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ii
IMPROVING YOUR ENGLISH COMPETENCE
© Sanabil 2023

Penulis : Baiq Fitri Azizah

Fahira Ainun
Gita Ariani Ropida
L. Alung Pratama
Rauhil Jazully
Rohayatul Insani
Sindy Ayudia
Windi Aulia
Editor : Jaelani, M.App.Ling
Layout : L. Alung Pratama
Desain Cover : Rauhil Jazully

All rights reserved

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang Undang
Dilarang memperbanyak dan menyebarluaskan
sebagian atau seluruh isi buku dengan tujuan komersial
tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit

Cetakan 1 : November 2023

ISBN :

Penerbit:
Sanabil
Jl. Kerajinan 1 Blok C/13 Mataram
Telp. 0370- 7505946, Mobile: 081-805311362
Email: sanabilpublishing@gmail
Website: sanabilpublishing.com

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Author Preface
Praise the author's gratitude to Allah SWT because thanks
to the abundance of grace and guidance so that this English
teaching material book entitled "Improving Your English
Competence" made at the Mataram State Islamic University can
be completed on time.

This "Improving Your English Competence" book is

something that must be made for the purpose of completing the
Final Test assignment in the Curriculum Development course at
the Tadris English study program at Mataram State Islamic
University in the 2023/2024 academic year.

The author would like to thank Mr. Jaelani, M.App.Ling.

Who has guided us in the process of completing this book, we
also thank the members of the "Planning And Practice" group,
namely Lalu Alung pratama, Baiq fitri azizah, Gita ariani ropida,
Fahira ainun, Sindy ayudia, Windy aulia, Rohayatul insani, and
Rauhil jazully for their cooperation then for all parties, both
institutionally and personally, friends and all those who have
helped the author.

In the preparation of this book, the author realizes that

there are still many shortcomings so that the author really hopes
for the contribution of thoughts from the reader. Be it in the form
of suggestions or constructive criticism to perfect this book in the
future. We sincerely hope that this book "Improving Your

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English Competence" can be useful for students and teachers to
help in the context of "speaking".

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Table Contents
Author Preface ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER I................................................................................. 1

SELF INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1

A. Introduce Yourself ................................................................ 2

Chapter II .................................................................................... 5

PART OF SPEECH .................................................................... 5

A. Noun ..................................................................................... 6

B. Pronoun ............................................................................... 10

C. Verb .................................................................................... 14

D. Adjective............................................................................. 23

E. Adverb................................................................................. 29

F. Preposition ........................................................................... 42

G. Interjection .......................................................................... 51

Chapter III ................................................................................. 59

APPLICATION Of GRAMMAR MATERIAL ..................... 59

A. Simple Present Tense ......................................................... 60

D. Present Perfect Continous Tense ........................................ 80

E. Simple Past Tense ............................................................... 84

F. Past Continous Tense .......................................................... 91

G. Past Perfect Tense............................................................... 99

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 H. Past Perfect Continous Tense ........................................... 102

I. Simple Future Tense .......................................................... 107

J. Future Continous Tense ..................................................... 116

K. Future Perfect Tense ......................................................... 119

L. Future Perfect Continous Tense ........................................ 123

M. Past Future Tense ............................................................. 128

N. Past Future Continous Tense ............................................ 133

O. Past Future Perfect Tense ................................................. 139

P. Past Future Perfect Continous Tense ................................. 143

Table of List

Tabel 1.1...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Tabel 2. 1..................................................................................... 11
Tabel 2. 2..................................................................................... 57
Tabel 2. 3..................................................................................... 58

Tabel 3. 1..................................................................................... 59
Tabel 3. 2..................................................................................... 60
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Tabel 3. 3..................................................................................... 70

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 CHAPTER I

SELF INTRUDUCTION

Picture 1. 1

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A. Introduce Yourself

'Introduce yourself' is an instruction or request to convey

information about oneself to another person. It includes things
like name, background, interests, or other important information
to start or extend a social interaction (Ris,” n.d.). This instruction
is generally used in situations where one needs to introduce
oneself, such as in job interviews, social gatherings, or
introductory meetings in classes or seminars."

On the first day at a new school, students usually

introduce themselves. They share their full name, nickname,
previous school, place of residence, and hobbies. Self-
introduction is the first step in forming friendships with
classmates in a new class. Through this, students can form
relationships and understand the preferences and characteristics
of their friends. The practice of self-introduction can be done in
Indonesian as well as foreign languages such as English.
Particularly in an international school setting, students are
expected to introduce themselves in English.

Therefore, it is important for students to learn how to do

them. The following is an explanation and some examples of self-
introduction phrases in English. Referring to the book "Jago
Ngomong English" by Sehati Laoli (2016), there are several steps
to take when introducing oneself in English, starting from
greeting to providing information about one's identity.

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1. Greetings (Salam Pembuka)

- Hi everyone. - Good morning

- Hello everybody. - Good evening.
- Shalom - Good afternoon
- Assalamualaikum - Whats up!

2. Purpose and objectives (Maksud dan Tujuan)

- Allow me to introduce myself.

- I would like to introduce myself.
- Let me introduce myself.
- I'm here to introduce myself.

3. introduce self-identity (Memperkenalkan Identitas Diri)

- My complete name is ...

- My full name is ...
- You can refer to me as ...
- I reside in Serpong.
- My residence is at ...
- I came into the world in …
- Call me …
- I come from…
- Im … years old.

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4. Closing (Kalimat Penutup)

- It's a pleasure to make your acquaintance.

- Nice to meet you.
- Thank you for your attention.

Example of Self-Introduction in English:

Hello. Let me introduce myself. My name is Tania

Kurnia. You can call me Tania. I'm 21 years old and I live in New
York City. I find enjoyment in activities like hiking and painting
during my leisure time. My family consists of four members,
which includes my parents and a younger brother. I recently
completed my studies in Environmental Science, and I have a
strong interest in sustainable living. It's nice to make your
acquaintance!"

“Greeting & Introduction” Related Words

No Indonesia English

1 Hai Hi
2 Halo Halo
3 Selamat pagi Good morning
4 Selamat siang Good noon
5 Selamat sore Good afternoon
6 Selamat malam Good evening
7 Selamat malam (untuk berpisah Good night
atau akan pergi tidur)
8 Sampai jumpa nanti See you later
9 Sampai jumpa See you

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 Chapter II

PART OF SPEECH

Picture 2. 1

English Part of Speech

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Picture 2. 2

A. NOUN

Definition Of Noun

It can be seen that a noun is a word that refers to a

person, the name of a person, animal, place, things or feeling. and
nouns in a sentence can function as subject, object, and
complement(Ris,” n.d.).

For example:

The function of a noun as a subject, for example:

Alex plays basketball three times a week

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 The Teacher went to school this morning

The noun functions as an object:

He threw the ball

He rode a motorcycle yesterday

The noun functions as a complement:

His brother is a policemen

We can be a perfect team

Singular and Plural noun

Nouns as we know can be divided into two: countable

nouns are called countable nouns and uncountable nouns are
called uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are divided into two,
namely singular and plural. And nouns that are plural are divided
into two parts, namely regular and irregular plurals, regular nouns
are written by adding the suffix es/s while irregular nouns are
those that have their own form and do not use es/s.

Example :

❖ Singular – plural regular

Pen – pens

Bus – buses

Book – books

Baby – babies
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City – cities

Spy – spies

❖ Singular – plural irregular

Woman – women

Man – men

Person – people

Datum – data

Footh – teeth

Mouse - mice

Common noun and Proper noun

A proper noun refers to something specific, while a common

noun refers to things that are general. For example, the word
"country" is a common noun because it refers to a general and
non-specific place, while "Hungary" is a proper noun because it
refers to a specific country in Europe.

• Common noun
As mentioned earlier, common nouns refer to people,
places, and things as a whole. As for some examples that
can be seen, that way it will be easier to understand what
we mean by this.

For example :
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People: neighbor, friends, students, child

Places : beaches, city, country, islands, rooms, planet, jupiter

Things : cars, motorcycle, drums, apples, rain, ice, food.

• Proper noun

Proper nouns can refer to people, places, and things, but they
only refer to certain people and things.

Example :

People : Ariana Grande, Justin Beaber, Selena Gomez

Places : Indonesian, American, Brazil, Arab

Things : Nmax, Samsung, Apollo

In grammar, the only thing that distinguishes common nouns

from proper nouns is capitalization. Whenever they appear in a
sentence, proper nouns must be capitalized. This rule does not
apply to brand names that are lowercase for stylistic reasons: the
word "iPad" is a proper noun, even though its first letter is
lowercase.

In contrast, common nouns are only capitalized at the

beginning of a sentence or as a title or name. For example, the
word captain is lowercase in most sentences, but when it is used
as a title, such as the name Captain Hook, a capital letter is used.

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B. PRONOUN

A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun in a sentence.

Pronouns are used to avoid repeating the same noun in a text or
conversation (Ris,” n.d.).

A pronoun can be used to replace a noun, which can be a

person, thing, animal, place, or abstract concept. There are
several kinds of pronouns that we can know, namely, Personal
pronoun, Reflexive pronoun, Possesive pronoun.

Pronouns are words like "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we,"
and"they" which is used to replace a noun in a sentence. There is
no specific formula for pronouns, but you should choose a
pronoun that is appropriate for the context of the sentence and the
type of noun it replaces. For example, "he" is used to replace
nouns that refer to men, while "she" is used to refer to women.

• Personal pronoun

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 Personal pronouns are pronouns used for a specific
person, animal, thing, or thing. These pronouns are
customized according to the role of the noun they replace
(subject, object, possessive), number, person, and gender.

Case

number person subjective Objective possessif

1st I Me Mine

singuler 2nd You You Yours

3rd She,he,it Her,him,it Hers,his

1st We Us Ours

plural 2nd You You Yours

3rd They Them Theirs

Tabel 2. 1

• Reflexive pronoun
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are used to
describe what the subject is doing on their own. Myself is
a singular pronoun ending, such as myself, yourself,
himself, herself, and itself. In contrast, plural pronoun

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 endings will take the suffix -selves, such as yourselves,
themselves, and ourselves.

Example :

I bought this book myself (Aku membeli buku ini sendirian)

we need to encourage ourselves (Kita perlu memberikan

semangat pada diri kita sendiri)

• Possesive pronoun
Possessive pronouns consist of dependent
pronouns, which come before the noun, and independent
pronouns, which come after the verb. Dependent
possessive pronouns are like my, your, his, her, its, our,
their, while independent possessive pronouns are mine,
yours, his, hers, her, ours, theirs.

Example :

This is your book (Ini adalah bukumu)

The bike is mine (Sepeda itu milikku)

Exercise

a. Gantilah kata benda dalam kurung dengan pronoun yang

tepat!

- The dog is barking. (Anjing itu) _____ is barking.

b. Identifikasikan jenis pronoun dalam kalimat ini:

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 - They will arrive soon. (Mereka akan tiba sebentar lagi.)

❖ Here are example sentences of possessive pronouns, to

make it easier to understand the vocabulary:
a. Do you find any red pen here? It is mine. (Apakah kamu
menemukan pena berwarna merah di sini? (Pena) itu
punyaku)
b. Hmmm, that car look new and expensive, is it yours?
(Hmmm, mobil itu terlihat baru dan mahal. Apakah
(mobil) itu milikmu?)
c. All passengers have red caps, when they drop off the bus,
they were theirs. (Semua penumpang memiliki topi, saat
mereka turun dari bis, mereka memasang (topi-topi) milik
mereka)
d. I think, all these gold are ours, aren’t they? (Saya pikir,
semua emas ini milik kita. Bukankah begitu?)
e. Some bags put on glass box. Are they hers? (Beberapa tas
diletakkan di dalam kotak. Apakah (tas-tas) ini miliknya?)
f. Is it His? (Apakah ini miliknya?)
g. Ronald find some nails on the floor of a porcupine’s cage.
I think they are Its. (Ronald menemukan beberapa kuku di
lantai kandang landak. Saya pikir (kuku-kuku) ini
miliknya)

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Picture 2. 3

C. VERB

I'm sure you'll immediately think of work words like sing,

cook, run, and so on when you hear the word verb (Palmer 2014).
It's no surprise, as the English and Indonesian vocabularies are
almost identical.

However, there are some differences between English and

Indonesian verbs, especially in terms of their functions. In
English, verbs have many types because they not only function as
verbs but also have additional functions. Therefore, I will invite
you to learn about the types of verbs and their definitions.

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What is Verb?

Verbs are words that indicate action, action, or state.

Write, eat, drink, and others are some examples of verbs that you
might hear often. (Kata kerja adalah kata yang menunjukkan
tindakan, perbuatan, atau keadaan. Menulis, makan, minum, dan
lainnya adalah beberapa Example kata kerja yang mungkin
sering Anda dengar).

But are these verbs the same as predicates in Indonesian?

So far, you know that in Indonesian sentences, it should consist

of Subject + Predicate. But are these predicates the same as
verbs?

Let me give you an example!!

- Sindy eat pizza (Sindy makan pizza)

In the phrase, it is clear that the predicate is eating, and the object
is pizza.

However, what if the phrase is as shown below?

- Jokowi is president (Jokowi adalah presiden).

In the English sentence, it is obvious that a hokage is a verb that

can serve as a predicate. Now, which verb is it in the Indonesian
sentence?

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Okay, the answer isn't a verb. But first, you should know that a
predicate is a word that can explain the subject, whether it's a
verb, noun, or adjective. So, a predicate doesn't always have to be
a verb. (Jawabannya bukan kata kerja. Tapi pertama-tama, Anda
harus tahu bahwa predikat adalah kata yang dapat menjelaskan
subjek, apakah itu kata kerja, kata benda, atau kata sifat. Jadi,
predikat tidak selalu harus berupa kata kerja).

Eitss, calm down guys, you don't need to be surprised by

these terms. Because I'll explain them one by one. Beginning
with the verb definition and ending with examples of verb
sentences!

Types of Verbs and Their Functions

So, here are the types of verbs and their functions:

1. Action Verbs

Verbs that show what the subject of the sentence does are called
action verbs. Examples of action verbs include eating, sleeping,
and writing. For example, take a look at the example verb
sentences below:

- She looks at me (Dia melihat kearahku)

Look (see) in the sentence above is an action verb, friend. It

means that the subject is actually looking. (Melihat dalam kalimat

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di atas adalah action verb, kawan. Artinya, subjek benar-benar
melihat).

2. Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are a type of verb used to connect two different

sentences, phrases, or words.

Examples of linking verbs are:

- He looks sad (Dia kelihatan sedih)

In the sentence above, looks serves to connect her with sadness,

not to perform an action.

3. Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

a. Transitive

The following types of verbs are transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs are verbs require an object.

Example : She looked at you

The above sentence needs an object because the context of the

sentence becomes unclear if there is no one. For example, if the
object is removed (dihilangkan), it becomes:

- She looked

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Now, if this is the case, the sentence becomes ambiguous
(rancu/kacau). Because, you don't know what the subject looked
at.

b. Intransitive

Verbs that do not require an object are called intransitive

verbs. To illustrate:

• Gita took a bath at 12 o'clock yesterday (Gita mandi

jam 12 kemarin)

This sentence does not need an object because the context is clear
without it.

4. Regular dan Irregular Verb

You must be familiar with this type of verb. Undoubtedly, regular

and irregular phrases have been widely discussed since you were
a kid until now. Basically, verbs in English will change form
according to the tenses used, such as "verb 1," "verb 2," or "verb
3".

• The word change process falls into two categories: regular

verbs and irregular verbs.

a. Regular verbs
Regular verbs are known as verb 2 (past) and verb 3 (past
participle) verbs that come with an -ed or -d ending.
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Regular verbs follow some rules, such as:

▪ In cases where verb 1 ends in a vowel (vocal) letter

except e, add -ed. The usual examples of these verbs
are add → added. (Dalam kasus di mana verb 1
diakhiri dengan huruf vokal (vokal) kecuali e,
tambahkan -ed. Example biasa dari verbs ini adalah
tambah menjadi menambahkan)
▪ In cases where verb 1 ends with a vowel (vowel) + y,
add -ed. Examples of these verbs are delay → delayed
(Dalam kasus di mana verb 1 diakhiri dengan huruf
vokal (vokal) + y, tambahkan -ed.).
▪ If verb 1 ends with a consonant + y, then y must be
changed to i.
Examples of common phrases: Study. → Studied
▪ In cases where the first verb ends in CVC (consonant
vowel consonant), for example, the letter r contains a
consonant, the letter a contains a vowel, and the letter
p contains a consonant. (Dalam kasus di mana verb
pertama diakhiri dengan CVC (consonant vowel
consonant), misalnya, huruf r mengandung konsonan,
huruf a mengandung vokal, dan huruf p mengandung
konsonan).
Examples of common phrases: Wrap → Wrapped.
Also, the last consonant letter must be doubled.

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 ▪ Add -d to verb 1 when it ends with the letter E.
(Tambahkan -d ke verb 1 ketika diakhiri dengan huruf
E). Love. → Loved.

Another example of regular verb :

Agree Agreed Agreed Menyetujui

Allow Allowed Allowed Mengizinkn

Amuse Amused Amused Menghibur

Analyze Analyzed Analyzed Menganalisa

Announce Announced Announced Mengumumkan

Annoy Annoyed Annoyed Mengganggu

Answer Answer Answered Manjawab

Apologize Apologized Apologized Minta Maaf

Cry Cried Cried Menangis

Table 2. 1

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b. Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs do not require the addition of -ed
or -d at the end of the word. Irregular verbs also have
second (past participle) and third forms which may or
may not change.
This irregular verb is often confusing, as it is
different from regular verb. Therefore, you should
practice and memorize these verbs a lot.

Here are some examples of frequently used words.

c. Common Irregular Verbs

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 5. Helping Verb or Auxiliary Verbs

Helping verbs, also known as auxiliary verbs, are one type of

verb that is often used in UTBK English. This verb functions to
help the main verb (Verb ini berfungsi untuk membantu kata
kerja utama).

What do you mean?

Take a look at the following three sentences:

❖ She is eating. → Is menunjukkan konteks waktu.

❖ She did cry last night. → Did menerangkan konteks waktu
❖ I have worked here for two years. → Have menerangkan
kalau sudah terjadi.

Four types of auxiliaries are commonly used in English are : to

be, to do, to have, and modals.

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Table 2.3

D. ADJECTIVE

Definition

An adjective is a word that provides additional

information about a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun,
describing its characteristics or qualities. Its main function
is to modify the information conveyed by the noun (Dixon
2004). Adjectives typically come before the nouns they
describe. In simpler terms, adjectives are words that
depict the attributes or conditions of nouns, such as
"enormous," "doglike," "silly," "many," etc. Therefore, we
can define an adjective as a term used alongside a noun to
enhance its meaning.

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Characteristics of adjectives

1. Mendeskripsikan atau memberikan informasi tentang sifat

atau karakteristik suatu benda atau orang.
2. Dapat ditempatkan sebelum kata benda untuk
menjelaskan atau memodifikasi benda tersebut
3. Dapat berubah bentuk untuk menyesuaikan dengan
jumlah atau jenis benda yang dijelaskan (seperti
penggunaan bentuk singular atau plural).
4. Dapat dibandingkan menggunakan kata-kata seperti
"lebih" atau "paling" untuk menunjukkan perbandingan.
5. Dapat diperkuat dengan kata-kata seperti "sangat" atau
"amat" untuk menekankan tingkat sifatnya.

There are eight types of adjectives in English grammar, each

of which is elucidated with examples in the following section.

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1. Positive Adjective

Refers to an adjective that expresses a positive trait or

quality of an object or subject. Examples: "happy",
"beautiful", "smart".

2. Comparative Adjective

Used to compare two objects or subjects to show the

difference in level or characteristics between them. For
example: "bigger" (lebih besar), "faster" (lebih cepat), "more
interesting" (lebih menarik).

3. Superlative Adjective

It is used to compare three or more objects or subjects to

show which is the highest or has the most characteristics
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among them. Example: "biggest" (terbesar), "fastest"
(tercepat), "most interesting" (paling menarik).

4. Descriptive Adjective

Describes qualitative properties or characteristics of an

object or subject. Example: "blue" (biru), "tall" (tinggi),
"round" (bulat).

5. Demonstrative Adjective

Used to indicate or identify a specific object or subject.

For example: "this" (ini), "that" (itu), "these" (mereka),
"those" (mereka).

6. Possessive Adjective

Indicates ownership or a property relationship to an object

or subject. For example: "my" (milik saya), "his" (miliknya),
"their" (milik mereka).

7. Interrogative Adjective

Used in questions to ask or request information about an

object or subject. Example: "which" (mana), "what" (apa),
"whose" (milik siapa).

8. Indefinite Adjective

Refers to adjectives that do not refer specifically to a

certain object or subject. For example: "some" (beberapa),
"many" (banyak), "few" (sedikit).
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 ➢ Here are some examples, questions, and answers related
to adjectives:

Examples:

1. Positive Adjective: The sunshine brightened up the room.

2. Comparative Adjective: The bigger box is on the top shelf.

3.Superlative Adjective: She is the smartest student in the

class.

4. Descriptive Adjective: The blue sky was clear and beautiful.

5. Demonstrative Adjective: I prefer this book over the other

one.

Questions:

1. Can you give an example of a positive adjective used in a

sentence?

2. Provide a sentence using a comparative adjective.

3. When would you use a superlative adjective?

4. Describe something using a descriptive adjective.

5. How would you use a demonstrative adjective in a

sentence?

Answers:

1. Example: The sunshine brightened up the room.

27
2. Sentence: The bigger box is on the top shelf.

3. You would use a superlative adjective when comparing

three or more things.

4. Example: The blue sky was clear and beautiful.

5. Sentence: I prefer this book over the other one.

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E. Adverb (Kata Keterangan)

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (“he

sings loudly”), an adjective (“very tall”), another adverb (“ended
too quickly”), or even a whole sentence (“Fortunately, I had
brought an umbrella.”) (Delfitto 2006).

Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly
the same as their adjective counterparts.

Example :

Tom Longboat did not run badly

The race finished too quickly

Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.

Adverbs are easy to recognize because they usually end in

–ly, but not always. The most common examples of adverbs
include:

- really, very

- well, badly

- today, yesterday, everyday, etc.

- sometimes, often, rarely, etc.

- early, late, soon, etc.

- here, there, everywhere, etc.

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A. Adverbs and verbs

Adverbs often modify verbs. This means that they

describe the way an action is happening.

Example:

Huan sings loudly in the shower.

My cat waits impatiently for his food.

I will seriously consider your suggestion.

Adverbs can answer other types of questions about how

an action was performed. They can also tell you when (“we
arrived early”), where (“turn here”), or with what frequency (“I
go there often”).

However, there is one type of verb that doesn’t mix well with
adverbs. Linking verbs, such as feel, smell, sound, seem, and
appear, typically precede adjectives, not adverbs.

B. Adverbs and adjectives

Adverbs can also modify adjectives. An adverb modifying

an adjective generally adds a degree of intensity or some other
kind of qualification to the adjective.

Example:

The lake is quite beautiful.

This book is more interesting than the last one.

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My cat is incredibly happy to be having his dinner.

We will be slightly late to the meeting.

C. Adverbs and other adverbs

You can use an adverb to describe another adverb. In the

following sentence, the adverb almost is modifying the adverb
always (and they’re both modifying the adjective right):

Example:

• The weather report is almost always right. (In fact, if you

wanted to, you could use several adverbs to modify
another adverb.)
• Huan sings rather enormously too loudly. (However, that
often produces weak and clunky sentences like the one
above, so be careful not to overdo it.)
D. Adverbs and sentences

Some adverbs can modify entire sentences—

unsurprisingly, these are called sentence adverbs. Common ones
include generally, fortunately, interestingly, and accordingly.
Sentence adverbs don’t describe one particular thing in the
sentence—instead, they describe a general feeling about all of the
information in the sentence.

Example:

- Fortunately, we got there in time.

31
Interestingly, no one at the auction seemed interested in bidding
on the antique spoon collection.

At one time, the use of the word hopefully as a sentence

adverb (e.g., “Hopefully, I’ll get this job”) was condemned.
People continued to use it, though, and many style guides and
dictionaries now accept it. That said, there are still plenty of
readers out there who hate it, so it’s a good idea to avoid using it
in formal writing.

E. Degrees of comparison

Like adjectives, many adverbs can show degrees of

comparison, although it’s slightly less common to use them this
way. With certain flat adverbs (adverbs that look exactly the
same as their adjective counterparts), the comparative and
superlative forms look the same as the adjective comparative and
superlative forms. It’s usually better to use stronger, more precise
adverbs (or stronger, more precise adjectives and verbs) than to
rely on comparative and superlative adverbs.

An absolute or positive adverb describes something in its own

right:

Example:

- He smiled warmly.
- They asked me to deliver a hastily written note.

32
He smiled more warmly than the others. (To make the
comparative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word
more).

He smiled most warmly of them all. (To make the superlative

form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word most).

F. Placement of adverbs

In general, adverbs should be placed as close as possible

to the words they are intended to modify. Putting the adverb in
the wrong spot can produce an awkward sentence at best and
completely change the meaning at worst. Consider the difference
in meaning between the following two sentences:

Example:

1. I almost dropped all the papers I was holding.

2. I dropped almost all the papers I was holding.

The first sentence is correct if it’s meant to communicate that you

very nearly dropped the papers but managed to hold on to them—
the adverb almost comes right before the verb dropped, so it’s
most naturally understood as modifying dropped. In the second
sentence, almost has moved to modify the adjective all,
communicating that you did drop most of the papers.

Be especially careful about the word only, which can be

an adverb, an adjective, or a conjunction and is one of the most

33
often misplaced modifiers. Consider the difference between these
two sentences:

Example:

1. Phillip only fed the cat.

2. Phillip fed only the cat.

The first sentence means that all Phillip did was feed the
cat. He didn’t pet the cat or pick it up or anything else. The
second sentence means that Phillip fed the cat, but he didn’t feed
the dog, the bird, or anyone else who might have been around.

When an adverb is modifying a verb phrase, the most natural

place for it is usually the middle of the phrase.

Example:

- We are quickly approaching the deadline.

- Huan has always loved singing.
- I will happily assist you.

When to avoid adverbs

Ernest Hemingway is often held up as an example of a

great writer who detested adverbs and advised other writers to
avoid them. In reality, it’s impossible and unnecessary to avoid
adverbs altogether. Sometimes we need them, and all writers
(even Hemingway) use them occasionally.

34
 The trick is to avoid superfluous adverbs. When your verb
or adjective doesn’t seem powerful or precise enough, instead of
reaching for an adverb to add more color, try reaching for a
stronger verb or adjective instead. For example, the following
two sentences are both grammatically correct and mean the same
thing, but you’ll probably agree that the second, in which the verb
wrested does all the work that the adverbs forcefully and away
are doing in the first, packs more of a punch.

Types and Example Adverb

Berikut ragam dan Example adverb bagian dalam dialek Inggris.

1. Adverb of Place and Direction

Adverb of place and direction is an adverb that channels place

and direction (di mana suatu masalah dilakukan atau berada).

Form word: here, there, outside, inside, home, west, …

prepositional phrase: in that school, beside the mosque, on the

desk, …

Example:

• A very smart girl is sitting there.

• John and Ratna are discussing many problems in the
office.
• I have been here.
2. Adverb of Manner

35
Adverb of manner is an adverb that shows the manner (how a
matter is done).

Word form

➢ fast, slow, hard, express, quick, …

Adjective

➢ ly: fluently (fluent ly), slowly (slow ly), …

Prepositional phrase:

➢ by train/ bus/ car, by heart, on foot, …

Example:

- We must study hard.

- She sang the song beautifully.
- I came here on foot.
3. Adverb of Degree

An adverb of degree is an adverb that shows moral

generation or intensity (how strong, weak, tight, big, etc. the
object is).

➢ very (sangat)
➢ highly (sangat)
➢ so (begitu/ sangat)
➢ exceedingly (sangat)
➢ extremely (sangat) adequately (sangat)
➢ pretty (sangat)
36
 ➢ somewhat (agak)
➢ fairly (agak)
➢ rather (agak) just (agak)
➢ enough (cukup)
➢ too (terlalu)
➢ more (lebih)

Fungsi: mencuraikan adjective

The tool is highly useful.

It is fresh enough
It sounds very awkward.

mencuraikan adverb

The man walked very fast.

She strode confidently enough into the room.
He lives so simply.
4. Adverb of Time
Adverb of Time is an adverb that shows time (when a
scandal happened).

❖ Definite time (kala pasti)

➢ Singular word: yesterday, today, tomorrow, Saturdays,
nights, …
➢ Phrase: Saturday night, last week, next month, bagus
month ago,..
❖ Indefinite time (kala tak pasti)

37
 ➢ Recently (baru-baru ini), lately (akhir-akhir ini),
nowadays, already, immediately (langsung), soon
(segera), later, …
❖ Chronological order (jajaran skandal)
➢ Now, then, before, later, after(wards), next first, ….

Example :

- I am studying english grammar now.

- She will go there tomorrow.
- Professor Tomski has already come.
5. Adverb of Frequency

Adverb of frequency is an adverb that conveys frequency

(how frequently an action is performed or a thing occurs).
Always, usually, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally,
seldom, rarely, never, …

Example:

- He usually comes late.

- Tom seldom plays with us.
- I ever called him.

6. Exclamatory Adverb

Exclamatory adverbs are adverbs that are used in

exclamations.

❖ Formula :
38
 How + adjective / adverb + S+ V!

Example:

▪ You are funny = How funny you are!

▪ He becomes angry = How angry he becomes!
▪ She danced beautifully = How beautifully she danced!
▪ The man behaves badly = How badly the man behaves!

7. Explanatory Adverb

Explanatory adverbs are adverbs that are used before describing a

problem of some kind or before detailing a thing.

❖ Anggota: Example: e.g. (exempli gratia), for

example, for instance
➢ seperti: such sumbu, like, sumbu
➢ yakni, yaitu: i.e. (id est), viz. (videlicet), namely

Example: There are many interesting places to visit in the

city, e.g., the botanical garden and the art museum.

I prefer to wear casual clothes, such sumbu jeans and bagus

sweatshirt.

Mark knows bagus few people here, viz., Mr. Martin, Mrs. Mary,
and Robert.

8. Interrogative Adverb

39
An interrogative adverb is an adverb that is used ahead of an
advising question.

➢ Why = mempersunting alasan

➢ Where = mempersunting bekas
➢ When = mempersunting kala
➢ How = mempersunting cara, jarak, durasi, …

Example :

- Where did you buy this comic?

- When will you come here?
- Why has she chosen the way?
- How is she singing the classical song?
- How long will you travel?
9. Sentence Adverb

Sentence adverbs are adverbs that take place towards the end
of a sentence.

➢ Fortunately, no one was hurt.

➢ Obviously, they will not finish it on time.
➢ The boy is surely the most diligent in that class.

Example :

- Where did you buy this comic?

- When will you come here?
- Why has she chosen the way?
- How is she singing the classical song?
40
- How long will you travel?

41
Picture 2. 4

F. PREPOSITION

Definition

Prepositions are words or groups of words used to connect

words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence, and indicate the spatial,
temporal, or logical relationship between them. Prepositions help
explain location, direction, time, or relationships among elements
in a sentence (Pullum and Huddleston 2002) . Example, preposisi
termasuk "in," "on," "under," "above," "beside," "between," dan
banyak lainnya. Misalnya, dalam kalimat "The book is on the
table" ("Buku ada di atas meja"), kata "on" adalah preposisi
yang menunjukkan lokasi buku dalam hubungannya dengan meja.

42
Formula preposition

Prepositions don't have specific formulas like the rest of

grammar. They are specific words in the language that are used to
connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. They indicate
the relationship between those elements in a spatial, temporal, or
logical context.

However, there are some general rules on how

prepositions are used:

1. Prepositions are always followed by their objects. (Objek

preposisi bisa berupa kata benda, frasa kata benda, atau
klausa kata benda).

Example:

"She is sitting on the chair." ("Dia sedang duduk di atas kursi.")

2. Prepositions can connect nouns with verbs or nouns with

nouns.

Example :

"She ran to the park."

("Dia berlari menuju taman.")

"He is interested in science."

("Dia tertarik pada ilmu pengetahuan.")

43
 3. Some prepositions have special forms to indicate a more
specific time or place, such as "at," "on," "in," "by," "for,"
and so on.Example:

"I will meet you at the coffee shop at 5 PM."

("Saya akan bertemu denganmu di kafe pada pukul 5 sore.")

Meanwhile, it is important to remember that

understanding and using prepositions requires experience in
communicating in the language in question. Constant practice and
reading will help strengthen your understanding of how to use
prepositions appropriately.

• preposition of time

Prepositions of time are words that show the relationship between

a noun or pronoun and time. Common prepositions of time
include:

1. At: It's used for specific times or points in time.

Example: I have a meeting at 3 o'clock.

2. In: It's used for periods of time, months, years, and seasons.

Example: I'll be on vacation in July.

3. On: It's used for specific days and dates.

Example: We're meeting on Friday.

4. Since: It indicates the starting point of an action or situation.

44
 Example: I've known him since 2010.

5.For: It indicates the duration of an action or situation.

Example: She has been studying for two hours.

6. During: It's used to indicate when something happens within a

particular period.

Example: It rained during the night.

7. By: It indicates a deadline or the latest possible time for

something to happen.

Example: Please submit your report by Friday.

8. Until/ till: They indicate the end point of an action or situation.

Example: The store is open until 9 PM.

➢ Preposition of place

Prepositions of place are words that indicate the location or

position of something in relation to something else. Here are
some common prepositions of place:

1. In: It's used to indicate being inside or within an area.

Example: The cat is in the box.

2. On: It's used to indicate a position on a surface or a place that

is attached to something.

Example: The book is on the table.

45
3. At: It's used to indicate a specific point or place.

Example: He's waiting at the bus stop.

4. Under: It indicates a position below or beneath something.

Example: The cat is under the table.

5. Over: It indicates a position above or covering something.

Example: The blanket is over the bed.

➢ Prepositions of movement

Prepositions of movement are words that indicate the direction or

movement of a person or thing in relation to another object or
place. Here are some common prepositions of movement:

1. To: It indicates movement towards a specific destination.

- Example: She walked to the park.

2. From: It indicates movement away from a specific point or

place.

- Example: He traveled from New York to Los Angeles.

3. Into: It indicates movement towards the inside or interior of

something.

- Example: She went into the house.

4. Onto: It indicates movement onto a surface or a position.

- Example: The cat jumped onto the table.

46
5. Off: It indicates movement from a position or surface, often
suggesting a downward motion.

- Example: He stepped off the bus.

➢ Preposition of agent

A preposition of agent is a preposition that shows the doer

or agent of an action in a sentence. In English, there isn't a
specific category of prepositions designated as "prepositions of
agent." Instead, agents are typically introduced using phrases like
"by," which indicates the person or thing performing the action.

For example:

1. The book was written by the author.

2. The painting was created by an unknown artist.

3. The cake was baked by my sister.

➢ Preposition of instrument

Prepositions of instrument are used to indicate the tool or

means by which an action is performed. In English, the
preposition "with" is commonly used to express the instrument.

Here are some examples:

1. She cut the paper with scissors.

2. He painted the wall with a brush.

3. They opened the box with a knife.

47
In each of these examples, "with" is used to indicate the
instrument or tool used to perform the action (cutting, painting,
opening).

Exercise

Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a

noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Here are
some exercises to practice using prepositions:

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions:

a. The cat jumped __________ the table.

b. She is allergic __________ peanuts.

c. The book is __________ the shelf.

d. He walked __________ the park.

Choose the correct preposition to complete the sentence:

2. The keys are __________ the drawer.

a. in
b. on
c. under

3. They live __________ a big house.

a. at
b. in
c. .on
48
4. The ball rolled __________ the couch.

a. under
b. between
c. beside

5. Write a sentence using the following prepositions: beside,

behind, between.

6. Rewrite the following sentences using a different preposition

to convey the same meaning:

a. The cat is on the roof.

b. She hid the treasure under the tree.

Exercise of Prepositions

Work on the following questions and match the options at the top
of the question! 1 answer can be used in more than 1 question

• By, with, out, of, except, to, at, between, among, for, up,
about, in, at

1. Suzan was angry …… Merry when she found out that

Merry had got rid …… the kitten which she was very fond
……
2. They all agreed …… the plan …… Andrew who said he
was not opposed …… it but pointed out that it was not
very practical.

49
 3. His father was proud …… him for he had won the first
prize …… an e-sport tournament organized …… a
National E-sport Club.
4. My friend is waiting for me …… the corner of the street
…… the baker’s shop. We promised to meet …… exactly 3
o’clock so that we can do some shopping and then go ……
a coffee.
5. Which will you choose …… the two cakes?

Jawaban:

1. With, of, of
2. To, except, to
3. Of, in, by
4. At, in/at, at, for
5. Between

50
Picture 2. 5

G. INTERJECTION

Definition

An interjection, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is a

word or phrase that is spoken briefly (singkat) and abruptly (tiba-
tiba), but expresses emotion (Norrick 2011).

Literally, interjection has no specific meaning in the official

English dictionary. However, when spoken, people who hear
them can already understand what the interjection means .

However, there are also some interjections that are the result of
absorption from other types of words. Usually, these interjections
can be looked up in a dictionary.

When Interjections Can Be Used

51
 Interjections can be used in almost all types of sentences,
regardless of where they are located (front, back, or middle).
However, this part of speech component is usually used more in
informal conversations.

Penggunaan interjection dalam bahasa Inggris memang

sebatas spoken words saja. In general reading, the use of
interjections is generally restricted to avoid subjectivity.

Here are some words that function as interjections

from their origin. There are some words that have meaning
and some that don't.

INTERJECTION MEANING

Yes/Yeah/Yup Ya

No/Nope Nggak/bukan

So Jadi…

Keren! Bagus!
Bravo
(menunjukkan rasa senang)

Kejutan!
Bingo
(menunjukkan rasa senang)

Hi/Hello Hai/halo

52
 Sayangnya…
Alas
(menunjukkan rasa kecewa)

Cheers (menunjukkan rasa senang, doa)

(menunjukkan rasa semangat,

Gee
antusias)

Thanks Terimakasih

Congratulations Selamat!

Wow (menunjukkan rasa kagum, terkejut)

Hei
Hey
(menyapa/menegur seseorang)

Yahoo (menunjukkan rasa senang, antusias)

Aha (mendapat ide)

(menunjukkan rasa kaget karena

Oops
melakukan kesalahan)

Yikes (menunjukkan rasa jijik)

Shoo (mengusir)

Onomatopoeia

53
 Onomatopoeia is a process of word formation based on
the sound produced by an object. Setelah origin kata, interjection
juga banyak dibentuk dari onomatopoeia.

(Misalnya untuk kata “crack!”, interjection tersebut

terbentuk dari bunyi benda keras yang patah.)

❖ Some other examples of interjections formed from

onomatopoeia are as follows.

INTERJECTION MEANING

Crack Bunyi benda yang patah

Shush Bunyi mendesis/mendiamkan orang

Grr Bunyi dengkuran/marah

Boo Bunyi hantu/menakuti orang

Duh Bunyi berdecak marah

Tsk-tsk Bunyi berdecak

Pfft Bunyi menahan tawa

Bunyi saat dilewati sesuatu dengan

Woosh
kencang

Noun/Verb/Adjective Yang Menjadi Interjection

54
 Interjection nyatanya juga bisa dibentuk dari komponen
part of speech lainnya, seperti noun, verb, dan adjective. Ada
cukup banyak noun, verb, dan adjective yang bisa difungsikan
sebagai interjection, misalnya good, nice, sweet, dan
semacamnya.

• Here are some examples of nouns, verbs, and

adjectives that are often used as interjections.

Great God

Nice Goodness

My Sweet

Man Good

Ladies Bad

Gosh Cool

Wicked Dear

Fabulous Terrific

Examples of Interjection in Sentence

INTERJECTION MEANING

Yup, I’ve brought the flower just for you

Yup
last night

55
Nope Nope, I don’t like waiting too long

Dear Oh dear, what a pity, can I help you?

Alas, she didn’t know his love until the day

Alas
he died

Cheers, let’s have an awesome party

Cheers
tonight!

Gee Gee, we win the project!

Wow, she looks so awesome, what a

Wow
surprise!

Hey Hey, you’ve dropped your ticket

Aha Aha, I have an idea!

Oops Oops, sorry I don’t know you’re there

Yikes Yikes, who put the dirty clothes on this

Shush Shush, they’re studying, be quiet

Grr…I’m so mad at him but I can’t let it

Grr
out

Duh Duh, he’s so insensitive

56
 Great, you’ve done the assignments
Great
perfectly!

Nice Nice, you’re doing good, the next step is…

My Oh my, I get a C on my semester report!

Man! Our football team wins the

Man
championship!

Gosh Gosh, the tunnel is incredibly long!

Wicked Wicked! I’ve broken the expensive glass

Fabulous! I want to see them again at the

Fabulous
next concert

God Oh my God, it’s really happening!

Goodness My goodness, you were right about her

How sweet! I don’t know he could prepare

Sweet
a romantic dinner like this

Tabel 2. 2

Types and examples of interjections

Here are the types and examples of conjunctions in English.

57
Untuk menarik perhatian Look!
Oh!
ya!
Tunjukkan ketidaksukaan Poh !
Ugh!
Bullshit!
Memanggil Hello!
Hai!
Humph!
Untuk Menunjukkan teguran Bullshit!
Berengsek!
Untuk menunjukkan penemuan Oh!
Ah!
Well!
Never!
menunjukkan kata Perpisahan! Bye!
Farewell!
Good bye!
See you!

Tabel 2. 3

58
 CHAPTER III

APPLICATION Of GRAMMAR MATERIAL

Function and Application

Tabel 3. 1

59
Tabel 3. 2

A. Simple Present Tense

What is Simple Present Tense?

Simple present tense is the tense used to express events that

are repeated, routine, or common in the present.

What is the meaning of "Present"?

In simple present tense, "present" refers to "the present".

Whereas "simple" means simple, and "tense" refers to the verb
form that corresponds to the time period being used (Cowper
1998).

60
 When is Present Tense Used?

Present tense digunakan ketika seseorang ingin

menyampaikan suatu peristiwa atau fakta umum yang terjadi saat
ini. Selain itu, simple present tense juga digunakan dalam pola
kalimat conditional sentence tipe 0 dan conditional sentence tipe
1 yang diikuti dengan simple future tense.

Before we go deeper, it's better if we remember the structure

of a "sentence". So, we can say that a sentence consists of the
following three things

What is the simple present tense formula? In general, the

simple present tense formula is

Subject + Verb 1(s/es) + Complement.

for positive sentences with verbal patterns. If the pattern is

nominal, then the present tense formula becomes

Subject + Auxiliary Verb (to be) + Complement.

61
Simple present tense Nominal

How to form a simple present tense sentence? Here is a simple

present tense formula that can be used: (+) Subject + To be +
Complement

(-) Subject + To be + Not + Complement

(?) To be + Subject + Complement

Example kalimat simple present tense dengan pola kalimat

nominal:

(+) I am an international school student (saya adalah seorang

mahasiswa)

(-) She is not an international school student (dia bukan

seorang mahasiswa)

(?) Is she an international school student? (apakah dia seorang

mahasiswa?)

• Verbal Simple Present Tense

The (+) (-) (?) formula of simple present tense for verbal
patterns is that if you make a sentence with a third person subject
(he, she, it, singular subject), there are some verbs that should
have s/es added at the end.

• Positive/affirmative simple present tense

62
 Just like nominal, verbal sentences also have positive forms as
we discussed earlier. Example simple present tense sentence:

Simple present Tense Verbal

The (+) (-) (?) formula of the simple present tense for verbal
patterns is:

(+) Subject + Verb 1 (+ s/es) + Complement

(-) Subject + Do/Does Not + verb 1 + Complement

(?) Do/does + subject + verb 1 + Complement?

(Seperti yang sudah kita bahas sebelumnya, dalam kalimat

verbal, tidak perlu menambahkan "to be" setelah subjek karena
kata kerja lah yang menjadi predikat).

Jika Anda menggunakan subjek orang ketiga (he, she, it,

subjek tunggal), beberapa kata kerja membutuhkan penambahan
s/es di akhir.

Example Simple Present Tense:

• Positive sentence:

I live in Jakarta (saya tinggal di Jakarta)

He lives in Jakarta (dia tinggal di Jakarta)

• Negative Sentence

I don’t live in Bandung (saya tidak tinggal di Bandung)

63
 She doesn’t live in Bandung (dia tidak tinggal di
Bandung)

• Interrogative sentence :

Do I work? (apakah saya bekerja?)

Does he work? (apakah dia bekerja?)

Time expressions or Adverbs of Time in Simple Present Tense

Another term for the time expressions we're discussing is "adverb
of frequency." Actually, time words are not always present in
every simple present tense sentence. However, sentences that use
the following time expressions are definitely considered to be in
simple present tense. Here's the list you should take note of.

Adverb of Time in Simple Present Tense (keterangan waktu

dalam simple present tense)

What Are the Characteristics of Simple Present Tense

Sentences?

After summarizing the previous explanations, here are some

characteristics of the present tense:

1. Uses verbs in their base form (infinitive) or irregular

verbs that are well-known. Example:
I play soccer every weekend. (Play is a verb in its base
form).
2. Utilizes auxiliary verbs "Do" or "Does" for negative and
interrogative verbal sentences.
64
 Example:
She doesn’t eat meat. (Doesn’t = does not, an auxiliary
verb in negative form for the subject "She").
Do you like chocolate? (Do = auxiliary verb for questions
with the subject "You").
3. In present tense, there are usually time expressions like
always, usually, often, seldom, rarely, never, every
day/week/month/year.
Example:
I always drink coffee in the morning.

Function and Usage of Simple Present Tense

Apart from expressing facts, when can we use simple present

tense in a sentence? The answer is provided in the image below:

1. General truth/generalization or facts (Menyatakan Fakta

yang Bersifat Umum)

2. Habitual or daily activities a.k.a repeated actions

(Menyatakan Tindakan yang Selalu Terulang)

Bila mendengar kata 'kebiasaan', pasti kamu dapat mengerti

artinya dengan cepat. Ya! Simple present tense juga digunakan
untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan atau aktivitas harian yang
berulang, seperti rutinitas atau jadwal yang kamu lakukan
berulang kali.

Example :

65
 We take the bus to school every morning.

(Kami naik bus ke sekolah setiap pagi)

3. Express feelings and emotions (Mengekspresikan Perasaan

dan Emosi)

Apakah kamu sedang bersedih? Atau mungkin kamu tengah

memikirkan sesuatu? Don't hesitate, you can express it through
simple present tense sentences. Example sentence:

Feelings:

I am saddened by the unfortunate news you shared. (Saya

merasa sedih mendengar kabar buruk yang kamu bagikan)

Emotions:

I am always grateful for having such a wonderful best friend.

(Saya selalu bersyukur memiliki sahabat terbaik yang luar biasa)

4. The upcoming scheduled event or familiar with future

conditions (Mengungkapkan Acara yang Akan Datang atau
Mengenali Kondisi Masa Depan)

Fungsi ini menjelaskan bahwa simple present tense juga

digunakan untuk membicarakan acara yang sudah terjadwal
dalam waktu dekat. Selain itu, tense ini sering digunakan untuk
membicarakan jadwal transportasi).

66
Example:

The train is scheduled to depart at 08.00 a.m.(Kereta dijadwalkan

berangkat pukul 08.00 pagi.)

5. Giving commands or instructions (Memberikan Perintah

atau Instruksi)

Have you ever watched a cooking tutorial? Well, it's not much
different. You often see instructions or commands on your
smartphone, right? Like in the following sentence:

Example :

Create a design or utilize a fingerprint for unlocking.

(Buatlah desain atau gunakan sidik jari untuk membuka kunci)

Pour the juice into the cup.

(Tuangkan jus ke dalam cangkir)

Here are examples of simple present tense in the form of positive,

negative, and interrogative sentences:
1. (+) Jason play the guitar. (Jason memainkan gitar.)
(-) Jason doesn't play the guitar. (Jason tidak memainkan gitar.)
(?) Does Jason plays the guitar? (Apakah Jason memainkan
gitar?)
2. (+) She watches TV in the evening. (Dia menonton TV di
malam hari.)
(-) She doesn't watch TV in the evening. (Dia tidak menonton TV

67
di malam hari.)
(?) Does she watch TV in the evening? (Apakah dia menonton TV
di malam hari.)

3. (+) I talk with my friends in the living room every Sunday.

(Saya berbicara bersama teman-teman saya di ruang tamu setiap
hari Minggu.)
(-) I don't talk with my friends in the living room every Sunday.
(Saya tidak berbicara dengan teman-teman saya di ruang tamu
setiap hari Minggu.)
(?) Do you talk with your friends in the living room every
Sunday? (Apakah kamu berbicara dengan teman-temanmu saya
di ruang tamu setiap hari Minggu?)

4. (+) She an international school student. (Dia adalah seorang

mahasiswa internasional.)
(-) She doesn't an international school student. (dia bukan
seorang mahasiswa internasional.)
(?) Is she an international school student? (apakah dia seorang
mahasiswa internasional?)

5. (+) He often snores while sleeping. ( Dia sering mendengkur

saat tidur.)
(-) He does not often snore while sleeping. (Ia tidak sering
mendengur saat tidur?)

68
(?) Does he often snore while sleeping? (Apakah dia sering
mendengkur saat tidur?)

69
Tabel 3. 3

B. Present Continous Tense

Present continuous tense is commonly used to show an

action or event that is happening at the time of the conversation.
In addition, this present continuous tense can also be used to
make a plan in the future .

The present continuous tense is used to describe actions

happening at the moment of speaking or temporary actions in
progress. It's formed by using the present tense of the verb "to
be" (am, is, are) and adding the present participle of the main
verb (the "-ing" form). For example:

70
 - I am walking to the store.
- She is writing an email.
- They are playing football.

The formula used to form this present continuous tense sentence

is :

S + Am/Is/Are + Verb –ing (Continuous Form) Or

S+am/is/are + present participle/V-ing

Example penggunaan present continuous tense adalah :

✓ Look! He is talking with teacher.

✓ Azizah is driving a motorcycle to Mataram now.
✓ The bus are arriving in an hour.

Please make 10 sentences within using Present Continous

Tense

1. She is currently working on her new project at the office.

( Saat ini dia (Perempuan) sedang mengerjakan proyek
barunya di kantor.)
2. They are practicing for the upcoming dance competition
this weekend.
(Saat ini dia sedang mengerjakan proyek barunya di
kantor.)
3. I am reading a fascinating book about space exploration.
(Saya sedang membaca buku yang menarik tentang
eksplorasi ruang angkasa.)
71
4. The children are playing in the park with their friends.
(Anak-anak sedang bermain di taman bersama teman-
temannya.)
5. He is learning to play the guitar with a music instructor.
(Dia sedang belajar bermain gitar dengan instruktur
musik.)

72
C. Present Perfect Tense

Definition

Present perfect tense is a sentence pattern with a

changing verb form that is used to state or express something that
happened or occurred in the past that continues to the present
(Bryan 1936).

So, even though the event has just happened, the impact
or consequences of the event can still be seen and felt when the
conversation occurs. Also, these tenses are usually used to
indicate events or discuss experiences or changes related to
location.

73
 Remember the discussion about the present perfect tense
having two types of sentences? That's right! There are two types
of sentences: verbal sentences and nominal sentences. Both types
of sentences exist in the present perfect tense as well.

Nominal Sentences Present Perfect Tense

Nominal sentences are sentences that don't contain verbs

like adjectives, nouns, and adverbs. Let's see the formula below!

Pola kalimat Rumus

(+) Affirmative/Positive S + have/has + been +
Complement
(-) Negative S + have/has + not + been +
Complement
(?) Interrogative Have/has + s + been +
Complement

Example

(+) You have been a creative writer since 2018. (Kamu telah
menjadi seorang penulis kreatif sejak tahun 2018.)

(-) We have not been hungry. (Kita belum merasa lapar.)

(?) Has she been very busy this week? (Apakah dia sangat sibuk
pekan ini?)

Verbal Sentences Present Perfect Tense

74
In verbal sentences, after the subject will be followed by a verb
(V) verb. Well, these tenses use the third verb a.k.a verb 3, guys.

Check out the following formula:

Pola kalimat Formula

(+) Affirmative S + have/has + Verb 3
(-) Negative S + have/has + not + Verb 3
(?) Interrogative have/has + S + Verb 3 +?

Example:

• Positif sentence:

I have eaten three a day. (Saya sudah makan tiga kali

sehari.)

• Negative sentence:

They have not paid their orders. (Mereka belum

membayar pesanan-pesanan mereka.)

• Interogative sentence:

Have they surprised Cintia? (Apakah mereka sudah

memberi kejutan pada Cintia?)

Have/has termasuk ke dalam auxiliary verb.

Auxiliary “have” digunakan untuk subjek I, you, dan

plural subject lainnya, seperti; plural pronoun (they, we), plural

75
noun (boys, men), dan compound subject dengan kata hubung
“and” (you and I, Masha and David).

In contrast, the auxiliary "has" applies to the singular

subject, which is the third-person pronoun (he, she, it), and
singular nouns such as the names of people (Grace, Cerci, etc). In
the interrogative part of the sentence, the interlocutor simply
answers with "Yes, (I/you/we/they) have" or "Yes, (he, she, it)
has" for a "Yes" answer.

Meanwhile, if the answer is "No", then you can add not,

such as "No, (I/you/we/they) haven't" or "No, (he, she, It) hasn't".

• Contraction in Present Perfect Tense

Previously, we discussed that subject + auxiliary verb can be

abbreviated or made into a contraction in the simple future tense.
Well, this tense also has the same rules. Here's a detailed list that
you can lihat:

• Positive present perfect tense

I have: I’ve She has: She’s

You have: You’ve He has: He’s

We have: We’ve It has: It’s

They have: They’ve

76
 • Negative present perfect tense

I have not: I haven’t She has not: She hasn’t

You have not: You haven’t He has not: He hasn’t

We have not: We haven’t It has not: It hasn’t

They have not: They haven’t

Rumus Question Words dalam Present Perfect Tense

Remember question words, those are questions formed by adding

the 5W + 1H prefix (what, where, who, when, why, how). Now,
you can also ask questions to your interlocutor using question
words followed by the present perfect tense. The formula is as
follows:

❖ Untuk pertanyaan tentang tempat, proses, alasan,

rumusnya adalah sebagai berikut:

QW + have/has + been + S + V3 + past participle + O

Example

• Why have you moved the table? (Mengapa kamu

memindahkan mejanya?)

The formula for asking the subject:

QW +have/has + V3 + C

77
Example

• Who has washed the shoes? (Siapa yang mencuci

sepatu?)
➢ Time Expression dalam Present Perfect Tense

Just like other tenses in general, there is an adverb of time

that you can use in the present perfect tense as a complement.

Function and Usage of Present Perfect Tense and

Example Sentences

Well, we have come to the discussion related to the

function and use of present perfect tense in a sentence. What are
they? Let's scroll down!

1. Expressing an event that has happened/has been done, and then

at the time of the conversation, there are consequences that are
felt.

Example kalimat:

• I have swept the floor. (Saya sudah menyapu lantai.)

The action taken in the Example sentence is that the floor has
been swept. Now, the perceived result of the sweeping action is
that the floor turns clean.

I have paid for your mobile data. (Saya sudah membayarkan

paket data kamu.)
78
 This means that the perceived effect of paying for a data
package is the reconnection of the smartphone with the internet
connection.

2. Expressing something that happened since a time in the past

that is still related to the present (when the conversation is
happening)

As the name suggests, the present perfect tense allows you

to express an activity that started a long time ago, but is still
continuing today (present).

Example:

She has lived here since 2000. (Dia tinggal disini sejak
tahun 2000.)

I have studied there for 3 years. (Saya sudah belajar disini

selama 3 tahun.

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D. Present Perfect Continous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous is a verbal tense in English

that indicates an action or event that started in the past, continues
into the present, and is likely to continue in the future (Lusmini
2014).

It combines elements of both Present Perfect (as it relates

to the present) and Continuous/Progressive (as it emphasizes the
duration or continuity of an action). Example: "I have been
studying for two hours" mengindikasikan bahwa studi dimulai di
masa lalu, berlanjut hingga saat ini, dan mungkin akan terus
berlanjut.

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 ➢ Rumus present perfect continuous

Formula Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect

Progressive)

Positive:

Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing

Example :

o I have been working.

o She has been dancing.

Negative:

Subject + have/has + not + been + verb-ing

Example:

o I have not been studying.

o They have not been playing.

Interogative:

Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing?

Example:

o Have you been reading?

o Has he been sleeping?

➢ Example dari present perfect continuous

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1. I have been running for an hour. (Saya telah berlari selama
satu jam.)

2. She has been cooking since morning. (Dia telah memasak

sejak pagi.)

3. They have been playing soccer all afternoon. (Mereka telah

bermain sepak bola sepanjang sore.)

4. He has been studying for his exams. (Dia telah belajar untuk
ujiannya.)

5. We have been working on this project for weeks. (Kami telah

bekerja pada proyek ini selama beberapa minggu.)

All of the sentences above show actions that started in the

past, continue into the present, and are likely to continue in the
future.

Exercise

Practice for Present Perfect Continuous. Complete the

following sentences with the correct form of the Present
Perfect Continuous:

1. I'm tired because I _____________ (run) for two hours.

2. She looks happy. She _____________ (dance) all night.

3. Why is the ground wet? It _____________ (rain) earlier.

82
4. They are out of breath because they _____________ (play)
basketball.

5. He's very focused because he _____________ (study) since

this morning.

83
 E. Simple Past Tense

In English, the simple past tense is used to show an

action or event that happened in the past. Many verbs use the
simple past tense by adding "ed" or "d" to the end of the base
verb, but some words have different scomplementlings when
used in the simple past tense.

Definition

The Collins Dictionary describes the "simple past tense"

as "a tense used to refer to the past", dan the Macmillan
Dictionary describes it as "the tense used to talk about habitual

84
actions, behaviour, or situations that happened or existed before
the present time and is no longer happening (Sari 2019). It is
usually made by adding -ed." The Cambridge Dictionary defines
the "simple past tense" as "the form of a verb used to.

Structure of the Simple Past Tense: To get a better

understanding of how the simple past tense is used in positive,
negative, interrogative, and negative interrogative formats, look
at the table below.

Aturan dan Hal-hal yang Perlu Diingat Saat Menggunakan

Simple Past Tense

There are a few things to be aware of when conjugating

verbs in the simple past tense.

A. Mengkonjugasikan kata kerja beraturan: Anda dapat

menampilkan kata kerja utama dalam kalimat dengan

85
 menambah akhir kata kerja beraturan dengan "-ed" dan
akhir kata kerja beraturan dengan "-d" yang diakhiri
dengan "e".

For example:

Reach – reached (mencapai Like – liked (Suka)

– meraih)

kick – kicked (Menendang) introduce – introduced

(Perkenalkan)

walk – walked (Berjalan) force – forced (Paksa)

confess – confessed Announce– announced

(Mengaku) (Pengumuman)

work – worked (Bekerja) notice – noticed (Pemberitahuan -

memperhaikan)

Tabel 3 1

B. Verbs that remain the same (Kata kerja yang tetap sama):
Beberapa kata memiliki ejaan yang sama seperti kata kerja
dasar.

86
Example :

Cut – cut (Potong) , put – put (Menaruh), hurt – hurt (lukai), set
– set (atur), hit – hit (Pukul).

C. Verbs that take different scomplementling patterns (Kata

kerja yang menggunakan pola ejaan berbeda) :

Verbs that take different scomplementling patterns—There

is no rule that explains why irregular verbs do so.

Example : Buy – bought (membeli), think – thought

(berpikir), draw – drew (menggambar), drink – drank
(minum), see – saw (melihat).

Why use Simple Past Tenses?

You can use the past simple

• Refer to an event or action that happened in the past,

• talk about something that was true in the past,
• and explain something that happened multiple times in the
past.

Forming the Simple Past Tense

To help you understand how the simple past tense can be

used, here are some examples.

87
Refers to an action that occurred in the past

We went to the market yesterday evening.

• I totally forgot about the meeting.

• Rania opened the door for the guests.

Refers to an action that actually occurred some time in the

pastFahira played volley ball when he was in school.

• Miss Gita worked as a guest lecturer at our college.

• Rauhil used to love reading fantasy novels when she was

younger.

Refers to an action that occurred several times in the past

I worked as an academic counsellor for six months.

• We enjoyed playing Pictionary every time we met.

• Leni dropped me at school every day till I entered high

school.

Test Your Understanding of Simple Past Tense

Fill in the blanks with the simple past tense of the verbs
mentioned in the brackets:

1. I _____ (pay) the bills already.

88
2. The teacher ________ (motivate) her kids to stand up for
themselves and their fellow classmates.

3. Reena ______ (to be) a student at Delhi University.

4. ______ you ______ (finish – interrogative) the science and

maths assignments?

5. Tina __________ (know – negative) about yesterday’s test.

A. Complete the following sentences with verbs in the simple

past tense:

1. She __________ (eat) lunch at 12:00.

2. They __________ (go) to the beach last weekend.
3. He __________ (watch) a movie yesterday.

B. Create positive, negative and interrogative sentences using

the simple past tense with the verb "study".

1. Positive: ___________________________
2. Negative: ___________________________
3. Interrogative: ___________________________

C. Replace the verbs in the following sentences with the

correct simple past tense:

1. She usually walks to work, but yesterday she __________

(drive).
89
2. I __________ (read) that book last month.

D. Make questions with the given keywords using the simple

past tense:

1. What / he / did / yesterday?

2. When / they / arrived / at the party?
3. Where / she / went / for her vacation?

90
F. Past Continous Tense

Definition

Present continuous tenses indicate things that are

happening in the present, while past continuous tenses indicate
things that are happening in the past during a specific time.
According to these tenses, an action can occur before (start
before), during (ongoing during), or continue after (continue
after) the previous action (Pereira, Guterres, and Bui 2020a).

Therefore, the past continuous tense is a type of sentence

that is interrupted by another event. It can also be used in
conjunction with other events.

91
The formula for the past continous tense is :

Example of past continous tense:

Here are some example sentences using Past Continuous Tense:

➢ I was studying for my final exams at this time last night.

(Saya sedang belajar untuk ujian akhir saya pada waktu ini
semalam.)

➢ They were watching a movie when I called them.(Mereka

sedang menonton film ketika saya menelepon mereka.)
➢ She was cooking dinner while her husband was reading a
book.(Dia sedang memasak makan malam sementara
suaminya sedang membaca buku.)
➢ We were playing soccer in the park when it started
raining.(Kami sedang bermain sepak bola di taman ketika
hujan mulai turun.)
➢ He was working at the computer all morning.(Dia sedang
bekerja di komputer sepanjang pagi.)
➢ Were you sleeping when the phone rang?(Apakah kamu
sedang tidur ketika telepon berdering?)

92
Note that the Past Continuous Tense indicates actions that
took place over a period of time in the past, often as a
backdrop or context for other actions that took place.

Past Continuous Tense Usage and Example Sentences

As always, each tense has a specific purpose. In this case,

the past continuous tense has a specific purpose when it comes to
writing and speaking.

1. To show a previous action (menampilkan peristiwa

sebelumnya)

This is the most frequently used function of the past

continuous tense, which shows things that happened in the past,
as we discussed earlier.

If you want to tell something that is not accompanied by

another event, and can use the function of the in sentence, there is
no need to use while or when. but you can use time expressions
or time information such as "at this time yesterday", or "all day
yesterday", or "at 5 o'clock this morning", so that the time
information is clearer.

Example :

➢ They were making a toast at this time last night. (Mereka

sedang membuat roti panggang pada jam ini kemarin
malam.)

93
 ➢ three years ago, I was working in a restaurant in Malaysia.
(tiga tahun yang lalu, saya bekerja di sebuah restoran di
Malaysia)

2. Two past events (menunjukkan dua kejadian di masa lalu)

The phrase "past continuous tense" is used to describe events that

happened or took place in the past. Therefore, the time "while" or
"when" is needed here.

example:

➢ I was studying while my sister was studying (aku

sedang belajar saat kakakku sedang belajar)
➢ Sindy was playing while Rania was taking a nap
(sindy sedang bermain sementara rania sedang tidur
siang)

3. Interrupted by another action or event (suatu tindakan atau

peristiwa lain yang mengganggu aktivitas)

When someone is telling a story about a past event that was

suddenly interrupted by another action, the past continuous tense
can be used.

Here is an example:

➢ Alex was having fun playing in the field when the weather
suddenly turned bad
(Alex sedang bersenang-senang bermain di lapangan
ketika cuaca tiba-tiba berubah menjadi buruk)
94
 G. Repeatedly and frequently (talking about the same thing
over and over again)

In addition, the past continuous tense is used to describe events

that happen over and over again. Although the intervals are
random, these sentences actually show natural habits.

Example : I was repeatedly checking things.

(Saya dulu berulang kali memeriksa sesuatu.)

H. Sources that cause irritation (menunjukkan kelemahan

seseorang)

In this way, we can show a person's past mistakes through

repeated history. To show repetitive frequency, such as
"always" and "constantly", the time adverb of the simple
present tense is used.

Example :

My friend was always leaving dirty dishes in the sink

(Teman saya selalu meninggalkan piring kotor di wastafel)

6. Showing development, growth, or other change over time

(menunjukkan perkembangan, pertumbuhan, atau perubahan lain
dari waktu ke waktu).

95
In addition, this tense can be used together with verbs that show
change or growth, such as: Grow up, Improve, Go, and Change.
Here are some example sentences that use this tense:

➢ My life was changing rapidly.

(Hidup saya berubah dengan cepat.)

7. Showing an action that has two durations at once

(menunjukkan tindakan yang memiliki dua durasi berbeda secara
bersamaan)

In addition, the word "past continuous" can be used to

describe a short-duration action (simple past tense) that occurs
during a long-duration action (past continuous tense).
So, the formulas simple past tense + while + past continuous
tense and past continuous tense + when + simple past tense can
be used for both while and when.

Example:

➢ The door was knocked while I was reading a book.

( Pintunya diketuk saat saya sedang membaca buku)
➢ Axel was sleeping when you called him. ( Axel sedang
tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya)

96
Exercise:

Choose the correct verb in Past Continuous Tense to

complete the following sentence:

1. While I was walking to the store, it ____ to rain heavily.

a) start

b) starts

c) started

d) is starting

Change the following sentences into Past Continuous Tense:

She reads a book.

You eat pentol.

Fill in the dots in the following sentences with the correct verbs
in the Past Continuous Tense:

2. They ____ (study) for their exam all night.

97
3. Determine whether the following sentences use Past
Continuous Tense or not:

a) They were singing at the concert last night.

b) She writes a letter to her friend.

c) We will go to the beach tomorrow.

98
G. Past Perfect Tense

Definition of past perfect tense

Past Perfect Tense is one of the perfect tenses used to refer to an

action or event that has been completed in the past, which
happened before another past event (Yoon 2012).

The function of the past perfect tense is to emphasize that an

action has been completed before another action that also
occurred in the past.

99
Past Perfect Tense Formula

Basically, we need to use the auxiliary verb "had" and the past
participle which we usually know as verb 3. do you still
remember the past participle? In the past perfect, there are three
kinds of formulas, namely for positive, negative, and
interrogative sentences, let's see them all.

➢ Positive sentence → Subject + had + past participle

(Verb3)
➢ Negative sentence → Subject + had + not + past participle
(Verb 3)
➢ Interrogative sentence → Had + Subject + past participle
(V-3)?

Time modifiers in the past perfect tense include after, before, by,
and by the time. To make it clearer, let's take a look at the
example sentences:

Example Positive Past Perfect Tense

• They had met twice before they met again at the charity
event.
• When dad came home, I had already eaten the cake.
• I had lived in Korea before I moved to Indonesia.
• I had found my house key after I searched my house
thoroughly yesterday.
• When he finally arrived, we had finished our meals.
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Example Negative Past Perfect Tense

• I didn’t go to the beach since I had not finished my

homework.
• She hadn’t met her half sister before the funeral yesterday.
• Last week I got a bad score since I hadn’t studied hard.
• When my mom called, I had not seen my sister.

Example Interrogative Past Perfect Tense

• Had you prayed before you slept last night?

• Had you gone to the supermarket after school yesterday?
• Had they released a song when I was born?
• Had she worked when she was 20 years old?

Example practice question :

1. I _____ (want) to go to South Korea since I _______ (never

be) there before.

2. She ____(wash) her feet before she _____ (sleep) last night?

3. I ______ (be able to) swim by the time I _____ (be) 8 years
old.

4. Last year I ____ (get) a reward since I ______ (do) a great job.

5. He _____ (not move) to Bali since he ______ (not get) visa

yet.

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H. Past Perfect Continous Tense

Difinition

Past perfect continuous is a tense or verb form to describe

an action (with a certain duration) or an event that began and
continued in the past but is no longer happening now (Halim
2014a).

Basically, the past perfect continuous is used to talk about

an event or action that started in the past, happened in the past,
and also ended in a period of time in the past. Past perfect
continuous (also called past perfect progressive) is a verb tense
that describes an action that began in the past and continued until
another time in the past.

102
 Simply put, this tense is used to describe an event that started
and was happening in the past but is no longer happening
now.

Formula:

(+) S + Had + been + V-ing

(-) S + Had not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing

Past Perfect Continous Tense.

The past perfect continuous is formed with the auxiliary verbs

had, been and the present participle. The following is a past
perfect continuous formula that can be used as a guide to writing
sentences.

a) Positive Sentence:
Subject + had + been + V1-ing/ present participle.
- Lia had been walking.
- The laborers had been working.
b) Negative sentence:
Subject + had + not + been + V1-ing/ present
participle.
- Lia had not been walking.
- The laborers hadn’t been working.
c) Introgative sentence :

103
 Had + subject + been + V1-ing/ present participle ?
- Had Lia been walking?
- Had the laborers been working
Exercise:

1. William looked awful because he ___ all night long.

a. had study
b. had been studying
c. have studied
d. will study

2. Thomas and I ___ this movie for 2 hours when you came.
a. will play
b. have play
c. are playing
d. had been playing
3. Mr. and Mrs. Jakson had been melting wax for an hour when
their propane gas ___ out.
a. Ran
b. Run
c. Runs
d. running
4. She had been typing her novel for two hours when you ___
me.
a. calling

104
 b. called

c. calls

d. calling

5. Before you trapped that mouse, the mouse ___ my house for a
year.

a. had been ruining

b. will ruin

c. are ruining

d. have ruin

6. John had been ___ in our administration before the manager

fired him last Monday.

a. works

b. work

c. worked

d. working

7. Kurt: Lindsay was Bill’s ex-girlfriend. She ___ Bill for six
months before they broke up.
8. Linda: Who is Lindsay?

a. will date

b. are dating
105
 c. had been dating

d. have date

9. My father ___ my uncle had been whining about his lost car
for weeks.

a. will says

b.said

c.saying

d.say

106
I. Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is a tense that has a function to try to

explain events that have not yet begun but will occur in the
future (Fitria 2018). The sentences in the simple future tense
are always marked by the use of the words will, shall, and
going to. In short, the simple future is a tense that has a
function to predict or desire.

In the simple future tense, the base verb (V1) will be

followed by the auxiliary modal will or the phrasal modal be
going to. Take a look at the following simple future tense
formulas:

107
 Subject+will/shall+V1+Object
(+)
Subject + to be (am/is/are) going to + V1

Subject+will/shall+not+ V1+Object
(-)
Subject + to be (am/is/are) + not + going to + V1

Will/shall+Subject+V1+Object
(?)
To be (am/is/are) + Subject + going to + V1

Tabel 3 2

Shall & Will

In modern English, will is a modal that is more often used

when making simple future tense sentences, it happens because
will can be used for all subjects, namely I, You, We, They, He,
She, It. While shall is usually used for subject I and We

Be going to

Just like will, this modal phrase can be used for all
subjects, namely I, You, We, They, He, She, It. Be after the
subject can be replaced with am, is, are. Example: "We are going
to...".

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 Function and application of simple future tense in various
Example sentence patterns

Use of Will

Expresses an event that will happen in the futureFor this part,

you can use the positive sentence formula with modal will as the
main function of the simple future tense. Example sentences
include:

➢ Beni will go to Turkey next month

.(Beni akan berangkat ke Turki bulan depan.)
➢ John will buy the luxury car tonight.
(John akan membeli mobil mewah nanti malam.)
➢ They will take the school examination tomorrow morning.
(Mereka akan mengambil ujian besok pagi.)
Declaring a decision to do something without a plan

Not everything we do is always planned. For example, you're

sitting down to relax, then suddenly in the next minute you have
to open the door for a guest, which is part of the simple future
tense.

Example :

A: Hello, is anyone home? The door is locked. (Halo, apakah ada

orang di rumah? Pintunya terkunci.)

B: Wait a minute, I’ll open the door for you. (Tunggu sebentar,
aku akan membukakan pintunya untukmu.)
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 Expressing an emotion or feeling

This sentence will show a feeling that might appear in the future.
Here's an example of its use:

➢ My mom will love her new hermes bag.

(Ibuku akan menyukai tas hermes barunya.)
➢ I will love you just the way you are
(Aku akan mencintaimu apa adanya.)

Predicting future events

Predictions in this case can be related to weather or

circumstances.

For example:

It will rain tomorrow. (Besok akan hujan.)

Expressing willingness and unwillingness

Yes, this function is almost the same as point number 2. But,

try to distinguish it from the following Example:

➢ I will carry your suitcase for you.

(Saya akan membawakan kopermu.)
➢ Anto will not leave her.
(Anto tidak akan meninggalkan dia.)

(Pada fungsi ini, biasanya menunjukkan suatu kerelaan atau

ketidakrelaan yang berkaitan dengan orang lain.)

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 Inviting/inviting others

You must have heard the following sentence, "Will you marry
me?" which is usually expressed by a man or woman to their
partner to ask for marriage. In this case, of course, the capital you
use is will.

Expressing a promise

A promise is a long-term sentence which means it is related to the

future.

Example :

➢ I won’t tell anyone your secret.

(Aku tidak akan memberitahu rahasiamu pada
siapapun.)

Use of Shall

Indicates a desire and a lack of desire

You can use shall in both positive and negative forms with the
subjects I and We.

Example :

➢ I shall study tomorrow.

(Aku akan belajar besok.)
➢ We shan’t come to her party next week.
(Kita tidak akan datang ke pesta dia minggu depan.)
Expressing an offer to another person
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For this function, shall changes its meaning to "need" or "must".

Example :

➢ Shall I give you some money?

(Perlukah aku memberimu sejumlah uang?)

3. Asking for advice or instructions

The modals you can use in the simple future tense when
asking others for advice are shall in the interrogative tense.

Example:

What shall I buy for dinner?

(Apa yang harus aku beli untuk makan malam?)

Use of Be going to

Menyampaikan sebuah keinginan namun baru sebatas niat

(intention)

➢ She is going to be a teacher.

(Dia akan menjadi guru.)
➢ I am going to his birthday party next month.
(Aku akan pergi ke pesta ulang tahunnya bulan depan.)
Expressing a prediction based on evidence

Unlike function number four on the use of will, to be going to is

used if there is a disclosure of evidence in the sentence.

Example :
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 ➢ Look at those grey clouds. It’s definitely going to rain.
(Lihatlah awan kelabu itu, pasti akan hujan.)

This one function is also related to the present continuous tense

to express the following two things:

1. Something that has (almost) definitely happened

(factual) (Sesuatu yang sudah (hampir) pasti terjadi
(faktual))
➢ The students are coming tomorrow.
(Murid-murid akan masuk besok (mungkin setelah libur
panjang dan besok hari pertama sekolah.)
➢ The sun is rising in an hour, and our day is starting again.
(Matahari akan bersinar satu jam lagi, dan hari kita akan
dimulai lagi.)

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EXERCISE

1. I am so busy at the moment. I think I … at home tonight.

a. will
b. will be
c. won’t
d. won’t be
2. He will not be here tomorrow because he … studying hard
for the exam at this time tomorrow.
a. will
b. won’t
c. will be
d. All wrong
3. Because by this time tomorrow morning he … her mom in
Jakarta. So he will be absent.
a. will visit
b. will be visiting
c. will visited
d. will be visited
4. Let’s come to my party at the same time next week
because my mom and dad will … for a job.
a. go
b. be going
c. went
d. have gone

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5. Salisa will … English teacher in Kediri.
a. be
b. being
c. is
d. are
6. Is Fadilla … beach tomorrow?
a. go to
b. goes to
c. going to
d. went to
7. Ara and Dani … come to my house tomorrow.
a. Will
b. Wills
c. Is
d. Are
8. Rachmat … all of his friends to the celebration next week.
a. Will invite
b. Invites
c. Inviting
d. Invited

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J. Future Continous Tense
Defininition

Future Continuous Tense is used to express actions or events

that will be taking place at a certain time in the future (Pereira,
Guterres, and Bui 2020b).

- General Structure:
Will+ [be] + [present participle (gerund)].
- Formula Future Continuous Tense:
➢ For Positive Sentence:

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 Subject + will be + present participle (gerund) of the main
verb.
➢ Negatif:
Subject + will not (won't) be + present participle (gerund)
of the main verb.
➢ Interrogative
Will + subject + be + present participle (gerund) of the
main verb?
Examples:
➢ Affirmative: "I will be studying for my exam tomorrow."
➢ Negative: "She won't be attending the meeting this
afternoon."
➢ Interrogative: "Will they be working late tonight?"
Usage:
- It describes actions or events that will be ongoing at a
specific point in the future.
- Emphasizes the continuity or progress of the action.
- Often used with time expressions to specify when the
action will occur.

The function of future continuous tense

The function of the future continuous tense is to show an

action that occurs at a certain time in the future, and also an
action that will definitely occur in the near future.

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 The formula used to form the Future Continuous Tense is
as follows:

S + Will + Be + Verb -ing

(Continuous form)

Examples of the use of future continuous tense are:

➢ Aldi will be working at the office when you arrive

➢ She will be sleeping at 11 p.m
➢ She will be delivering the speech to undergraduates at 4
p.m tomorrow afternoon

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 K. Future Perfect Tense

What Is the Perfect Future Tense?

The future perfect tense is a tense form that can be used to

represent an action or event that will happen in the future that has
an end date or time (Pereira, Guterres, and Bui 2020c).

Following are a few definitions of the future perfect tense from

different dictionaries.

What is the definition of Future Perfect Tense?

"A verb form used to show that an action will be performed at a

certain time", according to Cambridge Dictionary, "a verb form
used to show that an action will be performed at a certain time",

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and "a verb form describing an action that will be performed at a
certain time", according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

Structure dan Formula of the Future Perfect Tense

If you are wondering how to use the future perfect tense,

here is the answer. Knowing the general formula with which you
can structure your sentences in the future perfect tense will be
helpful.

Subject + Helping verbs (will + have) + Past participle

form of the main verb + the rest of the sentence.

Subject + Will + Have + V3

Analyze the structure of sentences when used in positive,

negative, interrogative, and negative interrogative formats. See
the table below for reference.

Structure of the Future Perfect Tense

Positive Negative Interrogative Negative
Interrogative
Subject + will Subject + will Will + subject Will + subject
+ have + past + not + have + have + past + not + have
participle + past participle + past
participle participle

Tabel 3 3

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Example on positive sentence ( + )

➢ By the time she arrives at the party, I will have finished

decorating the house.
(Pada saat dia tiba di pesta, saya akan sudah selesai
mendekorasi rumah.)
➢ They will have completed their assignment before the
deadline.
(Mereka akan sudah menyelesaikan tugas mereka sebelum
batas waktu.)
➢ By next year, I will have graduated from college.
(Pada tahun depan, saya akan sudah lulus dari perguruan
tinggi.)
➢ He will have visited five different countries by the end of
this summer.
(Dia akan sudah mengunjungi lima negara berbeda pada
akhir musim panas ini.)

Example of negative sentence(-)

➢ They will not have fixed the car by tomorrow.

(Mereka tidak akan sudah memperbaiki mobil itu besok.)
➢ She will not have learned Spanish before her trip to Spain.
(Dia tidak akan sudah belajar bahasa Spanyol sebelum
perjalanannya ke Spanyol.)
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 ➢ I will not have finished my homework by the time the
party starts.

Example on introgative sentence (?)

➢ Will you have finished reading that book by the time we

meet tomorrow?
(Apakah kamu akan sudah selesai membaca buku itu saat
kita bertemu besok?)
➢ The company will have developed a new product by the
end of the year.
(Perusahaan akan sudah mengembangkan produk baru
pada akhir tahun.)
➢ They will have been married for 25 years in June.
(Mereka akan sudah menikah selama 25 tahun pada
bulan Juni.)

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K. Future Perfect Continous Tense

Since you have already familiar with the present and past
perfect continuous tenses, you should now know how perfect
continuous tenses work. In this article, you will learn the
meaning, definition, structure, formula, and uses of the future
perfect continuous tense, along with examples to help you
understand and use it correctly. Also, try out the practice
questions that are provided in the article to see how far you have
learned about it.

What Is the Perfect Continuous Tense in the Future?

When you say "future perfect continuous", you mean

something that will be going on until a certain time in the future
(Syafitri 2022). You can also say "future perfect progressive"

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when you mean something that will be going on until a certain
time in the future.

Structure and Formula of the Future Perfect Continuous

Tense.

Here is the formula that you can use to structure a

sentence in the future perfect continuous tense.

Subject + Helping verbs (will + have + been) + Present

participle

(Positive) In January, I will have been living in San Francisco

for ten years.

(Negative) In January, you will not have been living in San

Francisco for ten years

(Interrogative). In January, will he have been living in San

Francisco for ten years?

Notes to Keep in Mind When Using the Future Perfect

Continuous Tense: The future perfect continuous tense is

the tense that is least used in English. However, it is useful to
learn how to use it because you will never know when you will
have to use it. Keep in mind that the tense has three auxiliary
verbs: will, have, and been, which are followed by the present
participle form of the tense.

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The future perfect continuous tense can be used to do the
following:

➢ to indicate an action or event that will continue until a

certain point or an event in the future
➢ to indicate an action or event that is the basis of another
action or event that will occur in the future.

Examples of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Denoting an action that will continue till a certain

point of time
- Blaine will have been waiting for more than five hours
by the time Kurt arrives.
- Remya will have been working at the company for
twelve years in 2022.
- Will they have been living in the United States for
three years when they finish their postgraduate
studies?
- How long will she have been playing the piano when
she graduates?
- Next month, I will have been following a diet for three
months.

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 ➢ Depicting an action or event that is the cause of
another action or event that will happen in the
future
- I think my sister will be exhausted when she gets here
as she will have been working out for two hours
continuously.
- I will be tired by the time my cousins get home
because I will have been studying for many hours.
- Monica will be well-versed in all the concepts of
geometry by 2022, as she will have been specialising
in mathematics for more than five years.
- Check Your Understanding of the Future Perfect
Continuous Tense

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the future perfect
continuous tense in the following sentences:

1. Sam and Quinn will definitely not be that exhausted when

they get here as they ______________ (drive – negative)
for so long.

2. Vinita _______________ (walk) around for hours.

3. How long ______ they ______________ (play –

interrogative) the guitar next year?

126
4. Next week, Tharun _________________ (work – negative)
for more than a year.

5. In November, Devika _________________ (teach) at this

school for three years.

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L. Past Future Tense

Definition

Simple past future tenses are tenses or verb changes in

English that are used to explain things and events in the future by
talking about things in the past (Smith 2003). However, it turns
out that its function is more than that.

Also, the simple past future tense is used to make

predictions or forecasts; it can be used to say what will happen in
the future while you are in the past. Yes, you should know a few
things about the past simple future tense.

Simple Past Future Tense Formulas

The simple past future has two different types of forms:

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 ➢ First, the past tense is formed from the modal
auxiliary shall/will, which means should/want, and is
followed by a pure infinitive.
➢ Second, the past tense type of "to be" is am, is, are,
which means was, were, and is followed by "go".
Planned actions are more often conveyed with this
type.

To avoid confusion, the simple past future sentence formula is

listed below.

Example Simple Past Future Tense

Tipe pertama

(+) I would bring the book for you. (Saya akan membawakan
buku untukmu)

(-) I would not bring the book for you. (Saya tidak akan
membawakan buku untukmu)

(?) Would I bring the book for you? (Akankah saya membawakan
buku untukmu?)

Tipe kedua

(+) They were going to write the story. (Mereka akan

mengunjungi saya)

(-) They were not going to write the story. (Mereka tidak akan
mengunjungi saya)

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(?) Were they going to write the story? (Akankah mereka
mengunjungi saya?)

Simple Past Future Tense Function and Example Sentence

a. Expressing an event or action that will happen in the past After

understanding what is meant by the term "simple past future"
through the explanation above, it can be concluded that this
term has an important role in telling things that will happen in
the future from the perspective of the past. An example
sentence is as follows:
- I should go to Jakarta last week. (Aku akan pergi ke
Jakarta pekan lalu.)
- I should a new camera for my best friend last week. (Saya
akan membeli kamera baru untuk sahabat saya minggu
lalu.)

The first sentence indicates that you would have traveled to

Jakarta last week. However, in the second example sentence, you
state that you were supposed to write a letter to your friend last
week.

b. Expressing a habitual event You can also use these tenses to

show a habitual job. Take a look at the following example:
- I would sit here for a long time. (Saya akan duduk di sini
untuk beberapa waktu.)

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- I would read self-development book for a long time. (Saya
akan membaca buku pengembangan diri untuk beberapa
waktu.)
c. Expressing an event or action to be performed This is an
example sentence:
- We should obey the rules. (Kami harus mematuhi
peraturan.)
- My lecturer told that I should go to Turkey for join
international conference. (Dosen saya mengatakan bahwa
saya harus pergi ke Turki untuk mengikuti konferensi
internasional.)
d. Showing a voluntary action Do you want to show an action
that was done voluntarily? This tense can be used to
describe a voluntary action. You can use the auxiliary
"would". An example of how this function can be used in a
sentence:
- I knew you would buy so many ice cream for the party.
(Saya tahu kamu akan membeli banyak sekali ice cream
untuk pesta.)
- I trusted you would do everything that I want. (Saya
percaya Anda akan melakukan semua yang saya inginkan.)
e. Expressing a prediction Yep! As mentioned earlier, the
simple past future is also used to express predictions about
the future. Examples of its application are:

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 - My old sister had a strong feeling that the weather would be
very cold. (Kakak saya punya firasat kuat bahwa cuaca
akan sangat dingin.)
- I thought that the directors were going to evaluate all
employees in the office. (Saya pikir direktur akan
mengevaluasi semua karyawan di kantor.)
f. Are you a person who likes to make promises? If you want to
make a promise, you can use a simple past future. Usually,
the backing used is "will". What's an example sentence?
- I already told Mark that when he arrived, we
would go out for dinner wearing beautiful scarfs.
(Saya sudah memberi tahu Mark bahwa ketika dia
tiba, kami akan pergi makan malam menggunakan
syal yang bagus.)
- My mom told me that she would come on time and
bring a box of banana cake. (Ibu saya mengatakan
kepada saya bahwa dia akan datang tepat waktu
dan membawa satu kotak bolu pisang.)
g. Demonstrate preparation: Are you going to express
a planned action? Then you can use the past
simple by using were/was going to. If used in a
sentence, this is an example:
- Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but
he came alone. (Jane bilang Sam akan membawa adiknya
bersamanya, tapi dia datang sendiri.)

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M. Past Future Continous Tense

Definition

This sentence structure with verb changes is used to

describe an event that will happen in the future. These tenses are
used to describe events that were planned, promised, or expected,
but didn't happen. These tenses are related to conditional phrases
(Pinker and Ullman 2002).

The context in these tenses is simply supposition or

assumption as it shows a prediction that doesn't actually happen.
Therefore, since it is predictive, the person using this tense
intends to describe or explain an event like a fantasy that would
have happened in the past. These tenses are also known as past
and future progressive tenses.

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Formula/Rumus Past Future Continuous Tense

Since this tense is a combination of the categories "past,"

"future," and "continuous," the formula is a combination of all
three.

Past future continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary

verb "should" dan "would." Ingatlah bahwa "should" dan
"would" adalah bentuk lampau dari verb "shall" dan "will."
Dalam tenses ini, "should" adalah bentuk "past future", tidak
seperti "shall" yang biasa digunakan untuk subjek "I" dan "we&

Seperti yang telah kita complementajari di artikel present

continuous tense, verb-ing di rumus ini berfungsi untuk
menunjukkan bagian "terusan". Masih ingat apa yang biasa
disebut sebagai verb-ing? Sangat baik! Present participle.

Objek, keterangan tempat, dan keterangan waktu dapat

ditambahkan ke komplement.

Past Future Continuous Tense Example Sentences

Practice makes perfect; however, before you create your own
sentences, check out some past future continuous tense example
sentences that you should look out for!

Kalimat Positif Past Future Continuous Tense

o I would be visiting my grandma if I were in my

hometown.

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 (Saya akan mengunjungi nenek saya jika saya
berada di kampung halaman.)
o We would be traveling to Bromo if we were in
Malang.
(Kami akan bepergian ke Bromo jika kami berada
di Malang.)
o Our dad would be touring to Bali with his new
motorcycle if he didn’t get an unexpected task.
(Ayah kami akan touring ke Bali dengan sepeda
motor barunya jika dia tidak mendapatkan tugas
yang tidak terduga.)

Kalimat Negatif Past Future Continuous Tense

- The sun would not be shining during the racing in

the Mandalika based on the weather report.
(Matahari tidak akan bersinar selama balapan di
Mandalika berdasarkan laporan cuaca.)
- Rara would not be learning Japanese in Jakarta if
she got free learning facilities from her school.
(Rara tidak akan belajar bahasa Jepang di
Jakarta jika mendapat fasilitas belajar gratis dari
sekolahnya.)
- They would not be preparing the presentation if
the lecture didn’t come to the class.
(Mereka tidak akan mempersiapkan presentasi jika
dosen tidak datang ke kelas.)
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 Kalimat Interogatif atau Kalimat Tanya Past Future
Continuous Tense

- Would our CEO be presenting the business plan

last week to the investor if he didn’t get sick?
(Apakah CEO kita akan mempresentasikan
rencana bisnis minggu lalu kepada investor jika
dia tidak sakit?)
- Would he be studying if his father came back from
work?
(Apakah dia akan belajar jika ayah sudah pulang
bekerja?)

Keterangan Waktu (Time Signal) dalam Past Future

Continuous Tense

As explained at the beginning of the article, a complement in a

sentence can be filled with a time statement or time signal. In
some of the tenses we have discussed before, it is also called a
time expression or adverb of time.

Past Future Continuous Tense Function and Example

Sentence Usage

a. To express an event that will happen in the past

The first function is of course in accordance with the meaning of

the past future continuous itself, which is to express an "idea" that
will happen in the past.

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 ➢ I should be doing my research proposal if I were in my
free time yesterday.
(Saya seharusnya mengerjakan proposal penelitian saya
jika saya berada di waktu luang saya kemarin.)
b. To express a prediction, conjecture, or hope for the past tense

Now, since the event in this tense has not yet materialized, the
"idea" conveyed can be a prediction, conjecture, hope, or
expectation that will happen in the past.

➢ He wouldn’t be drinking too much if he knew I was there.

(Dia tidak akan minum terlalu banyak jika dia tahu aku
ada di sana.)

c. Expresses an event that should have happened in

the past

This function is more in the context of obligation or necessity.

So, usually the auxiliary used is "should" which is used to show
something that should have been done in the past. Here's an
example:

➢ I should be finishing my homework about English

grammar that evening, but I was too tired.
(Saya harus menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah saya tentang
kaidah bahasa Inggris malam itu, tetapi saya terlalu
lelah.)

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d. To express the indirect speech of the future continuous tense
If you have read the article Reported Speech: Direct and
Indirect English Sentences, you're likely familiar with direct
and indirect speech. Direct speech is a direct sentence spoken
by someone and marked with quotation marks. Direct speech
is also known as quoted speech. On the other hand, indirect
speech is an indirect sentence that is spoken to convey
someone's statement.

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N. Past Future Perfect Tense

Definition

Past future perfect tense is a tense that says an event that

will happen but has already been done in the past (Pal 2019). This
event was not done in the past for some reason, or it could just be
wishful thinking.

Formula :

S + would + have + verb3

"past future perfect tenses" as an adverb of time, such as

"yesterday", "the night before", "the day before", "last month",
and so on. The following table shows the formula.

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Tabel 3 4

Fungtion of Past Future Perfect Tense:

Menjelaskan aktifitas yang seharusnya sudah selesai di

masa lalu.

Example :

➢ She would have studied in Hamburg University, but she

failed the test
(Dia akan telah belajar di Universitas Hamburg, tapi dia
gagal ujian).

Past Future Perfect Tense dapat digunakan untuk

membuat kalimat conditional sentence type 3 dan bersanding
dengan kalimat Past Perfect Tense.

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Example :

➢ Rita would have married his boyfriend this month if she

hadn't got accident.
(Rita akan telah menikah dengan pacarnya bulanini jika
dia tidak mengalami kecelakaan)

Example of Past Future Perfect Tense Sentence

➢ My mother would have eaten the poisoned food if I hadn't

told her.
(Ibuku akan telah memakan makanan yang beracun, jika
aku tidak memberitahunya)
➢ She would have liked this painting a lot, If she had been
here. (Kakakku akan telah sangat menyukai lukisan ini,
jika dia masih disini)
➢ My cat would have gave birth to her children if she hadn't
died when pregnant.
(Kucingku akan melahirkan anak-anaknya jika dia tidak
mati saat hamil)
➢ Lina would have finished her project on time if she hadn't
went out for shopping.
(Lina akan telah menyelesaikan tugasnya tepat waktu
jika dia tidak pergi keluar untuk shopping)
➢ She would have learnt English well if she hadn't dropped
out from her school.

141
(Dia akan telah memcomplementajari bahasa inggris
dengan baik jika dia tidak dikeluarkan dari sekolah)

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O. Past Future Perfect Continous Tense

The past future perfect continuous tense is the tense used to

express sentences that will happen in the past (Halim 2014b).
This tense is similar to the future perfect continuous tense, the
similarity is that they both have more than one time description in
a sentence.

Past perfect future continuous merupakan presupposition atau

subjunctive, yang berarti orang yang berpartisipasi dalam kalimat
tersebut hanya mengakui kalimat yang mereka nyatakan.

Future perfect continuous is a type of sentence that describes

an action, action or event that will take place up to a certain time
in the future. In this case, someone will express an action that will
happen in the future but will continue in the future.

143
 This activity will begin at some point in the past, present or
future and is expected to continue into the future. Verbs used in
the future perfect continuous tense are actually very similar to
verbs in the future perfect tense. Because both tenses use more
than one time description in a sentence.

Jadi ini juga bisa disebut dengan absolute relative timing,

yang berarti kedua perintah waktu tersebut saling berkaitan satu
sama lain. Waktu ini memiliki karakteristik kalimat yang
ditangguhkan. Artinya, asumsi dalam kalimat tersebut hanyalah
angan-angan belaka.

The past future perfect continuous includes two formulas.

The first is usually called a verb and is used when there is a verb,
while the second is called a nominal and is used when there is no
verb. Instead, you need to add been to this second formula.

A. Dengan verb (verbal)

Pola Example

You/we/they + would
You/we/they would have
have been V-ing.
been calling.

I/she/he/it + would have I/she/he/it would have

(+) been V-ing been calling.

144
 You/we/they + would You/we/they would not
not have been V-ing. have been calling.

I/she/he/it + would not I/she/he/it would not

(-) have been V-ing have been calling.

Would + you/we/they + Would you/we/they have

have been V-ing? been calling?

Would + I/she/he/it +
have been V-ing? Would I/she/he/it have
been calling?

Yes, she/he/it + would

–Yes, she/he/it would

No, she/he/it + would +

(?) not – No, she/he/it wouldn’t

B. Tanpa verb (nominal)

Pola Example

145
 You/we/they + would have You/we/they would
been complement have been there

I/she/he/it + would have I/she/he/it would have

(+) been complement been there

You/we/they + would + You/we/they would

not have been complement not have been there

I/she/he/it + would + I/she/he/it would not

(-) not have been complement have been there

146
 Would you/we/they
Would + you/we/they + have been there?
have been complement?

Would I/she/he/it
Would + I/she/he/it + have have been there?
been complement?

–Yes, I/she/he/it
–Yes, I/she/he/it + would would
–No, I/she/he/it + would + –No, I/she/he/it
(?) not wouldn’t

Example of sentence Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Positive sentence (+) Subject (I/you/she/he/it/they/we) + would
+ have + been + present participle (Verb-ing)
Example:

➢ He was supposed to write a letter but the paper was lost.

➢ The tiger will catch its prey. However, the reality is not
like that.
➢ This year, my sister should have studied in Jakarta for 5
years but he decided to work at a company a year ago.

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 ➢ Shinta and his friends were supposed to travel to Lombok
for four days last Sunday, but their parents called them
back home on Saturday night.

Negative Sentence (-)

Subject (I/you/she/he/it/they/we) + would + not + have + been

+ present participle (Verb-ing)

➢ He won't drive.
➢ They won't be able to work.
➢ He wouldn't have carried my suitcase if my shoulder
didn't hurt.
➢ I won't stay at my grandfather's house if my parents
cancel their business trip.
➢ The dogs will not be hungry for hours if you come home
on time. If you took your sister to the bookstore, she
wouldn't play games for an hour at 3pm yesterday.
➢ He told me he wouldn't make cookies if he knew his
neighbors were sharing food.

Interogative Sentence (?)

➢ He won't drive.
➢ They won't be able to work.
➢ He wouldn't have carried my suitcase if my shoulder
didn't hurt.

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 ➢ I won't stay at my grandfather's house if my parents
cancel their business trip.
➢ The dogs will not be hungry for hours if you come
home on time. If you took your sister to the
bookstore, she wouldn't play games for an hour at 3pm
yesterday.
➢ He told me he wouldn't make cookies if he knew his
neighbors were sharing food.
➢ Conditional use of past future perfect continuous
tense
➢ There are some important conditions to keep in mind
when using this time as follows:

Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary verbs are used to indicate time as well as

prefixes when writing verbs. Auxiliary verbs used in this tense
are were, could, have, as well as -ing verbs.

Penggunaan Time Signal

Using timing information or what is also known as timing

signals at the moment can indicate a certain period of time. There
are a number of time or interval signals that can be used at this
point. They include all the time, yesterday, this weekend and
other days.

Fungsi Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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There are some functions of the past future perfect tense that you
need to know, which are:

➢ 1. Untuk Menyatakan Akan Berapa Lama Suatu

Peristiwa Yang Sudah Sedang Terjadi Di Masa Lalu

➢ 2.Untuk Menunjukkan Kejadian Yang Akan Sedang

Berlangsung, Tetapi Sudah Terjadi Di Masa Lalu

➢ 3.Untuk Menyatakan Suatu Asumsi Atau Pengandaian

(Conditional Sentence)

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EXERCISE:

1. She will ... at the airport tomorrow at 7 a.m. (Dia akan tiba di
bandara pada jam 7 besok pagi.)
a. arrive
b. arrives
c. be arriving
d. be arrived

2. James ... the choreography in a week. (James akan berlatih

koreografi dalam seminggu.)
a. will practice
b. will be practicing
c. will have practiced
d. would practice

3. Kalimat positif: My mom said that she would go to the

traditional market. (Ibuku berkata dia akan pergi ke pasar
tradisional.)
Kalimat negatif: ... (Ibuku berkata dia tidak akan pergi ke
pasar tradisional.)
a. My mom said that she will not go to the traditional market.
b. My mom said that she would not go to the traditional
market.
c. My mom said that she would not be going to the traditional
151
 market.
d. My mom said that she would not have gone to the
traditional market.
4. I am ... some new books next Sunday. (Aku akan membeli
beberapa buku baru hari Minggu depan.)
a. go to buy
b. going to buy
c. gone to buy
d. went to buy

5. Lily told that you ... in the Permata School for two years by
this March. (Lily memberitahu bahwa kamu akan belajar di
Sekolah Permata selama dua tahun pada bulan Maret ini.)
a. would have been studying
b. would have studied
c. would be studying
d. would study

Soal Bahasa Inggris Materi Future Perfect Continuous

1. My mom ________ for two days by the time I see her.

a. has been travelling

b. will have been travelling

c. will has been travelling

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Answer: b. will have been travelling

2. They'll be exhausted by dinner. They will have been _____

hockey for seven hours.

a. playing

b. played

Kumpulan Soal Bahasa Inggris Materi Future Perfect

Continuous

1. My mom ________ for two days by the time I see her.

a. has been travelling

b. will have been travelling

c. will has been travelling

Answer: b. will have been travelling

2. They'll be exhausted by dinner. They will have been _____

hockey for seven hours.

a. playing

b. played

153
3. Will you ________ here for ten years by the time of the
Christmas party?

a. have been worked

b. have to work

c. have been working

154
 Reference

Bryan, William Frank. 1936. “The Preterite and the Perfect Tense
in Present-Day English.” The Journal of English and
Germanic Philology 35 (3): 363–82.
Cowper, Elizabeth. 1998. “The Simple Present Tense in English:
A Unified Treatment.” Studia Linguistica 52 (1): 1–18.
Delfitto, Denis. 2006. “Adverb Classes and Adverb Placement.”
The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, 83–120.
Dixon, Robert MW. 2004. “Adjective Classes in Typological
Perspective.” Adjective Classes: A Cross-Linguistic
Typology, 1–49.
Fitria, Tira Nur. 2018. “Error Analysis Found in Students’
Writing Composition of Simple Future Tense.” Available
at SSRN 3527851.
Halim, Abdul. 2014a. “An Error Analysis on the Use of Present
Perfect and Present Perfect Continous Tense: A Case
Study at the Third Grade Student of SMP Muhammadiyah
17 Ciputat.”
———. 2014b. “An Error Analysis on the Use of Present Perfect
and Present Perfect Continous Tense: A Case Study at the
Third Grade Student of SMP Muhammadiyah 17
Ciputat.”
Lusmini, Sunarti. 2014. “An Analysis On Students’ Errors In
Using Present Perfect Continuous Tense (A Case Study at
First Grade Students of SMAN 63 Jakarta).”
Norrick, Neal R. 2011. “Interjections.” Pragmatics of Society,
243–92.
Pal, Suvam. 2019. “Past Perfect, Present Continuous, Future
Tense.” Routledge Handbook of Tennis: History, Culture
and Politics. Taylor & Francis Group.
Palmer, Frank Robert. 2014. The English Verb. Routledge.
Pereira, Sebastião, Charles Fatima Guterres, and Juliana Bui.
2020a. “THE STUDENTS’ABILITY OF USING
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.” ISCE: Journal of
Innovative Studies on Character and Education 4 (1):
117–26.

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———. 2020b. “THE STUDENTS’ABILITY OF USING
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.” ISCE: Journal of
Innovative Studies on Character and Education 4 (1):
117–26.
———. 2020c. “THE STUDENTS’ABILITY OF USING
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.” ISCE: Journal of
Innovative Studies on Character and Education 4 (1):
117–26.
Pinker, Steven, and Michael T Ullman. 2002. “The Past and
Future of the Past Tense.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6
(11): 456–63.
Pullum, Geoffrey K, and Rodney Huddleston. 2002.
“Prepositions and Preposition Phrases.” The Cambridge
Grammar of the English Language, 579–611.
Sari, Eka Resty Novieta. 2019. “An Error Analysis in Writing the
Sentence of Simple Past Tense on English Subject.”
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Research 4 (1): 39–44.
“Scholar(5).Ris.” n.d.
“Scholar(6).Ris.” n.d.
“Scholar(7).Ris.” n.d.
Smith, Quentin. 2003. “Reference to the Past and Future.” Time,
Tense and Reference, 357–90.
Syafitri, Nining. 2022. “CHAPTER VII FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS.” TENSES, 98.
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 GLOSARRY

A
Active voice: When the subject of the sentence performs the action
expressed by the verb. For example, "John threw the ball."
Adjective/adverb features: degree of comparison
Adjective: A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives specify qualities or features about the noun they describe,
like "big," "blue," "funny."
Adverb: A word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs specify how, where, when, or to what extent something
happens. Common adverbs end in -ly like "slowly," "happily."
Affix: A letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a
word to change its meaning. For example, prefixes like "un-" and
suffixes like "-ish."
Agreement: The requirement that sentence parts match in number,
person, case, and gender. For example, a singular subject requires a
singular verb.
Article: The words "a", "an", and "the" used before a noun to mark
definiteness. "A" and "an" are indefinite articles, while "the" is definite.
Aspect: The quality of time expressed by a verb. For example, the
perfect aspect expresses completed actions.
Auxiliary verb: A helping verb that is used together with a main verb
to show tense, aspect, modality, emphasis, etc. Common auxiliary verbs
include forms of "be," "do," and "have."
C
Cardinal number: Numerals used for counting: one, two, three, etc.
As opposed to ordinal numbers like "first, "second".
Case: The form a pronoun takes based on its function in a sentence. For
example, subjective case "I", objective case "me", possessive case
"my".

157
Cohesion: The grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or
sentence that holds it together and gives it meaning.
Complement: A word, phrase, or clause that completes the meaning of
another element in the sentence. For example, a direct object or subject
complement.
Conjunction: A word used to connect clauses, phrases, verbs, or words
in a sentence. Common conjunctions are "and," "but," and "or."
Conjugation: The inflection of a verb to indicate features such as
tense, person, number, mood. For example, "walk" becomes "walked"
in the past tense.
D
Declarative sentence: A sentence that makes a statement by declaring
something, ending with a period. For example, "She is a teacher."
Declension: In inflected languages like Latin, the process of inflecting
nouns, pronouns, adjectives to indicate features like gender, number,
case.

Degree: The form an adjective or adverb takes to indicate comparison,

such as positive, comparative, superlative.
G
Gerund: The -ing form of a verb used as a noun. For example,
"Swimming is fun.
Gender: Grammatical classification of nouns and pronouns as
masculine, feminine, common, or neuter.
I
Imperative: A sentence giving a command or making a request. Often
uses the base form of the verb without a subject. For example, "Pass the
salt."
Interjection: A word or phrase used to express emotion or surprise,
usually standing alone. For example, "Wow!" or "Ouch!"

158
Intransitive verb: A verb that does not take a direct object. For
example, "She sleeps."
Irregular verb: A verb that does not follow the regular pattern of
adding "-ed" or "-d" to form its past tense and past participle. For
example, "run" becomes "ran" in the past tense.
Indicative mood: The mood of a verb used to express factual
statements. Most sentences are in the indicative mood.
Infinitive: The base form of a verb with "to." For example, "to walk."
Interrogative: A sentence that asks a question, ending with a question
mark. Starts with a question word like who/what/where or inverts the
subject and verb.
L
Linking verb: A verb that connects the subject to a noun, adjective, or
other information that identifies or describes the subject. Common
linking verbs include forms of "to be," like am, is, are.
M
Modal verb: Auxiliary verbs used to express abilities, possibilities,
permissions, obligations. For example, "can," "may," "must."
Mood: The mode or manner in which a verb expresses an action or
state of being. For example, indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
N
Noun: A word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. Common
nouns name general categories like "teacher" or "book", while proper
nouns name specific people, places, or things.
Noun features: gender, number, case, countable vs. uncountable
O
Object: A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Direct
objects receive the action directly. Indirect objects indicate to/for whom
or what the action is done.

159
Other grammar terms: punctuation, conjunctions, affixes, inflection,
agreement, articles, cardinal numbers.
P
Participle: A form of a verb used as an adjective. Present participles
end in -ing like "writing", "playing." Past participles often end in -ed
like "bored," "excited."
Participle phrase: A phrase that acts as an adjective, containing a
participle plus modifiers, objects, or complements. For example,
"Singing loudly, the students entered the auditorium."
Passive voice: When the subject of the sentence receives the action,
rather than performing it. For example, "The car was washed by Mike."
Past participle: The form of a verb used with auxiliaries to create
perfect tenses and passive voice. Regular verbs add -ed or -d to the base
form.
Parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, interjections
Perfect tense: Any of the verb tenses used to indicate completed
actions. Formed with auxiliaries like "has" or "had." For example,
present perfect or past perfect.
Phrase: A group of words that act together as a part of speech but lack
a subject and predicate to be a full clause. Example phrases: "on the
table," "very happy," "in the morning."
Phrase: A group of related words lacking a subject and predicate.
Noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc.
Phrases and clauses: noun phrase, verb phrase, prep phrase, participle
phrase, independent and dependent clauses
Plural: The form of a word indicating more than one. Usually formed
by adding -s or -es to the singular form.
Pronoun: A word used in place of a noun, like "he," "she," "it," "they."

160
Predicate: The part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.
The predicate includes the main verb and any auxiliary verbs, objects,
complements etc.
Preposition: A word used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to relate it
grammatically to another word in the sentence. Common prepositions
include "in," "on," "to," "from."
S
Sentence types: simple, compound, complex, declarative, interrogative
Sentence elements: subject, predicate, direct object, indirect object,
object of preposition, predicate nominative, predicate adjective
Subject: The person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action in a
sentence. The subject usually appears before the predicate.
T
Tense: The time of a verb's action or state of being, such as past,
present, or future. Formed by inflecting or auxiliaries.
Transitive verb: A verb that takes a direct object--the action of the
verb is performed on something. For example, "She wrote a book."

161
Author Biography

My name is Baiq Fitri Azizah. I was

born in Ganti on December 21, 2002,
I am the third of three children. my
childhood was filled with various
kinds of games and I have a hobby of
playing, namely playing poly ball,
badminton, and I also like cooking.

After graduating from high school. i

continued my studies at mataram state
islamic university and majored in
english. on campus I was quite active
in various campus organizations such
as english study club, islamic student
association, and there I still channeled
my hobbies such as participating in
badminton competitions.
My name is Fahira Ainun. I was born
in Setuta village, Janapria. When I
was in high school, I took part in a
district level badminton competition
and until now I still like playing
badminton because badminton is my
hobby.

162
And after I graduated from high
school I continued my education at
the Mataram State Islamic University
and I majored in English education
and I was also active in participating
in organizations on campus, namely
the English study club organization,
the English student association and
the Islamic student association.
My name is Gita Ariani Ropida. I was
born in Suela on February 23, 2003, I
am the first of two children. I have
two hobbies that until now I still do,
namely traditional dance and playing
badminton.

After graduating from vocational high

school with a major in tourism, I
continued my studies at the mataram
state Islamic university and majored
in English, at the campus I was quite
active in various campus
organizations such as the english
study club, the Islamic student

163
association, and the student
association of the department, and
there I still channeled my hobbies
such as dancing and badminton.
My name is Lalu Alung Pratama, I
was born in Jambik, Tanak Awu
village, Pujut sub-district, Central
Lombok, I have a basic education
level at MI RUHAMA JAMBIK and
was once a student at MAN 3 PRAYA
CENTRAL LOMBOK. My hobbies
are reading and writing and I always
want to create something that should
be memorable and useful.After
graduating, I decided to continue my
education at one of the universities in
Mataram, namely the Mataram State
Islamic University and majored in
English.

164
My name is Rauhil Jazully. I was
born in Setanggor on April 15, 2002, I
am the second of two children.
Elementary school at SDN 3 Montong
Waru, junior high school at SMPN 4
West Praya, senior high school at
SMAN 4 Praya, Have a hobby of
learning and teaching.
After graduating from high school
then continued my studies at the
Islamic State University of Mataram
with a major in English Education,
organizational experience following
the youth mushola bahrul ulum
SMAN 4 Praya, West Praya Student
Association.
Has a high motivation to learn,
namely studying knowledge to share
it with those in need, teaching
experience at Selopost Print, and Tete
Bridging Future.

165
My name is Rohayatul Insani, I was
born in Gunungsari on May 8, 2003, I
am the second child of four siblings
and currently I live in Kapek
Gunungsari Village, I have a Primary
education level at SDN 3 Gunungsari
and was once a student at the Al-
Aziziyah Kapek Gunungsari Islamic
Boarding School.

After graduating from Pondok

Pesantren Al-Aziziyah Kapek
Gunungsari I continued my studies at
the State Islamic University of
Mataram and majored in Tadris
English, Tarbiyah faculty.
My name is Sindy Ayudia. I was born
in Boyotan on January 17, 2002. I am
the second of three children. I spent
my childhood with an interest in
playing badminton since childhood. I
love sports, I also love cooking.

After graduating from high school, I

continued my studies at one of the

166
universities in Mataram, namely UIN
MATARAM. I majored in English.
During college, I was active in sports
activities on campus, I could have the
opportunity to participate in
competitions in solo.
My name is Windi Aulia, I was born
in Sesela on May 14, 2002, I am the
second of three children, Sesela
Kebon Lauk address, Elementary
school education level at Min 2 West
Lombok, Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al-
Muini and SMK 1 Batulayar majoring
in tourism (Hospitality
Accommodation).

After graduating from SMK 1

Batulayar, I continued my study at
Mataram State Islamic University and
majored in English Language
Education, Tarbiyah faculty.

167
168