SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Electronics & Tele. Engineering

B.E (SEMESTER-8)
2019 Pattern

ELECTIVE-V

Android Development

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 Unit 1 : Introduction to JAVA & Android

Most Important, Expected & Previously Asked Question :

1) Write short notes on XML.

2) Explain SQL (Structured Query Language) in brief.

3) Describe the history of Android.

4) Explain the Android Stack in detail.

5) Explain the features and advantages of Android.

6) Explain the architecture of Android with a neat diagram.

7) What are the core building blocks of Android? Explain.

8) Explain the Android app-building process.

9) Describe the thread process.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language.)
Expected Question :
1) Write short notes on XML.

- XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. It is a widely used markup

language that is primarily designed to store and transport data.
- XML was introduced in the late 1990s to provide a standardized format for
data exchange between different systems.
- Unlike HTML, which focuses on displaying data, XML is designed to *carry,
store, and structure data.

Features of XML :

- Self-Descriptive: XML is designed to be self-descriptive, meaning that the

data and its structure are clearly defined within the document itself.
- Platform and Language Independent: XML can be used across various platforms
and programming languages, making it highly portable.
- Custom Tags: Unlike HTML, XML does not have predefined tags. Users can
define their own tags based on their requirements.
- Structured and Hierarchical: XML organizes data in a structured and
hierarchical format, making it easy to read and manage.
- Human and Machine Readable: XML is both human-readable and machine-
processable, allowing easy interpretation by both developers and computers.

Applications of XML :

XML is widely used for data exchange and storage across different
domains. Some key applications include:

- Web Technologies: XML is used in technologies such as RSS, XHTML, and

AJAX for structured data exchange.
- Communication Protocols: XML is the backbone of communication protocols like
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and XMPP (Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol).
- Industry Standards: XML is widely adopted in industry standards such as
Health Level 7 (HL7) for healthcare, OpenTravel Alliance for travel data, and
Financial products Markup Language (FpML) for financial services.
- Publishing and Documentation: XML is used in formats like OpenDocument
(ODF) and Office Open XML (used in Microsoft Office) for structured
document creation and management.

Basic Structure of an XML Document

An XML document consists of elements enclosed within tags. The structure

follows a hierarchical model with a root element and nested child elements.

Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<book>
<title>XML Basics</title>
<author>John Doe</author>
<price>29.99</price>
</book>

In the example above:

- ‘<book>‘ is the root element.
- ‘<title>‘, ‘<author>‘, and ‘<price>‘ are child elements.
- Each element contains data relevant to the XML document.

Components of XML

1. Elements: Elements represent the data structure in an XML document. Each

element has an opening tag ‘<tag>‘ and a closing tag ‘</tag>‘.
 - Example: ‘<name>John Doe</name>‘

2. Attributes: Attributes provide additional information about elements. They

are defined within the opening tag.
- Example: ‘<image src="picture.jpg" alt="Profile Picture" />‘

3. Tags: Tags define the structure of XML documents. They must be properly
nested and closed.
- Example: ‘<employee>...</employee>‘

4. Well-Formed XML: An XML document is considered *well-formed* if it

follows the basic syntax rules such as proper nesting, closing of tags, and correct
usage of attributes.

5. Valid XML: An XML document is valid if it follows the rules defined in a schema
such as Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema Definition (XSD).

Advantages of XML:

- Easy Data Sharing: XML allows seamless data sharing across different
systems.
- Data Transport: XML is widely used for transmitting data between applications.
- Extensibility: New elements and structures can be easily added without
affecting existing data.
- Cross-Platform Compatibility: XML works across different operating systems
and devices.
- Data Storage in Plain Text: This ensures long-term accessibility and readability
of data.
SQL (Structured Query Language)

Expected Question :
1) Explain SQL (Structured Query Language) in brief.

- Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized computer language used to

interact with relational databases.
- It is primarily used for organizing, managing, retrieving, and modifying stored
data efficiently.
- Initially developed by IBM, it was originally named Structured English Query
Language (SEQUEL) before being abbreviated to SQL.

- SQL acts as an interface between the user and the database. When a user
sends an SQL request, the Database Management System (DBMS) processes
the request, retrieves the required data, and sends it back.
- Instead of specifying the steps required to retrieve the data, SQL statements
describe what needs to be done, and the DBMS determines the execution
process.

Features of SQL :

1. Data Definition
- SQL defines the structure and organization of stored data, along with
relationships between different data items.
- It allows users to create, modify, and delete database schemas.

2. Data Retrieval
- SQL can be used to extract and display information stored in databases.
- The SELECT command is widely used to retrieve data from tables based on
specific conditions.

3. Data Manipulation
 - SQL allows users to insert new records, update existing records, and delete
unwanted data.
- Commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE help perform these
operations.

4. Access Control
- SQL provides security features to restrict user access to data.
- Administrators can grant or revoke permissions using GRANT and REVOKE
commands.

5. Data Sharing and Concurrency Control

- SQL ensures multiple users can access the database simultaneously without
conflicts.
- Mechanisms such as transactions and locks prevent data inconsistency when
multiple operations occur concurrently.

6. SQL as a Non-Procedural Language

- Unlike procedural languages, SQL does not require writing detailed step-by-
step instructions.
- Instead, it describes what needs to be retrieved, inserted, or modified.

SQL Rules and Syntax

- Each SQL statement ends with a semicolon (;).

- Statements can span multiple lines, but keywords must not be split.
- Identifiers, operator names, literals, and parameters must be separated by
commas or spaces.
- Reserved words cannot be used as identifiers unless enclosed in double quotes.
- Identifiers can have up to 30 characters and must start with a letter.
- Character and date literals must be enclosed in single quotes (' ').
- Comments can be written using ‘/* comment text */’ format.
Types of SQL Commands
SQL is categorized into five major types based on functionality:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

- Used to define and modify the structure of database objects.
- Common DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, and TRUNCATE.

2. Data Query Language (DQL)

- Used to retrieve data stored in a database.
- The primary command in DQL is SELECT, which is used to fetch specific
records based on conditions.

3. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

- Used to insert, update, and delete data in a database.
- Common DML commands include INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

4. Data Control Language (DCL)

- Used by administrators to manage user permissions.
- Includes commands like GRANT (to provide access) and REVOKE (to remove
access).

5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

- Used to manage transactions and ensure data consistency.
- Includes commands like COMMIT (to save changes), ROLLBACK (to undo
changes), and SAVEPOINT (to create restore points).

- SQL is a powerful and widely used language in database management. It allows

users to interact with relational databases efficiently and ensures secure,
structured, and reliable data handling.
- Its easy-to-learn syntax and robust capabilities make it an essential tool for
developers, data analysts, and database administrators.
Android History

Expected Question :
1) Describe the history of Android.

- Android is one of the most widely used mobile operating systems in the world.
It is an open-source operating system developed primarily for smartphones,
tablets, smart TVs, and other electronic devices.
- Android is based on the Linux kernel and is designed to provide a flexible and
user-friendly experience.

Early Development of Android

- Android was originally developed by Android Inc., a company founded in

October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White in Palo
Alto, California, USA.
- Initially, Android was designed for digital cameras, but the market for cameras
was small, so the focus shifted to smartphones.
- The name "Android" was inspired by Andy Rubin's passion for robots, and his
colleagues gave him the nickname "Android."
- In August 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., making it a subsidiary of Google.
- In November 2007, Google officially announced the development of the
Android operating system.
- The first commercially available Android phone was HTC Dream (also known as
T-Mobile G1), launched in September 2008.

Android Versions and Their Evolution

- Android has undergone continuous updates and improvements.

- Each version is assigned a codename, originally based on desserts, and brings
enhancements in security, performance, and features.
- Below is a brief history of major Android versions:
1. Early Versions:
- Android 1.0 & 1.1 (2008-2009): These versions introduced basic features like
a web browser, Google Maps, Gmail, and the Android Market (now Play Store).
- Cupcake (Android 1.5, 2009): Introduced an on-screen keyboard and video
recording.
- Donut (Android 1.6, 2009): Brought support for different screen sizes and
improved search features.

2. Key Feature Enhancements:

- Eclair (Android 2.0, 2009): Added live wallpapers, improved Google Maps, and
better camera features.
- Froyo (Android 2.2, 2010): Introduced Wi-Fi hotspot functionality and
improved performance.
- Gingerbread (Android 2.3, 2010): Focused on battery life optimization and NFC
support.
- Honeycomb (Android 3.0, 2011): Designed specifically for tablets with
improved multitasking features.

3. Major Design and Performance Improvements:

- Ice Cream Sandwich (Android 4.0, 2011): Brought a new design, better
multitasking, and facial recognition unlock.
- Jelly Bean (Android 4.1 - 4.3, 2012-2013): Improved UI responsiveness and
Google Now integration.
- KitKat (Android 4.4, 2013): Optimized for devices with lower RAM, better
voice search, and immersive mode.
- Lollipop (Android 5.0 - 5.1, 2014-2015): Introduced Material Design for a more
modern look and better notifications.

4. Modern Android Versions:

- Marshmallow (Android 6.0, 2015): Introduced fingerprint authentication and
battery-saving Doze mode.
- Nougat (Android 7.0 - 7.1, 2016-2017): Improved multitasking with split-screen
mode.
- Oreo (Android 8.0 - 8.1, 2017-2018): Brought picture-in-picture mode and
notification improvements.
- Pie (Android 9.0, 2018): Introduced gesture-based navigation and adaptive
battery features.
- Android 10 (2019): Removed dessert names, introduced dark mode, and
improved privacy settings.
- Android 11 (2020): Focused on messaging improvements and screen recording
features.
- Android 12 (2021): Introduced a new UI with Material You design and better
privacy controls.
- Android 13 (2022): Enhanced customization, security, and improved Bluetooth
features.

Significance of Android in the Modern Era

- Open-source nature: Developers can modify and customize Android as per their
requirements.
- Wide device compatibility: Used in smartphones, tablets, TVs, smartwatches,
and even IoT devices.
- Regular updates: Google releases new versions with enhanced security and user
experience.
- Large application ecosystem: Millions of apps available on the Google Play Store.

Android continues to evolve with new features, improved security, and

better performance, making it the most popular mobile operating system
globally.
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