DYNAmore Express Webinar on 6 May 2022
Beyond FEA:
Arbitrary-Lagrangean-Eulerian (ALE) Method
Maik Schenke, DYNAmore GmbH
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Introduction
First things first
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Introduction
LS-DYNA Multi-Physic Solver
▪ One Code for all
▪ Structural mechanics
▪ Heat transfer
▪ Incompressible fluid dynamics
▪ Compressible fluid dynamics
▪ Electromagnetics
▪ Particle methods
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Introduction
Overview
▪ ALE Fundamentals
▪ ALE in LS-DYNA
▪ Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
▪ Moving Reference Frame
▪ Output
▪ Structured ALE (S-ALE)
▪ Summary
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ALE Fundamentals
Under the hood
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ALE Fundamentals
Overcoming Element Degration
Problem Solution
▪ Large deformations/distortions ▪ Mesh-adaptivity (re-meshing)
▪ Element performance degration ▪ ALE approach
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ALE Fundamentals
Lagrangean vs ALE forumulation
Lagrangeian Formulation ALE formulation
▪ Nodes are tied to material ▪ Nodes are not tied to material
▪ Mesh deforms with the material ▪ Nodes are repositioned to avoid exessive mesh
distortion
▪ Not suitable for very large deformations, e. g.
forging, extrusion, material flow ▪ Relative motion between material and mesh
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ALE Fundamentals
Solving complex PDE
▪ Numerical methods to solve partial differential equations (PDE), e. g.
▪ Mass balance
▪ Momentum balance
▪ Energy balance
▪ Numerical solution procedure comprises
▪ Space discretization, e. g. Finite-Element Analysis (FEA), Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
▪ Time discretization, e. g. Backward Euler (BE), Central Difference (CD) scheme
ALE (Arbirary Lagrangean Eulerian)
▪ Is neither one of these
▪ In particular, it still exploits FEA and CD for space and time discretrization, respectively
▪ However, tweaks the update of the solutions state using Lagrangean and Eulerian formulation
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ALE Fundamentals
Application examples
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ALE Fundamentals
Lagrangean vs Eulerian Formulation
Lagrangean Eulerian
▪ Material description ▪ Spatial description
▪ Follows material motion and ▪ Observation of material-point attached
observes changes variables pass
in variable by a fixed point
d d
x
x x x
e2
e2
e1 e1
e3
e3
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ALE Fundamentals
Lagrangean vs Eulerian Formulation vs ALE
Translation Deformation
Lagrange
Euler-mesh fixed in space
Euler
Moving ALE-mesh
ALE
t=t1 t=t2 = Advection
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ALE Fundamentals
ALE time advancement
FEA Step Intermediate ALE Steps
▪ Lagrangean ▪ Mesh smoothing
▪ Advection
▪ Lagrangean
▪ Mesh distortion via node movement following material motion, i. e. regular FEA step
▪ Intermediate ALE Steps
▪ Mesh smooting, e. g. average method, equipotential [ Winslow 1963, 1990 ]
▪ Advection, i. e. material flow, via, e. g., Doner cell, van Leer
▪ Time step size
▪ CFL stability condition applies, i. e. t min
x 2 x
e e
,
c
cr e
nel
v
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ALE Fundamentals
Single vs multi-material ALE
▪ ALE domain may contain
▪ Single material in a vacuum, where only one material obeys an material law → Single-Material ALE
▪ Several materials, where each material follows its own material law → Multi-Material ALE
Single-Material ALE Multi-Material ALE
Material Material 1
Void Material 2
Material 3
Use Single-Material ALE only when fluid-fluid interaction is not of concern
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ALE in LS-DYNA
Important Keywords
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ALE in LS-DYNA
Overview
▪ Global control via *CONTROL_ALE, e. g.
▪ Adection scheme and advection frequency
▪ Reference pressure on ALE domain boundaries
▪ Multi-Material Euler/ALE via *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_..., e. g.
▪ Multi-Material definitions
▪ Initial material distribution
▪ Material laws via *MAT_, *MAT_ALE_, *EOS_
▪ Lagrangean-structure interaction via *CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
▪ For boundary conditions, mostly the usual *BOUNDARY_ keywords apply
▪ Post-processing via *DATABASE_FSI_...
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ALE in LS-DYNA
Element formulations
▪ ELFORM in *SECTION_SOLID defines the ALE/Eulerian formulation
*PART
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID
1 1 1
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM
1 11
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 ...
Eulerian ELFORM
ELFORM EQ. 5: 1 point integration ALE (single material)
EQ. 6: 1 point integration Eulerian (single material)
…
EQ.11: 1 point integration ALE (multi-material ALE)
EQ.12: 1 point integration ALE (single-material ALE and void)
ALE ELFORM
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ALE in LS-DYNA
Multi-Material Definition
▪ ELFORM in *SECTION_SOLID defines the ALE/Eulerian formulation
*PART
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID
1 1 1
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM
1 11
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 ...
ELFORM EQ. 5: 1 point integration ALE (single material)
EQ. 6: 1 point integration Eulerian (single material)
…
EQ.11: 1 point integration ALE (multi-material ALE)
EQ.12: 1 point integration ALE (single-material ALE and void)
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ALE in LS-DYNA
Multi-Material Definition
▪ Multi-Material Euler/ALE via *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_...
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
$ sid idtype
11 1 Multi-material group 1
22 1 Multi-material group 2
33 1 Multi-material group 3
55 1 Multi-material group 4
... ...
SID part or part-set id
IDTYPE entity type in SID, i. e. part set, part
Remarks
▪ Note that the multi-material ID are assigned automatically sequentially from top to buttom
▪ Only materials of same material group can join or mix, respectively
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Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
Interaction between ALE and FE
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Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
Basic concepts
▪ Different problems require different simulation strategies
▪ Finite-Element Analysis (FEA)
▪ Highly efficient
▪ However, element-distortion-capability limits
material deformation
▪ Arbitray Lagrangean Eulerian (ALE)
▪ Large deformation and
material mixing possible
▪ Less efficient
FEA-ALE interaction
▪ FEA for mildly deforming structures, e. g. solid structures
▪ ALE for heavily distorting materials, e. g. pastes, liquids
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Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
Methodology
Constraint-based Method Penalty-based Method
▪ ALE-Material velocities are computed at ▪ Penalty method punishes violation of constraint
coupling point of Lagrangean structure via a penalty force
▪ Both velocities are ▪ Penalty force is proportional tn
forced to be the same vL v4 to amount of violation,
v1 e. g. penetration depth
xi
n̂
v2 v3
Penalty force
Remarks
▪ Interaction activated via *CONSTAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
▪ For ALE-rigid-body interaction, penalty method, CTYPE=4 in *CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
is needed
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Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
Keyword
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
401 402 0 0 1 6 1 -998
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRMIN NORM NORMTYP DAMP
0 0 -999 0 0.2 0
$ CQ HMIN HMAX ILEAK PLEAK LCIDPORO NVENT IBLOCK
0 0 0 2 0.1
SLAVE Slave ID references the Lagrangean structure
MASTER Master ID references the ALE mesh
SSTYP Slave set type, e. g. part set, part or segment
MSTYP Master set type, e. g. part set or part
NQUAD Number n of quadrature points to control leakage
CTYPE Coupling method, e. g. penalty (CTYPE=4)
…
MCOUP Multi-material coupling
PFAC Penalty-stiffness scaling factor if GT.0
…
ILEAK Leakage-control method
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Lagrangean-Structure Interaction
Leakage
▪ Leakage occurs if there are too few coupling points
Too few coupling points (NQUAD=1) → leakage Sufficient coupling points (NQUAD=4) → leakage
At least, three coupling points on lagrangean-structure segment in ALE is recommended
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Moving Reference Frame
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Moving Reference Frame
Rotation and translation of the ALE domain
▪ To reduce the size number of elements, a moving/transforming ALE mesh
can be introduced used via *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYPE PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
2 1 1 1.0
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM EFAC
0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.5
…
PRTYPE reference system type, e. g.
following coordinate system,
average velocity of ALE
BCTRAN translational constraints
BCROT rotational constraints
BCEXP mesh-expansion/shrinkage constraint
…
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Outputs
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Outputs
Visualisation data
ALE group in LS-PrePost Further Databases
▪ Go to Model → SelPart ▪ *DATABASE_ALE to select output order of
history variables in curve plots and in d3plot
▪ In the window, tick the check box Fluid(ALE)
▪ Select the desired ALE groups ▪ For specific FSI-related output variables,
*DATABASE_FSI_… can be used, e. g.
▪ Sensor with offset to Lagrangean surface
▪ For FSI-pressure fringe plots, use keyword
*DATABASE_BINARY_FSIFOR
Hint
In *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY use NEIPH
to output integration-point data of ALE history
variables
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Structured ALE (S-ALE)
Optimization ALE
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Structured ALE (S-ALE)
Introduction
▪ Same theory as „old“ ALE, e. g.
▪ Mesh smooting
▪ Advection
▪ Lagrangean-structure coupling
▪ Different implementation
▪ Automatic mesh generation
▪ More efficient solver
▪ More stable and user-friendly
▪ S-ALE features
▪ Smaller input decks
▪ Easier ALE-mesh modifications ALE (R12.1, MPP, 4 CPU): 89 min.
S-ALE (R12.1, MPP, 4 CPU): 61 min.
▪ Enhanced MPP efficiency → 32 % performance enhancment
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Structured ALE (S-ALE)
Keyword Overview
▪ New class of keywords *ALE_STRUCTURED_
▪ Mesh generation via
▪ *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_CONTROL_POINTS a mesh seed along global coordinates or following
a local coordinate system, see *DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES
▪ *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH to create the mesh
▪ Define materials
▪ *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP to define multi-material groups
▪ *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY to occupy the newly created structured ALE mesh
with material
Hints
▪ Use *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_TRIM to further tailor mesh to match your needs
▪ Convert existing „old“ ALE mesh to structured mesh, via CPIDX=-1 in *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH
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Summary
Wrap it all up
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Summary
Wrap things up
▪ ALE exploits existing space and time discretization schemes with a twist in the time advancement
▪ Perform Lagrangean step leading to mesh distortion
▪ Smooth deformed mesh via mesh motion
▪ Perform advection (material flow to counter act mesh movement)
▪ Explicit method and, thus, subjected to CFL stability condition
▪ Applications
▪ Excessive solid deformations, e. g. in bulk forming
▪ Flow problems, excl. turbulence and heat transport
▪ S-ALE (enhanced ALE solver)
▪ Convenient mesh construction and adaption
▪ Usually, better performance
▪ However, less versatile for complex ALE-domain geometries
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