA, 480/120 V, 60 Hz. A power

supply connected to the 480 V winding supplies an impedance load connected to the 120 V
winding. The load absorbs 15 kVA at a power factor of 0.8 lagging, when the load voltage is
118 V. Assume that the transformer is ideal. Determine the following parameters:
2.2.1 The voltage across the 480 V winding. [Ans: 472 V]
2.2.2 The load impedance. [Ans: 0.9283∠36. 870 Ω]
2.2.3 The load impedance referred to the 480 V winding. [Ans: 14.85∠36. 870 Ω]
2.2.4 The real and reactive power supplied to the 480 V winding. [Ans: 12 kW; 9 kVAr]

2.3 The no‐load current of a single-phase transformer is 5.0 A at a 0.3 power factor when supplied
at 230 V, 50 Hz. The number of turns on the primary winding is 200. Calculate:
2.3.1 The maximum value of flux in the core. [Ans: 5.2 mWb]
2.3.2 The core loss. [Ans: 345 W]
2.3.3 The magnetizing current. [Ans: 4.77 A]

2.4 A 50 Hz, 100 kVA, single-phase transformer supplied with 2.2 kV has a turns ratio of 400 to
80. Primary and secondary resistances are 0.3 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively and the
corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1 Ω and 0.035 Ω each. Determine:
2.4.1 The equivalent impedances referred to the primary side and to the secondary side. [Ans:
ZeqP = 0.55 + j1.975 Ω, ZeqS = 0.022 + j0.079 Ω]
2.4.2 The secondary terminal voltage and the voltage regulation for full load having a power
factor of (i) 0.8 lagging (ii) 0.8 leading. [Ans: (i) VS,fl = 425.379 V, VR = 3.437 %, (ii)
VS,fl = 447.11 V, VR = -1.59 %]

2.5 Problem 2.1, Chapman, 5th edition.

Replace questions a) & b) with the following question: Calculate the impedances referred to
the low voltage side and sketch the simplified equivalent circuit.
[Ans: a) & b) ZeqS = 0.011 + j0.0132 Ω, RcS = 59.944 Ω, XmS = j12 Ω,
aIP Req Xeq IS
+ +
0.011 Ω j0.0132 Ω
Ih+e Im

VP/a Rc Xm VS
59.946 Ω j12 Ω

- -
c) VP’ = VP/a = 𝟐𝟖𝟑∠𝟎. 𝟒° 𝑽,
VR = 2.2 %, d) PCu = 1430 W, Pcore = 1602 W, e) η = 96.6 %]
CVS216B Conversion Systems -2-

2.6 Problem 2.2, Chapman, 5th edition. Ignore 2300 V! It’s confusing.
[Ans: a) IS = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟖∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° 𝑨, Vsource = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓∠𝟑. 𝟎° 𝒌𝑽, b) VP’ = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟓∠𝟎. 𝟑° 𝑽, VR = 0.63
%, c) η = 97.1 %]

2.7 Problem 2.6, Chapman, 5th edition.

[Ans: a) ZeqS = 0.126 + j0.476 Ω, RcS = 3383 Ω, XmS = j1099 Ω, b) 0.8 PF lagging: VR = 2.96
%, 1.0 PF: VR = 1.04 %, 0.8 PF leading: VR = -1.3 %, c) η = 98.3 %]

2.8 A 5000 VA 660/220 V transformer has been tested to determine its equivalent circuit. The
results of the tests are shown below. All data given were taken from the secondary (low voltage)
side of the transformer.
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
VOC = 220 V VSC = 15 V
IOC = 1.0 A ISC = 22.73 A
POC = 40 W PSC = 75 W

2.8.1 Determine from the test results the values for the equivalent circuit of this transformer
referred to the low-voltage side and the high-voltage side of the transformer. [Ans: RcS =
1210 Ω, XmS = j223.736 Ω, ZeqS = 0.660 + j0.644 Ω, RcP = 10 890 Ω, XmP = j2013.6 Ω,
ZeqP = 1.307 + j5.794 Ω]
2.8.2 If the no-load voltage on the secondary side of the transformer is 232.9 ∠1.94° 𝑉,
calculate the secondary load current, the power factor of the load and the transformer’s
voltage regulation. You can assume that the load voltage is 220∠0° 𝑉.voltage. [Ans: IS =
22.738 A, PF = 0.7, VR = 5.864%]
2.8.3 Determine the transformer’s efficiency at rated conditions and 0.85 PF lagging. [Ans: η =
97.365%]
2.8.4 Determine the load (in VA) where the maximum efficiency of this transformer will occur.
[S = 3651.5 VA]

2.9 An open circuit test and short circuit test were performed on a 50 Hz, 220 kVA, 1500/4000
V single phase transformer. The open circuit test was performed at the low voltage side,
while the short circuit test was performed at the high voltage side. The following data are
available from an open circuit and short circuit test.

Test Input Voltmeter Input Ammeter Input wattmeter reading

readings (V) reading (A) (W)
Open circuit test 1500 2.9 80
Short circuit test 35 55 150

Determine the following parameters:

2.9.1 The transformer turns ratio. [Ans: a = 0.375]
2.9.2 The equivalent resistance and leakage reactance, referred to the LV side. [Ans: ZeqP =
0.00703 + j0.0892 Ω]
2.9.3 The no load branch parameters referred to the LV side. [Ans: RcP = 28.226 kΩ, XmP =
j517.328 Ω]
2.9.4 The per unit voltage regulation for a lagging power factor of 0.8. [Ans: Vreg = 0.0058 pu]
2.9.5 The per unit value of maximum efficiency at unity power factor. [Ans: η = 0.999 pu]
CVS216B Conversion Systems -3-
2.10 A 50 Hz, 25 kVA, 500/120 V, single-phase transformer produced the following test results
in the laboratory:

Open Circuit Test Results

Primary open circuited, all measurements are made on the low voltage side.
Input voltage 150 V, input current 2.9 A, and input power 65 W.

Short Circuit Test Results

Secondary short circuited, all measurements are made on the high voltage side.
Input voltage 35 V, input current 24 A, and input power 200 W.

From this data, determine the following:

2.10.1 The equivalent series resistance and leakage reactance, referred to the high voltage side.
[Ans: ZeqP = 0.347 + j1.416 Ω]
2.10.2 The no load branch parameters referred to the high voltage side. [Ans: RcP = 6.012 kΩ,
XmP = 908.16 Ω]
2.10.3 The full-load secondary terminal voltage for a power factor of 0.8 lagging. [Ans: 107.052
∕_-5.948° V]
2.10.4 The voltage regulation for a power factor of 0.8 lagging. [Ans: 12.095%]
2.10.5 The value of maximum efficiency at unity power factor. [Ans: 99.08 %]
2.10.6 The full-load efficiency for a power factor of 0.8 lagging. [Ans: 98.71 %]
2.10.7 Draw the approximate equivalent circuit with its values referred to the high voltage side.
[Ans:

0.347 Ω j1.416 Ω

6.012 kΩ j908.16 Ω

2.11 Problem 2.7, Chapman, 5th edition.

[Ans: a) VS = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟒∠ − 𝟏. 𝟗° 𝑽, VR = 2.09 %, b) VS = 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟑∠ − 𝟎. 𝟑° 𝑽, VR = -10.6 %]

2.12 Problem 2.8, Chapman, 5th edition. Primary is 15 kV! Assume Rc is 240 per unit!
[Ans: a) ZeqP = 0.018 + j0.075 Ω, RcP = 360 Ω, XmP = j120 Ω, b) VR = 5.03 %, c) Pcu = 2.813
kW, Pcore = 625 kW]
CVS216B Conversion Systems -4-
th
2.13 Problem 2.9, Chapman, 5 edition. Primary is 230 kV!
[Ans: a) ZeqS = 0.38 + j1.9 Ω, RcS = 2244 Ω, XmS = j737 Ω, b) VP’ = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟎∠𝟏. 𝟗° 𝑽, VR = 3.84
%, η = 96.6 %]

2.14 The following results were obtained from a 100 kVA single-phase transformer:
Open-Circuit Test: Primary Voltage = 3 200 V
Primary Power = 475 W
Secondary Voltage = 415 V
Short-Circuit Test: Primary Voltage = 120 V
Primary Power = 560 W
Primary Current = 17.2 A
Secondary Current = Full-load value

2.14.1 Draw a circuit diagram showing how the open- and short-circuit tests are conducted. [Ans:
Figures. 2.19 & 2.20 from Chapman].
2.14.2 Determine the efficiency at full-load and at three quarter load for a power factor of 0.8.
[Ans: 98.7% & 98.7%]
2.14.3 Calculate the voltage regulation for a power factor of 0.8 leading and a power factor of 0.8
lagging. [Ans: 3.0% & -1.4%]
2.14.4 Determine the secondary terminal voltage for the voltage regulation values calculated in
4.3 above. [Ans: 402.550 V & 420.810 V]
2.14.5 At what fraction of full-load will the transformer be operating at maximum efficiency?
Calculate the maximum efficiency of the transformer. [Ans: 92.1 kVA & 99.0%]

2.15 A 120 kVA, 2400/240 V, step-down transformer has the following parameters, for the
primary winding and the secondary winding respectively: RP = 0.75 Ω, XP = 0.8 Ω, RS =
0.01 Ω, XS = 0.02 Ω. The transformer is designed to operate at maximum efficiency at 70%
of its rated load with 0.8 power factor lagging. Determine:
2.15.1 The kVA rating of the transformer at maximum efficiency. [Ans: 84 kVA ]
2.15.2 The maximum efficiency at 0.8 power factor lagging. [Ans: 94%]
2.15.3 The efficiency at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging. [Ans: 93.6%]
2.15.4 The equivalent core-loss resistance referred to the primary side. [Ans: 2.687 kΩ ]

2.16 Problem 2.17, Chapman, 5th edition.

[Ans: a) , b) SIO = 12.5 kVA, c) IP = 20.83 A, IS = 104 A]

CVS216B Conversion Systems -5-
th
2.17 Problem 2.18, Chapman, 5 edition.

[Ans: a) , b) SIO = 50 kVA, c) IP = 83.3 A, IS = 104 A, d) Note that the

apparent power handling capability of the autotransformer is much higher when there is only
a small difference between primary and secondary voltages. Autotransformers are normally
only used when there is a small difference between the two voltage levels.]

2.18 A single-phase, 50 Hz, 500 kVA, 6600/5400 V autotransformer has an emf per turn of 8 V
and a maximum flux density of 1.2 Wb/m2. Determine the cross-sectional area of the core
and the number of turns on both sides [Ans: A = 0.03 m2, N1 = 825 turns, N2 = 675 turns]