Define Polymorphism
Polymorphism in C++ is the ability of a function, object, or operator to behave differently based on the context. It allows
the same interface to represent different underlying data types or functions, enabling flexibility and code reusability.
Polymorphism is mainly achieved through function overloading and inheritance with virtual functions.
Polymorphism in C++ is classified into two main types:
1. Compile-Time Polymorphism (Static Binding)
Compile-time polymorphism is resolved during the compilation phase. It includes:
Function Overloading: This allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters to
coexist. The appropriate function is chosen based on the arguments passed during the call.
Operator Overloading: This allows standard operators (such as +, -, *, etc.) to be redefined to work
with user-defined types (classes). Although the syntax remains the same, the behavior of the operator
changes according to the data type involved.
Compile-time polymorphism improves performance because the method to be executed is determined at
compile time. However, it lacks the dynamic flexibility offered by runtime polymorphism.
2. Run-Time Polymorphism (Dynamic Binding)
Run-time polymorphism is resolved during program execution. It is achieved using inheritance and virtual
functions.
In this approach, a base class provides a virtual function which is overridden by derived classes. When a
function is called through a base class pointer or reference that points to a derived class object, the derived
class’s version of the function is executed. This behavior is determined at runtime.
Run-time polymorphism provides flexibility and enables the implementation of dynamic behavior, which is
essential for building extensible and maintainable software systems.
Static Binding
Static Binding (also known as Early Binding) in C++ refers to the process where the function or method call is resolved at
compile time. This means that the compiler determines which function to call based on the function signature and the
type of the object involved in the call.
Dynamic Binding
Dynamic Binding (also called Late Binding) in C++ is the process where the method or function to be executed is
determined at runtime rather than at compile time. It enables runtime polymorphism, allowing a program to decide
which method to invoke based on the actual object type, not just the pointer or reference type.
Comparison with Static Binding:
Dynamic Binding Static Binding
Resolved at runtime Resolved at compile time
Requires virtual functions Uses regular functions
Enables polymorphism Does not support polymorphism
Slightly slower Faster
Main advantages of using polymorphism in C++:
Polymorphism promotes code reusability by allowing functions and operators to work with different data
types.
It provides flexibility and extensibility, enabling new behaviors without modifying existing code.
It enhances readability and maintainability by simplifying complex conditional logic.
Runtime polymorphism supports dynamic behavior, allowing decisions to be made during execution.
It strengthens object-oriented principles like inheritance and abstraction, promoting modular design.
