UNIT 4

Engineering Drawing
Foundation Drawing

What Is Foundation?

How to Draw the Foundation

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What Is Foundation?

The Foundation is the main supporting component of any building structure. It is the lowest part of the building which is
in contact with soil and transfers all structural load to soil safely. Without a foundation, you may not
see skyscrapers building in the world. There are different Types of Foundations used in construction depending upon
the nature of the work.

Types of Foundation In Building Construction

1. Isolated Spread Footing

It is one of the simplest and worldwide popular foundations. An isolated

footing is mostly used to support a single column. This type of foundation
is suitable when columns are not closely spaced.
1.Stepped footing
2.Simple spread footing.
3.Sloped footing.

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 What is a foundation drawing?

The foundation plan is a plan view drawing, in section, showing the

location and size of footings, piers, columns, foundation walls, and
supporting beams. The foundation plan is drawn from information
presented on the floor plan, plot plan, and elevation plan drawings.

How to Read Foundation Drawing Plans for Construction

While construction work is in progress, understanding a complex drawing is
sometimes a challenging task. Normally construction work is progressing
on the fast track and construction experts at the site have a lot of actions
on their to-do list. They have to make many decisions, making progress
reports, handling labor, etc. they might have been left with limited time to
read the drawings before execution of the construction works. Minor
mistakes in reading the drawings can cause a major issue. For example, if
coordinates marked on a foundation drawing are read incorrectly, the
foundation will be cast at the wrong location. The casting of the foundation
at wrong coordinates will cause a mismatch in other interconnecting items
or structural elements. The error in reading the coordinates seems to be
very minor, but may be very difficult to handle later on.

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Design Information for Foundation Drawing

•Foundation Layout
•Sections
•Details
•Dimensions
•Reinforcement details
•Coordinates (Northing & Easting)
•Key plan
•Anchoring details (where applicable)

Steps to Create a Foundation Drawing

1.Select location of structure.
2.Select scale for your drawing.
3.From the floor plan, locate outline of foundation walls.
4.Draw foundation walls, columns and piers.
5.Use breaks in the walls to indicate doors, windows,
vents and access holes.
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Foundation plan of 8x12m residential house (This is single
story building). In this house, kitchen, dining area, opened
porch, living area, master bedroom with water closet &
bathroom, guest room with attached bathroom, and kid’s
room with attached bathroom & water closet is available.

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Stepped Footing
This type of footings is provided with steps in foundation sides,
which is also known as polestar. The step or polestar is starting
from the bottom up to column size. Stepped footings are
generally used when there is a heavy load coming from the
upper superstructure.

Simple Spread Footing

In simple spread footing, only a foundation base
is constructed and further followed by a column. This type of
footings is suitable when there is no excessive heavy load
coming from the upper part of the structure as in the case
of stepped footings.

Sloped Footing
In this type of footing, there is a foundation base and
further followed by a column. But the slope is given
to connect the base to column size and which is
also resembles the shape of trapezoidal. It is also known
as trapezoidal slope footing.

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Advantages of isolated footing

•In this type of footings shuttering material, the

requirement is very less, which is making it
economical compared to others.
•No skilled labor is required.
•It is time-saving because of simple shape.

Suitability
•Where columns are not closely spaced.
•Loads on footings are less.
•The Safe bearing capacity of the soil
is generally high at low depth.

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Drawing Engineering/By: Anunciano DPG/CE/FE/DIT 11
2. Wall Footings Wall footings are pad or spread and strip footings that are
used to support structural or nonstructural walls
to transmit and distribute the loads to the soil. All footing
runs along the direction of the wall. The thickness and size of
the footing are specified based on the type of soil at the site.
The width of footing is generally kept between 2-3 times the
widths of the wall.

In this foundation, the wall footing can be constructed from

plain concrete, reinforced concrete stone, brick. The wall
footing is best suited for small buildings.

Suitability:
It can be more effective for load-bearing structures and
boundary wall construction.

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3. Combined Footings

Combined footings are provided when the column is closely spaced. So that
their footing overlaps with each other and when the soil bearing capacity of a soil
is lower this type of footing are used. In such when columns are closely spaced and if we
provide separate isolated footings would overlap, in such cases, it is better to provide
a combined footing than isolated footing.

Following are the situation when we can use combined footing,

•When center to center distance between columns is small and soil has a low
bearing capacity. Individual column footing may overlap each other.
•In case when the column is located near to property line and sewer line,
the column center of gravity will not coincide with footing. Then, it is
necessary to provide combined this footing with that of the adjacent internal
column.
•Dimensions of one side of footing are restricted to due to any reason, so
that column footings may be combined.

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4. Cantilever or Strap Footings
When two or more footing is connected by a beam, it is known as a combined footing,
and beam connecting footing is known as a strap.
This is an important foundation. When a square or rectangular footing is located near to
the property line and if it concentrically located under the column would extend into
the adjoining property, which may not be permissible. For such a situation a trapezoidal
combined footing may be an alternative.

Sometimes, when the distance between this column and the adjoining
column is big, the combined trapezoidal footing will be quite narrow,
with high bending moments. In such a case, strap footing may
be provided.
The strap beam provided to connect two spread footing columns does
not remain in contact with soil and thus does not transfer any pressure to
the soil.
The main function of the strap beam is to transfer a load of the heavily
loaded outer column to the inner one. While transferring this load strap
footing has to experience shear force and bending moment. This should
be taken into consideration while designing cantilever or strap footings.
The below figure shows the different positions in which this footing can
be utilized and their choice depends upon the physical conditions of
Cantilever or Strap Footing each specific case.

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5. Raft or Mat Foundation
A Raft foundation is also known as a Mat foundation, it is a continuous slab that
covers the entire area of building a foundation and transfers its weight to the ground.

Types of Raft Foundation

Following are the different raft foundation
types,
1.Flat Plate type Raft Foundation
2.Plate thickened under the column
3.Piled Raft Foundation
4.Beam and Slab Type
5.Cellular Raft Footing

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 Raft Foundation Construction Process
The following is construction process of raft footing,
•The site on which the foundation is to be laid is first surveyed and excavated to a depth up to which foundation is to be constructed.
The base of the excavation is leveled to avoid uneven settlement.
•If after excavation soil is wet or the water table is reached then pumping is carried out to remove water and to start further excavation.
The waterproofing membrane is provided at the base to avoid water entering the slab.
•Cement-sand paste is poured to ensure the binding with soil once the concrete will be poured.
•This process is followed by lying reinforcement which is to be completed before concreting the base so that concrete can be performed
in one go.
•After finalizing the depth of the slab concrete is poured accordingly to the required height letting it for curing for several ways.

.1 What is Raft Foundation?

A raft foundation firstly is a continuous slab on soil that extends over the whole footprint of the building to be constructed by supporting
the building and transferring its weight to the ground.

Q.2 When should a Raft Foundation be used?

1. Raft Foundation is constructed on weaker soils that are poor with respect to their bearing capacity.
2. Raft foundation is used when columns are closely placed.
3. It is used when the load imposed by the structure is higher in magnitude.
4. When the water table is higher on the construction site Raft Foundation is adopted.
5. Similarly it can be preferred to avoid the shear failure of the structure due to uneven settlement.

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Raft Foundation
Raft Foundation is also known as Mat Foundation is a footing spread over the entire
area of the foundation transferring the load of the entire structure to the ground by taking
the load from the number of columns

Raft Footing
Raft foundation is concrete slab extra thickness resting on a large area of soil reinforced
with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil.
Usually, Raft footing is spread over the entire area of the structure it is supporting.

Types of Raft Foundation Types of Mat Foundation

The following are raft footing types used in construction, Solid Slab Raft,
Plain Raft,
Flat Plate type Raft Foundation Flat Rafts,
Plate thickened under the column Mats,
Wide Toe Rafts,
Piled Raft Foundation Slip Plane Rafts,
Beam and Slab Type Blanket Rafts,
Slab Beam Raft,
Cellular Raft Footing Cellular Raft.

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What is Footing?
A footing that is provided under an individual column is known as isolated footing. The isolated footing is used to carry a load of
superstructure through the Reinforced concrete column and transfer to the soil. It is one of the most economical footings as compared to
other types of footing. It is because reinforcement provided in this footing is in the bottom layer only. It is the most commonly used
foundation.

Quantity Calculation of Excavation

Volume of Excavation = Length of Excavation x Breadth of Excavation x Height of Excavation

Length of Excavation (L) = Length of Footing + Both Side margin + both side Formwork Margin
= 2500 + 75 +75 +150 + 150 = 2950 mm = 2.95 m.

Breadth of Excavation (B) = Breadth of Footing + Both Side margin + both side Formwork Margin
= 2500 + 75 +75 +150 + 150 = 2950 mm = 2.95 m.

Depth of Excavation (H) = 2 m.

Volume of Excavation = Length of Excavation x Breadth of Excavation x Height of Excavation
= 2.95 x 2.95 x 2 = 17.405 cum.

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Quantity Calculation of Flat Brick Soling Quantity Calculation of Reinforced
Area of Brick soling = L x B Concrete (RCC) Work
Length of Brick Soling (L) = Length of Footing + Both Side margin
= 2500 + 75 +75 = 2650 mm = 2.65 m.
Breadth of Brick Soling (B) = Breadth of Footing + Both Side margin
= 2500 + 75 +75 = 2650 mm = 2.65 m.
So, Area of Brick soling = L x B = 2.65 x 2.65 = 7.0225 Sq .m

Quantity Calculation of Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) Work

Volume of PCC Work = L x B x T
Length of PCC work (L) = Length of Footing + Both Side margin
Volume of Footing (V) = V1 +V2
= 2500 + 75 +75 = 2650 mm = 2.65 m. Volume of Rectangular Portion (V1) = Length of Footing x Breadth of
Breadth of PCC work (B) = Breadth of Footing + Both Side margin footing x (do)
= 2500 + 75 +75 = 2650 mm = 2.65 m. = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.2 = 1.25 cum.

Thickness of P.CC = 75 mm =0.75 m. Volume of Trapezoidal Footing (V2) = h/3 x (A1 +A2 + √A1 x A2)

So, Volume of PCC Work = L x B x T A1 = L1 x B1 = 2.5 x 2.5 = 6.25 Sq.m.

A2 = L2 x B2
= 2.65 x 2.65 x 0.75 = 5.266 Cum.
L2 = Length of Column +100 = 300+100 = 400 mm =0.4 m.
B2 = Width of Column +100 = 300+100 = 400 mm =0.4 m.
so, A2 = L2 x B2 = 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16 Sq.m.
Therefore, V2 = 0.25/3 x (6.25 +0.16 + √6.25 x 0.16) = 0.6175 cum.
Hence, Total Volume of Footing (V) = V1 + V2 = 1.25+0.6175 = 1.8675 cum.

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Quantity Calculation of Neck Column
Volume of Neck Column (V) = Size of Column x Depth of Neck Column
Depth of Neck Column = Depth of Excavation (H) – (Thickness of Brick
soling + Thickness of PCC (T) + Depth of Footing (D))
= 2 – (0.5+0.75+0.45) = 0.3 m.
Therefore, Volume of Neck Column (V) = 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.027 cum.
Summary Results
Volume of Excavation = 17.405 cum
Area of Flat Brick soling = 7.0225 Sq .m.
Plain cement Concrete = 5.266 Cum. Length of Footing (L) = 2.5 m.
Volume of Footing (V) = 1.8675 cum. Breadth of Footing (B) = 2.5 m.
Volume of Neck Column (V) = 0.027 cum. Depth of Footing (D) = 450 mm = 0.45 m.
Depth of Footing (do) = 200 mm = 0.2 m.
Quantity Calculation of back filling
Depth of Excavation (H) = 2000 mm = 2 m.
Thickness of PCC (T) = 75 mm = 0.75 m.
To calculate the quantity of backfilling, we need the volume of Excavation,
Volume of Flat Brick soling, Volume of PCC work, and Volume of Footing and
Neck Column. So let’s Calculate the Volume of Flat Brick soling because in the
previous Area of brick soling is calculated.
Volume of Flat Brick soling = Area of flat Brick soling x thickness of Brick soling
= 7.0225 x 0.5 = 3.51125 cum.
Volume of Back filling soil = Volume of Excavation – (Volume of Brick
Soling + Volume of PCC Work +Volume of Footing+ Volume of Neck
Column)
= (17.405 – (3.51125 + 5.266 + 1.8675 +0.027)) = 6.73325 cum.
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References

1. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1946. Pile Foundations and Pile Structures. New York: ASCE, Manuals of Engineering Practice, No. 27, 72p.

2. Ammann, O. H., 1963. Planning and design of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., ser. II. 25(26), 598–620.

3. Bénabenq, F., 1921. Résistance des pieux, Annales Ponts et Chaussées 91(4), 5–67.

4. Borowicka, H., 1943. Über ausmittig belastete, starre Platten auf elastisch-iostropem Untergrund, Ingenieur-Archiv 14(1), 1–8.

5. Boussinesq, J. V., 1885. Application des potentiels à l'étude de l'equilibre et du movement des solides élastiques. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 721p.

6. Casagrande, A., 1942. Application of soil mechanics in designing building foundations, Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc. 68, 1487–1520.

7. Chellis, R. D., 1961. Pile Foundations, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 704p.

8. Cummings, A. E., 1940. Dynamic pile driving formulas, in Contributions to Soil Mechanics 1925–1940. Boston, Mass.: Boston Society of Civil Engineers, 392–
413.

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IHA PERGUNTA ??

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 TPC Module 4
Tempu Semana Rua

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 TPC 4a

A-A C-C
sCl 1:10 sCl 1:10

B- B D-D
sCl 1:10 sCl 1:10

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 TPC 4b

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 TPC 4c

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 TPC 4d

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 mm mm mm
TPC 4e
80

mm
2∅ 13-1500 2∅ 13-1500
∅ 13

1000 mm

mm
450 450

∅ 𝟏𝟔 −125

mm
∅ 400
∅ 10 − 50
mm

∅ 10 − 80

C A----A
SCL 1:10

mm
mm
∅ 10 − 60

∅ 10 − 40
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 TPC 4f

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 TPC 4g

34
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 TPC 4h

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