Communication Systems
Multiplexing
Dr. Permanand Soothar, TL Deptt. MUET 1
Multiplexing
• Multiplexing is a set of techniques that
allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link.
• Multiplexer combines the incoming lines
into one [single stream].
• De-multiplexer (DEMUX) separates the
stream back into its component
transmissions (one to many) and directs
them to their corresponding lines.
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Multiplexing
vs non-
Multiplexing
There are three basic types of
multiplexing in use:
Frequency
Time Division Code Division
Division
Multiplexing Multiplexing
Multiplexing
(TDM). (CDM)
(FDM)
Types of
multiplexing
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) is one
special kinds of FDM used in
fiber optical transmission.
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• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is the
Frequency technique to combine signals from different
bands.
Division • Each signal modulates a separate carrier
Multiplexing frequency.
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Concept of Guard Band
• Due to the dispersive
nature of channel, the
transmission is impaired
by Inter-symbol
Interference. In order to
avoid the problem of ISI,
guard bands are used
between the channels.
• Guard band is wastage of
bandwidth as no data is
transmitted over them.
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It is analog technique.
Signals of different frequencies are combined into
a composite signal and transmitted on the single
link.
Frequency-
Bandwidth of the link should be greater than the
division combined bandwidths of the various input
channels.
multiplexing
Each signal is having different frequencies.
Channels are separated by the strips of unused
bandwidth called guard bands (to prevent
overlapping) .
Example
Problem: Five channels, each with a 100-KHz
bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together.
What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if
there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent
interference?
Solution: For five channels, we need at least
four guard bands. This means that the
required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
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Example 2
Problem: The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and
869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth
of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3-KHz voice is modulated using
FM, creating 30 KHz of modulated signal. How many people can
use their cellular phones simultaneously?
Solution: Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz,
we get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832 channels.
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Time-division multiplexing
• It is digital multiplexing technique.
• Channel/link is not divided on the basis of frequency but on the
basis of time.
• Total Time available for channel utilization is divided between
several users.
• Each user is allocated a particular time interval called time slot.
• In TDM data rate capacity of the transmission medium should
be greater than data rate required by sending and receiving
devices.
Time Division
Multiplexing
(TDM)
• Time Division Multiplex
(TDM) is the process of
combining signals
together in the time
domain.
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• The basic principle of TDM is Sampling Theorem.
• The basic unit in TDM is Time Slot.
TDM Basics • The data in TDM is grouped into Frames, which
consists of one cycle of time slots.
CDM may be defined as a form of
multiplexing where the transmitter encodes
the signal using a pseudo-random sequence
Code Division Multiplexing assigns each
channel its own code to make them
Code separate from each other.
Division
Multiplexing The receiving device is aware of the
spreading code and uses it to demultiplex
(CDM) the signal.
The main advantage of CDM is protection
from interference because only the sender
the receiver knows the spreading code.
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