Integration (Indefinite Integrals)

Q.1) cos(2x)−cos(2𝛼) 1+cos(4x)

(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥−cos𝛼 cot𝑥−tan𝑥

Sol.1) cos(2x)−cos(2x)
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥−cos𝑥
(2cos2 𝑥−1)−(2cos2 𝛼−1)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥−cos𝛼
cos2 𝑥−cos2 𝛼
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥−cos𝛼
(cos𝑥+cos𝛼)(cos𝑥−cos𝛼)
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥−cos𝛼
= 𝐼 = 2[sin𝑥 + 𝑥cos𝛼] + 𝑐 ans.

1+cos(4x)
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot𝑥−tan𝑥
2cos2 (2x)
= ∫ cos𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
sin𝑥 cos𝑥
2cos2 (2x)
= ∫ cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
sin𝑥cos𝑥
2sin𝑥.cos𝑥.cos2 (2x)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
sin(2x).cos2 (2x)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos(2x)
= ∫ sin(2x). cos(2x)𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 2sin(2x). cos(2x)𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫ sin(4x)𝑑𝑥
2
1 cos(4x)
= (− )+𝑐
2 4
1
𝐼 = − cos(4x) + 𝑐 ans.
8
1 1
→ Type : Rationalize : ∫ 1±sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫
1±cos𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Q.2) 1 sin𝑥
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin𝑥 1−sin𝑥

Sol.2) 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin𝑥
Rationalize
1 1−sin𝑥
= ∫ × 𝑑𝑥
1+sin𝑥 1−sin𝑥
1−sin𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥
Separate
1 sin𝑥
𝐼=∫ − 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
2

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − tan𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = tan𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 ans.
 sin𝑥
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−sin𝑥
Rationalize
sin𝑥(1+sin𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−sin𝑥)(1+sin𝑥)
sin𝑥+sin2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥
Separate
= ∫ tan𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 ans.

Q.3) cos𝑥−cos(2x) 1−cos(2x)

(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ tan−1 √ 𝑑𝑥
1−cos𝑥 1+cos(2x)

(iii) 𝐼 = ∫ tan−1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Sol.3) cos𝑥−cos(2x)
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−cos𝑥
cos𝑥−(2cos2 𝑥−1)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−cos𝑥
2cos2 𝑥−cos𝑥−1
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−cos𝑥
(2cos𝑥+1)(cos𝑥−1)
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−cos𝑥
(2cos𝑥+1)(cos𝑥−1)
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
−(cos𝑥−1)
= ∫ 2cos𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥
= 𝐼 = 2sin𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 ans.

1−cos(2x)
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ tan−1 √ 𝑑𝑥
1+cos(2x)

2sin2 𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 √ 𝑑𝑥
2cos2 𝑥

= ∫ tan−1 (tan𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝐼= +𝑐 ans.
2

(iii) 𝐼 = ∫ tan−1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 sin𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥 cos𝑥
1+sin𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥
𝜋
1+cos( 2 −𝑥)
−1
= ∫ tan [ 𝜋 ] 𝑑𝑥
sin( 2 −𝑥)
 𝜋 𝑥
2cos2 ( 4 −2)
−1
= ∫ tan ( 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2sin( − )cos( − )
4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 (cot ( − )) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 [tan ( − ( − ))] 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑥
= ∫ − + 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2
𝜋𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
4 2
𝜋 𝑥2
=∫ + +𝑐 ans.
4 2

Q.4) cos(2x) cos𝑥−sin𝑥

(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(cos𝑥+sin𝑥)2 1+sin(2x)
1−tan𝑥
(iii) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+tan𝑥

Sol.4) cos(2x)
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(cos𝑥+sin𝑥)2
cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(cos𝑥+sin𝑥)2
(cos𝑥+sin𝑥)(cos𝑥−sin𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(cos𝑥+sin𝑥)2
cos𝑥−sin𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥+sin𝑥
put cos x sin x = t
(–sin x + cos x) dx = dt
𝑑𝑡
= ∫
𝑡
= log ∣ 𝑡 ∣ +𝑐
= 𝐼 = log ∣ cos𝑥 + sin𝑥 ∣ +𝑐 ans.

cos𝑥−sin𝑥
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin(2x)
cos𝑥−sin𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥+2sin𝑥cos𝑥
cos𝑥−sin𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(sin𝑥+cos𝑥)2
put sin x + cos x = t
(cos x – sin x) dx = dt
𝑑𝑡
= ∫
𝑡2
1
= ∫ − +𝑐
𝑡
1
= 𝐼=− +2 ans.
sin𝑥+cos𝑥

1−tan𝑥
(iii) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+tan𝑥
1−sin𝑥
cos𝑥
= ∫ 1+sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥
 cos𝑥−sin𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥+sin𝑥
put cos x + sin x = t
(–sin x + cos x) dx = dt
𝑑𝑡
...𝐼 = ∫
𝑡
= 𝐼 = log ∣ sin𝑥 + cos𝑥 ∣ +𝑐 ans.
Q.5) sin8 𝑥−cos8 𝑥 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−2sin2 𝑥.cos2 𝑥 √sin3 𝑥sin(𝑥+𝛼)

Sol.5) sin8 𝑥−cos8 𝑥

(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−2sin2 𝑥.cos2 𝑥
(sin4 𝑥)2 −(cos4 𝑥)2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 …...{1 = sin2 x + cos x}
(sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥)2 −2sin2 𝑥.cos2 𝑥
(sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥)(sin4 𝑥−cos4 𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥+2sin2 𝑥.cos2 𝑥−2sin2 𝑥.cos2 𝑥
(sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥)(sin4 𝑥−cos4 𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥
= ∫ (sin2 𝑥 + cos𝑥)(sin2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (1)[−cos(2x)]𝑑𝑥 …...{cos(2x) = cos2 x – sin2 x}
= −∫ cos(2x)𝑑𝑥
−sin(2x)
= +𝑐 ans.
2

1
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√sin3 𝑥sin(𝑥+𝛼)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√sin3 𝑥.(sin𝑥cos𝛼+cos𝑥sin𝛼)
take sin x common
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√sin4 𝑥.(cos𝛼+cot𝑥sin𝛼)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√sin2 𝑥.(cos𝛼+cot𝑥sin𝛼)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√cos𝛼+cot𝑥sin𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(cos𝛼+cot𝑥sin𝛼)
put cos𝛼 + cot𝑥sin𝛼 = 𝑡
. . −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. sin𝛼𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
.

−𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
sin𝛼
1 𝑑𝑡
...𝐼 = − ∫
sin𝛼 √𝑡
−1
= × 2√𝑡 + 𝑐
sin𝛼
1
𝐼=− 2√cos𝛼 + cot𝑥sin𝛼 + 𝑐 ans.
sin𝛼

Q.6) sin(2x) 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎+𝑏cos𝑥)2 √1−sin𝑥

Sol.6) sin(2x)
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎+𝑏cos𝑥)2
 sin𝑥.cos𝑥
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎+𝑏cos𝑥)2
put a + b cos x = t
... –b sin x dx = dt
−𝑑𝑡
sin𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
5
−2 cos𝑥
𝐼= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑡
−2 1 𝑡−𝑎
= 2 ∫ 2 . ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑡 𝑏
−2 𝑡−𝑎
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑏2 𝑡2
−2 1 𝑎
= ∫ − 𝑑𝑡
𝑏2 𝑡 𝑡2
−2 𝑎
= [log ∣ 𝑡 ∣ + ] + 𝑐
𝑏2 𝑡
−2 𝑎
𝐼= [log ∣ 𝑎 + 𝑏cos𝑥 ∣ + ]+𝑐 ans.
𝑏2 𝑎+𝑏cos𝑥

1
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−sin𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
√1−cos( −𝑥)
2
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥
√2sin2 ( − )
4 2
1 𝜋 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
√2 4 2
1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
= . log ∣∣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( − ) − cot ( − )∣∣ × (−2) + 𝑐
√2 4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
= −√2. log ∣∣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( − ) − cot ( − )∣∣ + 𝑐 ans
4 2 4 2
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
→ Type : ∫ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟√𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑥, √𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑥, ∫
√(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)𝑛
𝑑𝑥

Put Linear = t or t2 (Or) make adjustments

Q.7) (i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ (7x − 2)√3x + 2𝑑𝑥
2x+3
(iii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−12 )

Sol.7) (i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥

put 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 = 2t𝑑𝑡
. .𝐼 = 2∫ 𝑥. √𝑡 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
.

= 2∫ (𝑡 2 − 2). 𝑡. 𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 2∫ 𝑡 4 − 2t 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡5 2t3
= 2[ − ]+𝑐
5 5
1
replacing t by (𝑥 + 2)2
 5
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)3⁄2
= 2[ −2 ]+𝑐 ans.
5 3

Alternate Method: (adjustment)

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 + 2 − 2)√𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2√𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
5 3
2 2
= (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2 × (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐 ans.
5 3

(ii)𝐼 = ∫ (7x − 2)√3x + 2𝑑𝑥

put 3x + 2 = 𝑡 2
3dx = 2t𝑑𝑡
2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡
3
2
𝐼 = ∫ (7x − 2)√𝑡 2 . 𝑡𝑑𝑡
3
2 𝑡 2 −2
= ∫ [7 ( ) − 2] 𝑡. 𝑡𝑑𝑡
3 3
2 (7t2 −14−6)
= ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
3 3
2
= ∫ 7t 4 − 20t 2 𝑑𝑡
9
2 7t5 20t3
= [ − ]+𝑐
9 5 3
1
replacing t by (3x + 2)2
5 3
2 7 20
...𝐼 = [ (3x + 2)2 − (3x + 2)2 ] + 𝑐 ans.
9 5 3

2x+3
(iii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−12 )
put 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2x+3
...𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
2(𝑡+1)+3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
2t+5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
2 5
= ∫ + 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡2
5
= 2log ∣ 𝑡 ∣ − + 𝑐
𝑡
5
𝐼 = 2log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − +𝑐 ans.
𝑥−1

Q.8) 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏

Sol.8) 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
 Rationalize
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + 𝑏
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑎) − (𝑥 + 𝑏)
√𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎−𝑏
1
= ∫ √𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑𝑥
𝑎−𝑏
3 3
1 2 2
= [ (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐 ans.
𝑎−𝑏 3 3
1
Q.9) (𝑥 4 −𝑥)4 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 +1)4
1
Sol.9) (𝑥 4 −𝑥)4
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
4
take 𝑥 common
1
𝑥
𝑥(1− 4 )4
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
1
1
(1− 3 )4
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
1
put 1 − =𝑡
𝑥3
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ =
𝑥4 𝑥4 3
1
1
. .𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
. 4
3
1 4 5
= . 𝑡4 + 𝑐
3 5
5
4 1 4
= 𝐼= (1 − ) +𝑐 ans.
15 𝑥3

1
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 +1)4
take x4 common
1
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 2 .𝑥 3 (1+ 4 )4
𝑥
1
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 5 (1+ 4 )4
𝑥
1+1
Put =𝑡
𝑥4
−4 𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ =
𝑥5 𝑥5 5
−1 1
. .𝐼 =
.
∫ 3 𝑑𝑡
5
𝑡4
−3
−1
= ∫ 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
5
1
−1
= (𝑡 4 × 4) + 𝑐
5
1
−4 1 4
= (1 + ) +𝑐 ans.
5 𝑥4
Q.10) 1 1
(i) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥(𝑥 𝑛 +1)
Sol.10) (i) 𝐼 = ∫ 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
2
take x common
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥.𝑥√ −1
𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
𝑥 2 √ −1
𝑥
𝑎
put −1=𝑡
𝑥
−𝑎 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 2 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑎
−1 𝑑𝑡
𝐼= ∫
𝑎 √𝑡
−1
= × 2√𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑎
−2 𝑎
= 𝐼= √𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐 ans.
𝑎

1
(ii)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 𝑛 +1)
n
take x common
1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1 (1+𝑥𝑛 )
1+1
put =𝑡
𝑥𝑛
−𝑛
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑛+1
1 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛
−1 1
. .𝐼 =
.
∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑛 𝑡
−1
= log ∣ 𝑡 ∣ +𝑐
𝑛
−1 1
= log ∣∣1 + 𝑛 ∣∣ + 𝑐 ans.
𝑛 𝑥