🔍 Title: A Learning-Based Approach for Real-Time Emotion Classification of Tweets

🧠 1. What Is the Problem Being Solved?

People post millions of tweets every day expressing feelings, emotions, and opinions. Detecting emotions in tweets
helps in:
 Monitoring public mood
 Understanding customer sentiment
 Improving mental health tools
 Assisting governments/brands during events (e.g., elections, disasters, product launches)
🤖 2. What Is a Learning-Based Approach?

A learning-based approach means using machine learning algorithms to train models on labeled tweet data and
classify new tweets based on that training.
Steps:
1. Collect tweets
2. Preprocess the tweets (cleaning text)
3. Extract features (e.g., word embeddings)
4. Train a classifier (e.g., SVM, LSTM, BERT)
5. Predict emotions (e.g., joy, sadness, anger, fear)
📱 3. Why Real-Time?

Real-time classification means analyzing tweets as they are posted, not hours or days later. It's important for:
 Emergency response
 Trending topic analysis
 Real-time marketing
 Crisis detection
To achieve this, we need:1) Fast algorithms 2)Streaming architecture 3)Efficient preprocessing pipelines
💡 4. Where Does Social Network Analysis Fit In?

SNA can enhance emotion classification in several ways:

📊 a. Network Context:

 Analyzing who is connected to whom

 Understanding influence and emotion spread across the network
For example: 1) Emotions can spread through social ties
2)SNA helps identify influential users whose emotions affect many others
🌐 b. Hashtag & Mention Graphs: Tweets using the same hashtag or mentioning the same user can be linked

 Graphs can show communities with similar emotions

🧩 c. Emotion Propagation: Predict emotions of unlabeled tweets by seeing emotions in their connected neighbors

🧪 5. Machine Learning Models Used

Model Description

Naive Bayes Simple, fast, good baseline for text

SVM Good for high-dimensional feature spaces like TF-IDF

LSTM/GRU Captures long-term dependencies in tweet sequences

BERT Pretrained language model that captures deep meaning

🧹 6. Preprocessing of Tweets

 Remove URLs, hashtags, mentions, emojis

 Lowercase everything
 Tokenize and remove stopwords
 Convert text into vectors using:
o TF-IDF

o Word2Vec

o BERT embeddings

📈 7. Evaluation Metrics: To evaluate the model:

 Accuracy: % of correct predictions

 Precision, Recall, F1-score
 Confusion Matrix
 ROC-AUC for multi-label emotion detection
🧠 8. Emotions Usually Detected

Some common emotion categories in tweets:1)Joy 2)Sadness 3)Anger 4)Fear 5)Surprise 6)Love 7)Neutral
🌟 10. Applications

 Mental health monitoring (detect suicidal or depressed tweets)

 Brand sentiment tracking
 Disaster response (detect panic, fear)
 Election campaigns (joy/anger analysis on politicians)
 Social bot detection (unusual emotion spikes)

"A New Linguistic Approach to Assess the Opinion of Users in Social Network Environments"
🧠 1. What Is This Topic About?
This topic focuses on understanding user opinions (like support, disagreement, satisfaction, etc.) from the language
they use in social networks (like Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, etc.). Instead of just using machine learning or basic
sentiment analysis, this paper proposes a linguistic approach — using the structure, grammar, and meaning of
language to better understand opinions in online posts.
📌 2. Keywords to Understand

Term Meaning

Uses language structure, grammar, syntax, and semantics to analyze text. Goes deeper
Linguistic Approach
than word matching.

Opinion Mining Finding and analyzing people's opinions, sentiments, and emotions in text.

Social Network Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, where users share their thoughts
Environments and interact.

🔍 3. Why a Linguistic Approach?

Most traditional methods:

 Use keyword-based sentiment analysis
 Focus on positive, negative, neutral
But those are limited because:
 People don’t always express directly (“Yeah, right!” may mean sarcasm)
 Tweets/posts are short, noisy, and informal
 Emotions/opinions can be hidden in grammar or contextual clues
So a linguistic approach tries to:
 Understand how sentences are built
 Analyze modifiers, intensifiers, negations
 Detect sarcasm, irony, or subtlety
 Use natural language rules, not just machine learning
4. What Techniques Are Involved?

a. Syntax Parsing
 Analyzes sentence structure (subject, verb, object)
 Helps identify who is expressing what opinion
Example: "I don’t think this movie is bad." → double negative → positive opinion
b. Semantic Analysis
 Understands meaning of words in context
c. Lexical Resources
 Use dictionaries like:
o SentiWordNet (words with sentiment scores)

o LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count)

 o WordNet for synonyms, antonyms

d. Discourse Analysis
 Studies how multiple sentences together form an opinion
 Tracks pronouns ("he", "they") and logical connectors ("but", "however")
e. Sarcasm & Irony Detection
 Important in social networks
 Example: "Just great! I missed the bus AND it's raining." → sarcastic, negative
🌐 5. How Is It Used in Social Network Analysis?

✅ a. User-Level Opinion Profiling

 Build opinion profiles for each user (positive/negative tone, topic preferences)
✅ b. Influence Detection

 People who use strong/opinionated language may be influencers

 Combine with SNA metrics like centrality to find powerful voices
✅ c. Community Sentiment Analysis

 Analyze collective opinion of a group (e.g., fans of a celebrity or voters)

🧠 6. Example Workflow

Tweet: "I absolutely love the new iPhone, though it’s super expensive."
→ Syntax parsing: “absolutely love” = strong positive, “super expensive” = negative cost aspect
→ Semantic score = +0.7 (overall positive opinion)
📊 7. Advantages Over Traditional Methods

Traditional Approach Linguistic Approach

Word-based only Context-based

Can miss sarcasm Detects irony

Shallow analysis Deep structure

Less explainable More interpretable

🧭 8. Real-World Applications

 Brand monitoring: Understanding detailed customer feedback

 Political sentiment analysis: Tracking voter opinion linguistically
 Health opinion mining: Patients' feedback on treatments
 Fake news detection: Analyzing how opinion is framed linguistically
🧠 Topic: Explaining Scientific and Technical Emergence Forecasting

As your Social Network Analysis (SNA) professor, I will break this down into easy, structured, and logical segments
so you fully understand this advanced concept.
🔍 1. What Is Scientific and Technical Emergence?
Emergence refers to the rise of new ideas, technologies, or scientific trends that are likely to become important in the
future.
🎯 2. What Is Emergence Forecasting?

Emergence forecasting is the process of:

 Identifying, tracking, and predicting
 Which scientific or technological ideas
 Will grow fast, gain attention, and create real-world impact
This helps:
 Policymakers
 Research institutes
 Investors
 Innovators
Make strategic decisions early.
🧪 3. Where Does This Apply?

 Research trend detection (e.g., in arXiv, IEEE)

 Funding allocation (which areas to invest in)
 Patent analysis (new tech innovations)
 Horizon scanning (anticipating risks or opportunities)
 Innovation management (what tech to adopt next)
🔗 4. How Is Social Network Analysis Involved?

Social Network Analysis is key in forecasting emergence. Here’s how:

a. Co-authorship Networks
 Who is publishing with whom?
 Emerging ideas often come from new collaborations
b. Citation Networks
 Which papers are being cited frequently and recently?
 Sudden citation growth = possible emergence
c. Keyword Co-occurrence Networks
 Track which keywords (e.g., “blockchain + AI”) are appearing together more often
d. Innovation Diffusion
 SNA shows how ideas spread across communities
 Early spreaders (influential nodes) are innovation drivers
🧭 5. Forecasting Techniques Used
Technique Description

Bibliometric Analysis Analyzes scientific articles (keywords, citations) to find trends

Text Mining & NLP Extract emerging terms from titles, abstracts, patents

Time Series Analysis Tracks growth in usage over time

Topic Modeling Groups related documents using LDA to discover hot topics

Machine Learning Predicts which topics will grow based on past data

🧱 6. Indicators of Emergence To forecast emergence, look for patterns like:

Indicator Meaning

Burst in Publications Sudden spike in number of papers

Growth in Citations More attention from researchers

New Terms Appearing Novel keywords or jargon

Cross-Disciplinary Spread Topic moving between different fields

Global Interest Topic being discussed worldwide

7. Example: Detecting the Rise of AI in Healthcare Step-by-step:

1. Collect papers from 2010 to 2024 in medicine.
2. Analyze keyword trends: “deep learning,” “medical imaging,” “AI diagnosis.”
3. Build a co-author and citation network.
4. Observe sudden increase in:
o Papers on “AI + radiology”

o International collaborations

o Patent filings in “AI health diagnostics”

5. Forecast: This area is an emerging domain likely to grow in funding and startups.
🧠 8. Why Is This Important?

 Governments can plan future R&D funding.

 Companies can invest early in disruptive tech.
 Researchers can focus on high-impact fields.
 Society can prepare for new tech impacts (e.g., ethics of AI or privacy in biotech).
📌 9. Challenges in Emergence Forecasting:1) Noisy Data 2) Lags in Publication 3) Language Ambiguity 4) Prediction
Errors
📘 Topic: Social Network Analysis for Biometric Template Protection

As your Social Network Analysis (SNA) professor, I’ll explain this advanced topic in simple, clear, and organized
steps so you understand how SNA and biometric security are connected.
🔐 1. What Is Biometric Template Protection? Biometric templates are digital representations of biometric traits like:

 Fingerprints
  Iris patterns
 Face features
 Voiceprints
These templates are sensitive and private. If leaked or stolen, unlike passwords, they can't be changed — you can't
change your fingerprint! :So, biometric template protection ensures:
 Data is stored securely
 It can’t be reverse-engineered
 It resists spoofing, tampering, and unauthorized access
🌐 2. Where Does Social Network Analysis Come In?

Social Network Analysis (SNA) is used in this context to:

 Analyze relationships between biometric data and users/devices
 Detect patterns in access, similarity, or potential attacks
 Model and secure interactions in biometric systems (especially multi-user or cloud-based)
💡 3. Conceptual Overview: Biometric SNA

Let’s build a network where:

 Nodes = biometric templates (or users)
 Edges = similarities or shared patterns (e.g., matching traits, shared access points, attack vectors)
By analyzing this graph, we can:
 Detect anomalies (e.g., one user linked to multiple templates = spoofing)
 Identify clusters of reused or correlated data
 Visualize leakage or compromise paths
🧠 4. Key Applications of SNA in Template Protection

Application Area Description

Template Similarity Networks Build networks based on similarity scores to detect duplicates or fakes

Attack Path Prediction Use SNA to trace possible attack vectors in multi-biometric systems

Access Pattern Monitoring Who is accessing what, how often, and from where

Spoof Detection Identify outliers or unusual connections that suggest template tampering

User-Device Graphs Map users and devices to detect cloning or identity fraud

📊 5. Techniques Used

SNA Technique Use in Biometric Protection

Community Detection Identify user groups with common biometric behavior

Centrality Measures (Degree, Betweenness) Spot suspicious templates involved in many matches

Anomaly Detection Flag irregular connections between users and templates

Clustering Coefficients Detect dense clusters of fake identities (Sybil attacks)

SNA Technique Use in Biometric Protection

Temporal SNA Track changes in the network over time to spot misuse

🔍 6. Example Scenario

Imagine a cloud-based fingerprint authentication system used by employees.

 Build a user-template graph
 Run SNA to find:
o Multiple templates tied to one user: Possible spoofing

o One template reused by many users: Data leakage

o A node with high betweenness centrality: Gateway to attack

🧬 7. Linking SNA with Biometric Template Protection Techniques

Protection Method SNA Support

Cancelable Biometrics Track how changes affect relationships in the network

Template Watermarking Detect tampering by observing trust flows in the network

Multimodal Biometric Fusion Use SNA to analyze relationships between different modalities (e.g., face + voice)

Template Revocability Use temporal SNA to track the effectiveness of template updates over time

🚨 9. Advantages of Using SNA

 Early Warning for suspicious activity

 Better visualization of template misuse or fraud
 Improved decision-making for revoking or updating templates
 Insight into trust/distrust relationships in biometric systems
⚠️10. Challenges

Challenge Description

Data Privacy Graphs must not leak sensitive biometric traits

Scalability Large biometric systems = huge graphs

False Positives SNA may flag legitimate users as threats

Dynamic Environments Templates and users change over time — graph must update too

Unit-1
📘 Introduction to Web, Its Limitations, Semantic Web, and the Emergence of the Social Web

🌐 1. Introduction to the Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content accessed via
the Internet using web browsers.
Key Components:
  HTML: HyperText Markup Language for designing web pages.
 HTTP: Protocol used to access web pages.
 URL: Unique address for every web page.
 Web Browser: Interface to access the web (e.g., Chrome, Firefox).
🚫 2. Limitations of the Current Web (Web 1.0 and Web 2.0)

Limitation Explanation

Web content is designed for humans, not machines — machines can't understand
Lack of Meaning
meaning.

Information Overload Too much information, but poor filtering and personalization.

No Interlinking of Data Pages are linked, but data is not — making knowledge integration difficult.

Static Content (Web 1.0) Early web pages were read-only; no interaction.

Privacy and Trust Issues (Web User-generated content raises concerns over fake profiles, misinformation, and
2.0) surveillance.

Difficult for Automated Agents Machines can't process or reason about web content intelligently.

3. Development of the Semantic Web (Web 3.0)

The Semantic Web, proposed by Tim Berners-Lee, is an extension of the current web where information is given
well-defined meaning, making it easier for computers to process, share, and reuse.
📌 Goals:

 Make machine-understandable data

 Enable intelligent search and automation
 Support semantic reasoning (logic-based)
Technologies Used:

Technology Purpose

RDF (Resource Description Framework) Basic data representation format

OWL (Web Ontology Language) Describes relationships and rules

SPARQL Query language for semantic data

Ontology Defines domain knowledge (e.g., diseases, people, books)

✅ Benefits:

 Intelligent agents (e.g., smart assistants)

 Personalized services
 Better search results
 Interoperability between systems
🤝 4. Emergence of the Social Web (Web 2.0)

The Social Web refers to the interactive, collaborative, user-driven web, where people create, share, and connect
through platforms.
🔑 Features:

 User-generated content (blogs, tweets, reviews)

 Social networking (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn)
 Collaboration tools (Wikipedia, GitHub)
 Rich interactivity (AJAX, APIs, mobile apps)
 Reputation and trust systems (likes, followers, ratings)
📱 Examples:

Platform Function

Facebook Social networking

Twitter Microblogging

Instagram Photo sharing

YouTube Video sharing

Reddit Social news and forums

🧩 5. Differences: Semantic Web vs. Social Web

Aspect Semantic Web Social Web

Purpose Machine-readable content Human interaction and content sharing

Focus Data meaning and logic Social interaction and connectivity

Example Ontologies, linked data Social media, wikis

Goal Automation and intelligent agents Community building and user engagement

📌 6. Importance in Social Network Analysis

 Semantic Web helps structure social data (e.g., interests, relationships) in meaningful formats.
 Social Web provides raw user-generated content (posts, likes, comments) for SNA.
 Combined, they power intelligent social platforms (like recommendation systems, fake news detection,
behavior analysis).
📘 Statistical Properties of Social Networks – Network Analysis – Development of Social Network Analysis

🌐 1. What Is a Social Network?

A social network is a structure made up of:

 Nodes (vertices): individuals, users, or entities
 Edges (links): relationships or interactions between them (friendship, following, messaging, etc.)
Think of Facebook: each person is a node, and each friendship is an edge.
📊 2. Statistical Properties of Social Networks

These are mathematical characteristics that help understand the structure and behavior of networks.
a) Degree
 Definition: Number of connections a node has.
  Types:
o In-degree: Number of incoming links (e.g., followers on Twitter)

o Out-degree: Number of outgoing links (e.g., how many you follow)

 Significance: Identifies influencers or active users

b) Average Path Length
 Definition: Average number of steps it takes to go from one node to another.
 Shorter path = better information flow
 Example: In LinkedIn, you are usually 2–3 steps away from any professional.
c) Clustering Coefficient
 Definition: Measures how likely a node’s neighbors are also connected.
 High clustering = tight-knit community
 Example: In WhatsApp groups, many users know each other.
d) Network Diameter
 Definition: The longest shortest path between any two nodes.
 Helps identify network size and reachability.
e) Centrality Measures
Used to find important or influential nodes:

Type Meaning

Degree Centrality Nodes with most connections

Betweenness Centrality Nodes that act as bridges in the network

Closeness Centrality Nodes closest to all others

Eigenvector Centrality Nodes connected to other important nodes (used in Google's PageRank)

f) Density
 Definition: Measures how many edges exist compared to the maximum possible.
 High density = highly connected network
g) Homophily : People tend to connect with similar people (same age, interest, opinion)
h) Power Law Distribution : In social networks, a few nodes have many connections (hubs), most have few —
follows a power law.
📈 3. Network Analysis: Network analysis uses mathematical and visual techniques to study structure, behavior, and
relationships in a network.
Steps in Network Analysis:
1. Data Collection (e.g., user tweets, likes, follows)
2. Graph Construction (nodes and edges)
 3. Metric Calculation (degree, centrality, etc.)
4. Visualization (using tools like Gephi, NetworkX, Cytoscape)
5. Interpretation (find influencers, communities, anomalies)
🧠 4. Development of Social Network Analysis (SNA)

🔙 Early History:

 Began in sociology and anthropology (1930s–1950s)

 Studied group behavior, family ties, and friendship circles
 Jacob Moreno introduced sociograms (early network maps)
📚 Mid 20th Century:

 SNA became mathematical using graph theory

 Used in psychology, communication, political science
💻 Recent Years:

With digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn):

 Huge data available from social media
 Used for influencer detection, sentiment analysis, spread of information, fake news detection
🌍 Applications Today:

Area Use

Marketing Influencer targeting, viral campaigns

Epidemiology Disease spread tracking (COVID-19)

Security Detecting terrorist/fraud networks

Politics Analyzing opinion clusters

Education Student collaboration patterns

📘 Key Concepts and Measures in Network Analysis – Discussion Networks – Blogs and Online Communities –
Web-Based Networks
1️⃣ Key Concepts and Measures in Network Analysis

These are the foundational ideas and metrics used to understand how networks function and behave.
🔑 Key Concepts:

Concept Description

Node (Vertex) An individual entity (e.g., person, user, page)

Edge (Link) A connection between nodes (e.g., friendship, comment, retweet)

Directed/Undirected Directional (A → B) or mutual (A — B) relationships

Path A sequence of nodes connected by edges

Graph A visual or mathematical representation of the network

Concept Description

Subgraph A smaller portion of the network

Component A group of nodes that are connected together

Bridge An edge whose removal increases the number of components

📏 Key Measures:

Measure Explanation Purpose

Degree Centrality Number of connections a node has Measures popularity

Closeness Centrality How fast a node can reach others Measures reachability

Betweenness Centrality Number of times a node lies on the shortest path Finds bridges or brokers

Eigenvector Centrality Influence of a node based on connected nodes' importance Identifies power users

Density Ratio of actual to possible edges Measures network cohesion

Clustering Coefficient How connected a node’s neighbors are Identifies communities

Average Path Length Average steps between nodes Measures network efficiency

Diameter Longest shortest path Indicates size of the network

2️⃣ Discussion Networks

These networks represent how people interact through discussions—common in forums, Q&A platforms, or online
groups.
🧠 Properties:

 Nodes = users
 Edges = reply, mention, or quote
 Often threaded (tree-like structures)
 Time-based evolution: discussions grow and decay
🔍 Use in SNA:

 Track active users

 Identify discussion leaders
 Monitor topic diffusion (how discussions spread)
 Detect polarization or agreement groups
3️⃣ Blogs and Online Communities

✍️Blogs:

Personal or topical web pages where individuals share opinions, stories, or information.
In SNA:
 Nodes = blog authors or blog pages
 Edges = comments, links, references
  Blogosphere is a complex network of interlinked blogs
Uses: 1)Analyze influencer bloggers 2)Study opinion leaders
 Track topic propagation
👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Online Communities: Groups formed around common interests or goals on platforms like:

Reddit, Quora, Discord, Stack Exchange, Facebook Groups

SNA Applications:
 Detect community leaders
 Understand group dynamics
 Track engagement patterns
 Study emergence of trust or conflict
4️⃣ Web-Based Networks

Type Example Nodes Edges

Hyperlink Network Websites linking to each other Web pages Hyperlinks

Search Engine Graph Google index Keywords/pages Relevance

Social Media Graph Twitter, Facebook Users Follows, likes, shares

Citation Networks Google Scholar, ResearchGate Papers Citations

🔍 SNA Applications:

 PageRank algorithm (used by Google)

 Discover important websites
 Identify influential users/content
 Detect spam or fake link farms
 Map information flow online
Unit-2

🔍 Visualizing Online Social Networks :Visualization helps see patterns, communities, influencers, and interactions
in social networks. It's crucial for understanding the structure and flow of information.
📚 1. A Taxonomy of Visualizations: A taxonomy means classification. Visualizations of social networks can be
grouped based on structure, size, and layout:

Category Description

Node-Link Diagrams Nodes as points, links as lines (most common)

Matrix-Based Representations Nodes in rows/columns, cells indicate connections

Hybrid Representations Combine node-link and matrix for complex networks

Timeline/Temporal Shows evolution of relationships over time

Geo-Spatial Maps social connections to real-world geography

Semantic-based Shows meaning/contexts between entities using ontologies

Category Description

📈 2. Graph Representation: Social networks are represented as graphs:

 G = (V, E), where: 1) V = Nodes (users, posts, pages) 2) E = Edges (follows, likes, mentions)
Types: 1)Directed: Follower-followee 2)Undirected: Mutual friends 3) Weighted: With strength
⭐ 3. Centrality Measures importance of a node:

Type Meaning

Degree Centrality Most connected

Closeness Centrality Fastest to reach others

Betweenness Centrality Connects different parts

Eigenvector Centrality Connected to other important nodes

🧩 4. Clustering: Clustering refers to grouping similar nodes: 1) Communities: Densely connected groups

2)Methods: Modularity maximization, Louvain method, K-Means (for feature vectors)

Visualized by different colors or shapes of node groups.
🔵 5. Node-Edge Diagrams: This is the classic graph layout: 1)Nodes: Circles or icons 2)Edges: Lines (with arrows if
directed) 3)Node size = centrality 4)Edge thickness = interaction strength
Used in tools like: 1) Gephi 2)Cytoscape 3)Graphviz 4)NetworkX (Python)
🔳 6. Matrix-Based Representations: Represented as adjacency matrix

 Rows and columns = nodes

 Cell (i, j) = 1 if connection exists, else 0
Useful for:1.Dense graphs 2.Pattern recognition 3.Machine learning models
Drawback: Less intuitive than graphs for humans.
🔗 7. Node-Link Diagrams: 1.Most intuitive 2.Visual map of how individuals are connected

3.Issues: Gets cluttered for large networks

Use in:
 Facebook friendship maps
 LinkedIn connection graphs
🧬 8. Hybrid Representations

Combine matrix + node-link:

 Useful when analyzing both structure and connection strength
 Example: Start with matrix for computation, switch to node-link for visualization
📊 9. Modeling and Aggregating Social Network Data

Aggregation = Combining data across multiple users or platforms to get summary networks.
Modeling involves: 1.Dynamic graphs 2.Multiplex networks 3.Heterogeneous networks
Tools used: NetworkX, SNAP, Neo4j, Apache Spark GraphFrames
🎲 10. Random Walks and Their Applications

A random walk is a process where a node moves randomly from one neighbor to another.
Applications: 1.PageRank (used by Google)
 Community detection
 Recommendation systems
 Sampling large graphs
Mathematically, it models how information or influence spreads.
☁️11. Use of Hadoop and MapReduce

When networks are too large for a single machine (like Facebook’s graph), we use distributed computing.
 Hadoop: A framework to store and process big data.
 MapReduce: A programming model for parallel processing.
Use in SNA:
 Compute centrality across billions of nodes
 Aggregate social media data
 Detect trending communities or influencers in real-time
🌐 12. Ontological Representation of Social Individuals and Relationships

Ontology = a formal structure that defines: 1.Entities 2.Relationships 3.Properties

Used in Semantic Web: 1.RDF 2.OWL 3.SPARQL
Helps in: 1.Making social media machine-readable 2.Enabling smart recommendation systems
3.Linking user data across platforms