Unit No.

01
Introduction to AI and ML

Prof.P.R.Beldar
 Syllabus
• History of AI, Comparison of AI with Data Science,
Need of AI in Mechanical Engineering, Introduction to
Machine Learning. Basics: Reasoning, problem solving,
Knowledge representation, Planning, Learning,
Perception, Motion and manipulation.
• Approaches to AI: Cybernetics and brain simulation,
Symbolic, Sub-symbolic, Statistical.
• Approaches to ML: Supervised learning, Unsupervised
learning, Reinforcement learning.
 What is Artificial Intelligence
• AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of
Computer science which has a great scope in future.
• AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a
human.
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."
 Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is
the importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main
reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such
as:
– Proving a theorem
– Playing chess
– Plan some surgical operation
– Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial
Intelligence?
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that
AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being
so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our
mind while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
Application
of AI
• 1. AI in Astronomy
• Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
• 2. AI in Healthcare
• In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a
significant impact on this industry.
• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with
diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before
hospitalization.
• 3. AI in Gaming
• AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs
to think of a large number of possible places.
• 4. AI in Finance
• AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation,
chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
• 5. AI in Data Security
• The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI
can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to
determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
• 6. AI in Social Media
• Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be
stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze
lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
• 7. AI in Travel & Transport
• AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as
from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel
industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and
fast response.
• 8. AI in Automotive Industry
• Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as
Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
• Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe
and secure.
• 9. AI in Robotics:
• Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that they
can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform
tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
• Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica
and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services
such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a
day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as
agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in
the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with
recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at
any time and any place.
History of Artificial Intelligence
 Maturation of Artificial Intelligence
(1943-1952)
• Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model
of artificial neurons.
• Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying
the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now
called Hebbian learning.
• Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing
publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit
intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
test.
 The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the
"first artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic
Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics
theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
• Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by
American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN,
LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was
very high at that time.
 The golden years-Early enthusiasm
(1956-1974)
• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized
developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum
created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot
was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
 The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was
the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to
the time period where computer scientist
dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on
artificial intelligence was decreased.
 A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came
back with "Expert System". Expert systems
were programmed that emulate the decision-
making ability of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference
of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
The second AI winter (1987-1993)
• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993
was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in
funding for AI research as due to high cost
but not efficient result. The expert system
such as XCON was very cost effective.
 The emergence of intelligent agents
(1993-2011)
• Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats
world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the
first computer to beat a world chess champion.
• Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in
the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year
2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix
also started using AI.
 Deep learning, big data and artificial general
intelligence (2011-present)
• Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it
had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that
it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
• Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which
was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
• Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in
the infamous "Turing test."
• Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with
two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant
and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side
didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
Types of Data
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
•AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
 Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on
functionality
• 1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences
for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on
it as per possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
 2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or
some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time
period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited
Memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of
nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and
other information to navigate the road.
 3. Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the
human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such
AI machines.
 4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still
and it is a hypothetical concept.
 What is knowledge representation?
• Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human
knows things, which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various
actions in the real world. But how machines do all these things comes under
knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge
representation as following:
• Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence
which concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent
behavior of agents.
• It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer
can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems
such as diagnosis a medical condition or communicating with humans in natural
language.
• It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial
intelligence. Knowledge representation is not just storing data into some database, but
it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge and experiences so
that it can behave intelligently like a human.
 What to Represent:
• Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:
• Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains
strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
• Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
• Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do
things.
• Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
• Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
• Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the
knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the
Sentences
• Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts,
data, and situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial
intelligence:
Types of knowledge
The relation between knowledge and
intelligence:
The relation between knowledge and
intelligence
 AI knowledge cycle
• An Artificial intelligence system has the following
components for displaying intelligent behavior:
• Perception
• Learning
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
• Planning
• Execution
AI knowledge cycle
 Perception
• Perception in AI implies the ability of machines
to use input data from sensors (e.g.,
cameras, LiDAR, RADAR, microphones, wireless
signals, tactile sensors, etc.) to learn about many
facets of the world.
• For example, machine perception is when it can tell
the object’s position or movement trajectory in the
scene.
 Learning
• Learning is the process of converting experience into
expertise or knowledge.
• Learning can be broadly classified into three categories,
as mentioned below, based on the nature of the learning
data and interaction between the learner and the
environment.
• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• Semi-supervised Learning
 Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of
Artificial intelligence which concerned with AI agents thinking and
how thinking contributes to intelligent behaviour of agents.
• It is responsible for representing information about the real world
so that a computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge
to solve the complex real world problems such as diagnosis a
medical condition or communicating with humans in natural
language.
• It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in
artificial intelligence. Knowledge representation is not just storing
data into some database, but it also enables an intelligent machine
to learn from that knowledge and experiences so that it can behave
intelligently like a human.
 Reasoning
• The reasoning is the mental process of deriving
logical conclusion and making predictions from
available knowledge, facts, and beliefs.
• Or we can say, "Reasoning is a way to infer facts
from existing data."
• It is a general process of thinking rationally, to
find valid conclusions.
 Planning
• Planning in artificial intelligence is about
decision-making actions performed by robots
or computer programs to achieve a specific
goal.
• Execution of the plan is about choosing a
sequence of tasks with a high probability of
accomplishing a specific task.
 Execution
• Explores the most optimal strategy by
learning patterns from tick data.
 Cybernetics
• Cybernetics is the study
of controls of any system
by using technology.

• Cybernetics is an
approach to studying
regulatory systems, their
structures, constraints,
possibilities and controls.
Brain Simulation
• Brain simulation
is the concept
of creating a
functioning
computer
model of a
brain or part of
a brain.
 Symbolic Approach
Symbolic AI is an approach
that trains Artificial
Intelligence (AI) the same
way human brain learns. It
learns to understand the
world by forming internal
symbolic representations of
its “world”. Symbols play a
vital role in the human
thought and reasoning
process.
 Sub Symbolic Approach
• Sub-symbolic methods
represent the Connectionism
movement that is trying to
mimic a human brain and its
complex network of
interconnected neurons with
the Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN). The sub-symbolic AI
includes statistical learning
methods, such as Bayesian
learning, deep learning,
backpropagation, and genetic
algorithms.
Symbolic vs subsymbolic
 Statistical learning
• Statistical learning theory is a framework for
machine learning that draws from statistics and
functional analysis. It deals with finding a
predictive function based on the data presented.
The main idea in statistical learning theory is to
build a model that can draw conclusions from data
and make predictions.
How Supervised Learning Works?
Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning

Supervised learning algorithms are trained using labeled Unsupervised learning algorithms are trained using
data. unlabeled data.

Supervised learning model takes direct feedback to check Unsupervised learning model does not take any feedback.
if it is predicting correct output or not.

Supervised learning model predicts the output. Unsupervised learning model finds the hidden patterns in
data.

In supervised learning, input data is provided to the model In unsupervised learning, only input data is provided to the
along with the output. model.

The goal of supervised learning is to train the model so The goal of unsupervised learning is to find the hidden
that it can predict the output when it is given new data. patterns and useful insights from the unknown dataset.

Supervised learning needs supervision to train the model. Unsupervised learning does not need any supervision to
train the model.
 Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning

Supervised learning can be categorized Unsupervised Learning can be classified

Supervised learning can be used for those cases where we know the Unsupervised learning can be used for those cases where we have
input as well as corresponding outputs. only input data and no corresponding output data.

Supervised learning model produces an accurate result. Unsupervised learning model may give less accurate result as
compared to supervised learning.

Supervised learning is not close to true Artificial intelligence as in Unsupervised learning is more close to the true Artificial Intelligence
this, we first train the model for each data, and then only it can as it learns similarly as a child learns daily routine things by his
predict the correct output. experiences.

It includes various algorithms such as Linear Regression, Logistic It includes various algorithms such as Clustering, KNN, and Apriori
Regression, Support Vector Machine, Multi-class Classification, algorithm.
Decision tree, Bayesian Logic, etc.
 Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

Artificial intelligence is a technology which Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows

The goal of AI is to make a smart computer The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn
system like humans to solve complex problems. from data so that they can give accurate output.

In AI, we make intelligent systems to perform In ML, we teach machines with data to perform
any task like a human. a particular task and give an accurate result.

Machine learning and deep learning are the two Deep learning is a main subset of machine
main subsets of AI. learning.

AI has a very wide range of scope. Machine learning has a limited scope.
 Artificial Intelligence Machine learning
AI is working to create an intelligent system which can perform Machine learning is working to create machines that can
various complex tasks. perform only those specific tasks for which they are trained.

AI system is concerned about maximizing the chances of Machine learning is mainly concerned about accuracy and
success. patterns.

The main applications of AI are Siri, customer support using The main applications of machine learning are Online
catboats, Expert System, Online game playing, intelligent recommender system, Google search algorithms, Facebook
humanoid robot, etc. auto friend tagging suggestions, etc.

On the basis of capabilities, AI can be divided into three types, Machine learning can also be divided into mainly three types
which are, Weak AI, General AI, and Strong AI. that are Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning,
and Reinforcement learning.

It includes learning, reasoning, and self-correction. It includes learning and self-correction when introduced with
new data.

AI completely deals with Structured, semi-structured, and Machine learning deals with Structured and semi-structured
unstructured data. data.
Thank You