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PS1 Exercises

The document discusses computer performance metrics, focusing on clock cycles, CPU time, and CPI (Cycles per Instruction). It provides formulas for calculating CPU time based on clock cycles and clock rate, along with examples comparing the performance of two programs executed on different CPUs. The document also includes detailed calculations for determining the CPU time and CPI for various instruction types in two sample programs.

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14 views32 pages

PS1 Exercises

The document discusses computer performance metrics, focusing on clock cycles, CPU time, and CPI (Cycles per Instruction). It provides formulas for calculating CPU time based on clock cycles and clock rate, along with examples comparing the performance of two programs executed on different CPUs. The document also includes detailed calculations for determining the CPU time and CPI for various instruction types in two sample programs.

Uploaded by

Refused to be Average
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSE331 Computer Organization

Problem Session #1

23/10/2023
Prepared by: Res. Asst. Sibel Gülmez
Computer Performance: Clock Cycle

1 Clock Cycle Positive Edge Negative Edge

Time
Computer Performance: Vocabulary
CPU Time: The time period CPU requires to complete a task.

CPU Clock Cycles: The number of clock cycles CPU requires to


complete a task.

Clock Rate (or Clock Speed): The number of clock cycles per
second.

Clock Cycle Time: Seconds per clock cycle.

CPI (Cycle per Instruction): The number of clock cycles the CPU
needs to execute an instruction.
Computer Performance: Formulas
Clock Cycle Time = 1 / (Clock Rate)

Clock Rate = 1 / (Clock Cycle Time)

CPI = (CPU Clock Cycles) / (Instruction Count)

CPU Time = (CPU Clock Cycles) * Clock Cycle Time


= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate
= (CPI * Instruction Count)
* Clock Cycle Time = (CPI * Instruction Count)
/ Clock Rate
Computer Performance: CPU Time
CPU Time = (Instructions / Program) * (Clock Cycles / Instruction) * (Seconds / Clock Cycle)

How many instructions does the program has?

How many clock cycles are needed to execute an instruction?

How many seconds are needed for a clock cycle?


Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?
Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?

Answer:
500 MHz CR means that the CPU can execute 500 * 10^6 clock cycles per second.
Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?

Answer:
500 MHz CR means that the CPU can execute 500 * 10^6 clock cycles per second.

CPU Time = Clock Cycles / Clock Rate


Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?

Answer:
500 MHz CR means that the CPU can execute 500 * 10^6 clock cycles per second.

CPU Time = Clock Cycles / Clock Rate = 45 M / 500 M = 0,09


Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?

Answer:
500 MHz CR means that the CPU can execute 500 * 10^6 clock cycles per second.

CPU Time = Clock Cycles / Clock Rate = 45 M / 500 M = 0,09

Unit of Measure?
Computer Performance: Example 1
Question:
- CPU clock rate is 500 MHz
- Program takes 45 million cycles to execute
What’s the CPU time?

Answer:
500 MHz CR means that the CPU can execute 500 * 10^6 clock cycles per second.

CPU Time = Clock Cycles / Clock Rate = 45 M / 500 M = 0,09

Unit of Measure?

CPU Time = (45 M cycles) / (500 M cycles/second) = 0,09 seconds


Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program A):
5 R Type Instructions
2 I Type Instructions
2 J Type Instructions
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program A):
5 R Type Instructions -> Requires 5*4 = 20 cycles
2 I Type Instructions -> Requires 2*3 = 6 cycles
2 J Type Instructions -> Requires 2*2 = 4 cycles
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program A):
5 R Type Instructions -> Requires 5*4 = 20 cycles
2 I Type Instructions -> Requires 2*3 = 6 cycles
2 J Type Instructions -> Requires 2*2 = 4 cycles

Program A has 5 + 2 + 2 = 9 instructions and it requires 20 + 6 + 4 = 30 cycles.


Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program A):
5 R Type Instructions -> Requires 5*4 = 20 cycles
2 I Type Instructions -> Requires 2*3 = 6 cycles
2 J Type Instructions -> Requires 2*2 = 4 cycles

Program A has 5 + 2 + 2 = 9 instructions and it requires 20 + 6 + 4 = 30 cycles.


CPI = (Clock Cycles) /(Instruction Count)
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program A):
5 R Type Instructions -> Requires 5*4 = 20 cycles
2 I Type Instructions -> Requires 2*3 = 6 cycles
2 J Type Instructions -> Requires 2*2 = 4 cycles

Program A has 5 + 2 + 2 = 9 instructions and it requires 20 + 6 + 4 = 30 cycles.


CPI = (Clock Cycles) /(Instruction Count) = 30 / 9 = 3,333
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program B):
2 R Type Instructions
5 I Type Instructions
5 J Type Instructions
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program B):
2 R Type Instructions -> Requires 2*4 = 8 cycles
5 I Type Instructions -> Requires 5*3 = 15 cycles
5 J Type Instructions -> Requires 5*2 = 10 cycles
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program B):
2 R Type Instructions -> Requires 2*4 = 8 cycles
5 I Type Instructions -> Requires 5*3 = 15 cycles
5 J Type Instructions -> Requires 5*2 = 10 cycles

Program B has 2 + 5 + 5 = 12 instructions and it requires 8 + 15 + 10 = 33 cycles.


CPI = (Clock Cycles) /(Instruction Count)
Computer Performance: Example 2
Question:
Compute CPI for Program A and Program B considering the following information.
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Answer (Program B):
2 R Type Instructions -> Requires 2*4 = 8 cycles
5 I Type Instructions -> Requires 5*3 = 15 cycles
5 J Type Instructions -> Requires 5*2 = 10 cycles

Program B has 2 + 5 + 5 = 12 instructions and it requires 8 + 15 + 10 = 33 cycles.


CPI = (Clock Cycles) /(Instruction Count) = 33 / 12 = 2,75
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer: CPU Time= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate


Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer: CPU Time= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate

Clock Rate (A) = 400 MHz = 400*10^6 seconds


Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer: CPU Time= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate

Clock Rate (A) = 500 MHz = 500*10^6 seconds


Clock Rate (B) = 400 MHz = 400*10^6 seconds
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer: CPU Time= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate

Clock Rate (A) = 500 MHz = 500*10^6 seconds


Clock Rate (B) = 400 MHz = 400*10^6 seconds

CPU Time (A) = 30 / 500*10^6 = 0,600*10^-7 seconds


CPU Time (B) = 33 / 400*10^6 = 0,825*10^-7 seconds
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer: CPU Time= (CPU Clock Cycles) / Clock Rate

Clock Rate (A) = 500 MHz = 500*10^6 seconds


Clock Rate (B) = 400 MHz = 400*10^6 seconds

CPU Time (A) = 30 / 500*10^6 = 0,600*10^-7 seconds -> Program A is faster.


CPU Time (B) = 33 / 400*10^6 = 0,825*10^-7 seconds
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer:
CPU Time (A) = 0,600*10^-7 seconds
CPU Time (B) = 0,825*10^-7 seconds
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer:
CPU Time (A) = 0,600*10^-7 seconds
CPU Time (B) = 0,825*10^-7 seconds

CPU Time (A) / CPU Time (B) =


Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer:
CPU Time (A) = 0,600*10^-7 seconds
CPU Time (B) = 0,825*10^-7 seconds

CPU Time (A) / CPU Time (B) = (0,600*10^-7 seconds) / (0,825*10^-7 seconds)
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer:
CPU Time (A) = 0,600*10^-7 seconds
CPU Time (B) = 0,825*10^-7 seconds

CPU Time (A) / CPU Time (B) = (0,600*10^-7 seconds) / (0,825*10^-7 seconds)
~0,7273
Computer Performance: Example 3
Question: Assume Program A is being executed on a 500 MHz CPU and Program B
on a 400 MHz CPU. Calculate which Program is faster and how much faster?
Instruction Type R Type I Type J Type
CPI 4 3 2
Program A 5 Instructions 2 Instructions 2 Instructions
Program B 2 Instructions 5 Instructions 5 Instructions

Answer:
CPU Time (A) = 0,600*10^-7 seconds
CPU Time (B) = 0,825*10^-7 seconds

CPU Time (A) / CPU Time (B) = (0,600*10^-7 seconds) / (0,825*10^-7 seconds)
~0,7273

Program A works 1 / 0,7273 ~ 1,375 times faster than Program B.

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