lOMoARcPSD|48648484

captured by a condenser microphone is used in the design and development of a

pre-amplified hearing aid device in this research project. Converted to an audio
signal via a headphone, the TDA 2822M IC is designed to generate an audio
amplification. The circuit's physical characteristics were determined using
specially created equations. Four persons with partial hearing impairments were
used to test the circuit after it was designed. According to the results, every
patient's ability to hear had significantly improved. The gadget may be
particularly helpful for those with partial hearing impairments, according to the
results of the final test. On those who were completely deaf, however, the
gadget had no effect. In order to make things even better, it is advised that a
wireless hearing aid be made with less weight in mind. To minimize the total
weight and size of the hearing aid, the case should be composed of a more
lightweight, high-quality, and portable plastic material. A closer eye should be
kept on the design to prevent feedback signals that might cause a noisy signal
between the microphone and headphones.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Along with taste, smell, touch, and vision, hearing is one of the five senses. The
ear is a sound receiver. The brain and central nervous system interpret sound,
even though the ear is the sensory organ for hearing. Most sounds can be
perceived by the human auditory system between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, however
the majority of the information in human voice may be found between 100 Hz
and 6 kHz (Kinsler, Frey, Coppers, and Sanders, 1982). The central auditory
system is not usually the cause of human deafness or hearing loss, despite the
fact that the sense of hearing depends on both a healthy and functional auditory
component of the central nervous system and a functional ear.

xii

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

An electronic device worn in or behind the ear to enhance hearing and, by

extension, communication skills is called a hearing aid (Yusuf, 2015). While
hearing loss affects some people from birth, it affects others as they age.
According to the N.I.D.C.D. (2010), this issue can arise from ageing, illness,
noise-related injuries, and medication ingestion. Complete deafness or partial
impairment are two possible types of hearing disorders. Hearing impairments
can be postlingual (occurring after a person learns to speak) or trilingual
(occurring before to a person learning to speak). Given that deafness impacts
practically every element of a person's life, deafness, regardless of severity or
course, typically causes stress and irritation in the sufferer. Most persons with
hearing loss are quite insensitive to sounds in the speech frequency range. Any
disruption to the regular functioning of any element of the auditory system can
result in a hearing loss (Oyler, R., Oyler, A., and Matkin, 1988).

People with hearing loss may experience better sound quality because to the
device's improved construction and design. The integrated circuit at the center
of the system amplifies all of the signals detected by the condenser microphone,
transforms them into sound, and sends them to the ear. It's an electrical gadget
that runs on batteries and can boost sound for those who have hearing loss.
Several parts enable the hearing aid's amplification function: an amplifier boosts
sound intensity, an output transducer converts electrical signals back into sound
and delivers them to the ear, and a microphone (also known as an input
transducer) picks up sound
(Lowenberg, 1976). Four different types of hearing aids have been made
available: in-the-ear (ITE), behind-the-ear (BTE), body, and eyeglasses. The
terms in-the-canal (ITC) and completely-in-the-canal (CIC) refer to types of
hearing aids that fall under the same umbrella. A mere 1% of all hearing aids on
the market now are body and eyeglass type models, despite being widely used
forty to fifty years ago. On the other hand, the majority of people select BTE

xiii

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

(about 20%) or ITE (about 80%) type hearing devices. There are several factors
contributing to this shift in fashion, usage, and preference, such as the smaller
component sizes, customer concerns about appearance, and durability (Gus and
Ruth, 2005).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With an increasing global population and greater life expectancies come an

increasing number of people suffering from hearing loss. According to a WHO
report, the following is revealed: (WHO, 2005).

 A moderate to profound hearing loss in both ears affects 278 million

individuals globally.
 Since a quarter of instances of hearing loss start in childhood, it is critical
to identify and treat these cases as soon as possible to support the speech
and language development of this population of kids.
 Less than 10% of the world's requirement for hearing aids is now met by
the yearly manufacture of these devices, despite the fact that 90% of
those with hearing impairments can communicate better with a well fitted
and designed aid.

Furthermore, most persons with this condition cannot afford the expense of the
designs that are now available. For the benefit of this sizable group of people
with hearing impairment, it is thus necessary to boost the cost and availability of
hearing aids.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The following goals will be achieved by this project, which aims to develop and
build a hearing aid:

i. Creating hearing aid designs

ii. To build the hearing aid that was developed and

xiv

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

iii. To evaluate the built apparatus

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

People with hearing impairments of various degrees are prevalent in modern

culture, however their condition often goes unnoticed. If you fit into any of the
following criteria, you can determine if you have hearing impairment.

i. If you have trouble hearing when others are talking in a somewhat

busy area
ii. If you frequently ask people to repeat themselves
iii. If you crank up the TV or radio when others can hear it well
iv. If you have trouble hearing whispers and low-pitched noises
v. In the event that you perceive loud noises, whispers, etc.

With the above checklist in place, the primary goal of this study is to highlight
how important it is for people to recognize the early warning symptoms of
hearing impairment in order to take appropriate action. In addition, people who
cannot afford the more expensive models of hearing aids may find hope in the
design and construction of the aids made from locally sourced materials.

With the above checklist in place, the primary goal of this study is to highlight
how important it is for people to recognize the early warning symptoms of
hearing impairment in order to take appropriate action. In addition, people who
cannot afford the more expensive models of hearing aids may find hope in the
design and construction of the aids made from locally sourced materials.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The two main types of hearing aids are electrical and acoustic. Different
varieties of electronic hearing aids exist, including

• Body assistance

xv

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

• Glasses assistance
• In the ear
• In the auditory canal
• Along the canal

Analog or digital styles are also possible.

This project's goal is to create an electronic hearing aid for the body that uses
analog components.

Finally, the device's design leaves out ear molds, which help patients secure
their hearing aids to their ears. It is possible that this device will appear bulky
due to the wire connections between its components, and it is only intended to
enhance sound quality for those who have temporary hearing loss.

xvi

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ON DESIGN OF HEARING AID

A low-cost hearing aid with an enhanced sound for those with hearing loss was
conceived and built by Schum (2004). The power supply was a 9V dc. In order to
convert sound from the surrounding environment into an electrical signal, a
condenser microphone was employed as the input transducer. An NPN transistor
(BC548C) was utilized as a pre-amplifier, along with three capacitors, five
resistors, and an amplifier. The amplification function was performed using the
integrated circuit (IC) TDA2822M, which is available in an 8-pin small chip
package and was created specifically for portable power amplification. The output
transducer utilized to convert the amplified electrical impulses back to sound was a
32-ohm earphone. Furthermore, Levitt (1986) developed the Digital Master
hearing aid. They evaluated both traditional and experimental methods using
computer simulation. There are two instances given to illustrate the point. In the
first, a master hearing aid convention is simulated and used to assess several
adaptive tactics for prescriptive fitting. The second example simulates a hearing
device that uses contemporary digital signal processing methods to reduce
background noise. These simulations are performed in real time using a high-speed
array processor.

Yusuf (2013) created and built a device for hearing aids. They employed a
TDA 2822M integrated circuit (IC) in their study, which is set up to generate an
audio amplification and convert it to an audio signal for usage with headphones.
The circuit's physical properties were determined using design equations. They
amplified their signal using a bridge-type amplifier. Following design, five

17

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

individuals with partial hearing impairments were tested on the circuit. The
findings demonstrated that every patient's capacity to hear had significantly
improved. Suggestions for more development were made.

To make the design of the hearing aid more affordable, it will use a stereo type
amplification approach with readily available components.

2.2 HISTORY OF HEARING AID DEVICE

Seventeenth-century inventions included the first hearing aid. Following the

invention of the telephone, the first electric hearing aid was developed in 1898,
marking the beginning of the transition to contemporary hearing aids. (Anderson
and Howard, 1998) The digital hearing aid was made available to the general
population through commercial distribution by the late 20th century. External aids
were among of the original types of hearing aids. It would be possible to put
behind or within the ear with external hearing aids that focused sounds in front of
it.

During the 1870s and 1880s, once the telephone and microphone were invented,
the first electric hearing aids were built. The telephone's internal technology
expanded the possible modifications to an auditory signal. Caller volume,
frequency, and distortion could all be adjusted using a telephone.

The development of the hearing aid made use of these skills. Miller Reese
Hutchison invented the first electric hearing aid, known as the Akouphone, in
1898. To make the hearing aid portable, it made use of a carbon transmitter.
Wikipedia, Inc.

Significant advancements in hearing aid design resulted from Bell

Laboratories' 1948 invention of transistors. William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and

18

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

John Bardeen created the transistor. Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors
because they were smaller, needed less battery power, produced less heat, and
exhibited less distortion. The transistor was a perfect substitute for these vacuum
tubes because they were usually hot and brittle.

2.2 HEARING IMPAIRMENT OR HEARING LOSS

It's possible to lose hearing in one or both ears. Hearing impairments can hinder a
child's capacity to learn spoken language, and in adults, they might lead to
challenges at work. Hearing loss can be caused by a number of factors.

1. Using ear wax

2. Pathogen

3. Ailment

4. Issues with circulation

5. Exposure to loudness and trauma

6. Dangerous drugs, and

7. Genetic frailty or inherited proneness.

Even if the precise reason behind certain hearing impairments is unknown, it's
crucial to identify the source in order to stop any future harm. However, the most
useful classification scheme for hearing loss may not necessarily depend on the
reason. Trauma-induced hearing loss is a prime illustration of this.

Inner, middle, or outer ear damage may result from trauma, depending on its kind
and intensity. Each ear portion may sustain varying degrees of damage, and one,
two, or all three parts may be impacted. (Burkey, 1959).

19

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

2.3 TYPES OF HEARING LOSS

Hearing loss can be defined in three different ways: by kind, by degree, or by

configuration. To begin with, conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss
are the three main categories. Figure 2.1 shows the locations of several forms of
hearing loss.

Sound cannot be carried from the outer ear to the eardrum and the middle ear
ossicles, resulting in conductive hearing loss. In most cases, surgery can fix it. Ear
infections, tumors, allergies, colds, compacted earwax, foreign body presence, and
ear absence or deformity are some of the conditions that can cause conductive
hearing loss. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA, 2005)
states that this kind of hearing loss causes a decrease in sound level heard.

The irreversible loss of hearing that cannot be restored is known as sensorineural

hearing loss. The inner ear or the nerve connections that supply it might sustain
injury, which results in this kind of hearing loss. Speech comprehension may also
be affected by this type of hearing loss, which impairs the person's capacity to hear
sound. ASHA (2005) states that several environmental conditions, including head
trauma, noise exposure, birth abnormalities, and infections, might result in this
loss.Blended hearing loss is the third category of hearing impairment. Conduction
and sensorineural hearing loss are both present in this case. According to ASHA
(2005), it is brought on by conditions that injure both the inner and outer ear.

20

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Fig: 2.1. Diagram of the ear

2.4 HEARING AID LEVELS

Those who have hearing loss and their friends, family, and colleagues may all have
much better lives with the use of hearing aids. According to the chart below, the
hearing aid's degree (levels). (ASHA, 2005).

Table 2.1. Levels of the hearing aid

Source Intensity

normal range 0 to 24 dB

mild loss 25 to 45 dB

moderate loss 46 to 65 dB

severe loss 66 to 85 dB 2.5 STYLES

severe loss greater than 86 dB OF THE
HEARING
AIDS

21

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Referring to Figures 2.2 and 2.3, respectively, there are several variations of
hearing aids, such as in-the-ear, behind-the-ear, in-the-canal, fully-in-the-canal,
and body-worn devices (ASHA, 2005).

Fig 2.2. Hearing Aid Types

The smallest canal hearing aid is the completely-in-the-canal (CIC) model, which is
also the one that hearing aid manufacturers most often promote. It is almost difficult
for others to notice it since it fits so deeply into the ear canal. (Burkey, 1959), Any
hearing aid that completely fits within the ear is referred to as an in-the-ear (ITE)
hearing aid. It may also be used to describe the biggest in-the-ear devices that entirely
enclose the bowl-shaped part of an individual's ear. When smaller hearing aids are not
able to adequately compensate for more severe hearing impairments, this type of
device is typically employed.

2.7 TYPES OF HEARING AID

Different technologies are employed in different ways in hearing aids. Analog and
digital are the two primary categories of electronics.

ANALOG HEARING AID:

22

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

A conventional, regular, or classic hearing aid is sometimes known as an analog

hearing aid. It has an amplifier, a receiver, and a microphone to provide sound to the
ear, just like conventional hearing aids. Much to an analog radio or other older stereo
equipment, an analog hearing aid processes all of the sound as a voltage. (Burkey,
1959).

HEARING AID

A digital device converts sound into numerical data. It functions a much like a little
PC. More sophisticated selective amplification techniques are used in the
programming of digital hearing aids than in analog ones. (Burkey, 1959).

While digital devices are occasionally called programmable, the phrase

"programmable hearing aid" usually refers to a hybrid that combines elements of both
digital and analog technology. Burkey (1959).

2.7 THEORY OF THE DESIGN

Comprising the DC 1.5V power supply, pre-amplifier, amplifier, output transducer

(earphone), and microphone for input transduction make up the hearing device.
According to figure 2.3, the block diagram is displayed.

Fig.2.3 Block diagram of a hearing aid device system

23

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

In most cases, direct current (D.C.) is needed to power electronic circuit components.
To turn the electronic components on and off, electricity is supplied by the battery. To
power the device, a 1.5-volt battery was employed. This piece made use of a
condenser microphone. A pre-amplifier's main job is to absorb signals from its main
source, which is a microphone, and process them so they may move on to the
amplifier portion for additional amplification (Akande et al., 2007). Pre-amplifiers
generally have three functions: they increase signal strength, adjust loudness, and
sometimes even modify input impedance (Horowitz and Hill, 2010; Lowenberg,
1976). An NPN transistor BC547, along with a few capacitors and resistors, will be
used in the construction of the pre-amp unit.

The audio signal in this circuit is turned into matching electrical signals by the
transistor (Q) and its related components, which function as an audio signal pre-
amplifier for the signals detected by the condenser microphone. For the low-voltage
condenser microphone to function properly, resistor (R) biases the internal circuit.
Capacitor (C) and volume control VR are used to feed the audio output from the pre-
amplifier stage into the amplifier circuit's input.

The method and project execution are covered in this chapter. Five fundamental steps
are involved in the design and development of a hearing aid system, including

• Power supply apparatus

• Stage of the input transducer
• Stage before the amplifier
• A stage of medium power amplifiers, and
• Stage of output.

24

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

2.7.1 POWER SUPPLY

Direct current (dc) is often used in electronic circuits to power their constituent parts.
The battery provides the electricity needed to switch on and off the electronic parts. A
dry cell battery will be utilized as the power source for this design.

2.7.2 TRANSDUCERS

A transducer, or microphone, is an input stage that transforms signals from one form
to another. An apparatus that receives electricity from one source and transforms it so
that another system may use it; the transducer is made to provide the microphone with
an ideal constant current of around 1 mA. (Domtau et al., 2013) determines the value
of current.

= …………………………………………………………………. (2.1)

Where: = supply voltage,= Effective series resistance of microphone ( ℎe = 1 )

2.7.3 TRANSISTOR

Electronics has undergone a revolution thanks to transistors, small semiconductor

devices. They are composed of distinct, independent parts with three connections.
Transistors are utilized as high-speed switches and as amplifiers for power,
voltage, and current.

Comparing transistors to other electrically driven switches like relays, there are
several benefits. They have no moving parts, are inexpensive, dependable,
compact, and can switch millions of times in a second. Their lifespan is nearly
infinite (in well-designed circuits). Duncan (1985).

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS

Transistors often fall into two categories:

25

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)

Field effect transistors (FETs)

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs):

A more beneficial part is this transistor, which amplifies current. Three p- and n-
semiconductors are combined to form a transistor. Emitter (E), base (B), and
collector (C) were their respective names. The symbols for NPN and PNP are seen
in figures 2.3 and 2.4. In an n-p-n transistor (Fig. 2.4), the base is purposefully
made extremely thin during manufacturing, the emitter is n-type, the base is p-type,
and the collector is n-type. There are three terminals on a transistor, thus. Because
of the two charge carriers that power it—the electron (−) and the hole (+)—the
junction transistor is also known as a bipolar transistor (Michael, 1995)

Field effect transistors (FETs)

This semiconductor is a weakly doped P-type, meaning it has more holes than
electrons, sandwiched between two sections of the N-type that are heavily doped.
Comparable to two PN-junctions faced apart. Fig. 2.3 displays the NPN transistor's
IEEE symbol. Current flowing between the base-emitter junctions is reflected in
the same direction by the arrow between the base and emitter. Dissipated power in
the transistor is

P= ………….…..……………………………………………………....(2.2)

where IC is the collector current and VCE is the voltage across the collector and
emitter.

26

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Positive-Negative-Positive, or PNP, is the reverse of NPN in this context. This one

resembles two pn-junctions that are facing one another more. This is its IEEE
symbol (Fig. 2.3).

Fig.2.4NPN symbol Fig.2.5 PNP symbol

2.7.4 AMPLIFIER

An amplifier is an electrical device that is primarily used in sound reproduction to

increase the loudness of electrical impulses.

CLASSES OF AMPLIFIER:

In high-fidelity audio reproduction, amplifiers fall into four common classes:

1. The A classes

2. Group B

3. AB classes

4. Group D

27

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

CLASS A:

The output signal is a more accurate reflection of what was imputed since it is the
most linear of the classes. The traits are as follows:

1. Throughout the whole input signal cycle, the output device (transistor) conducts
electricity. Stated otherwise, they fully replicate the waveform.

2. There is no circumstance in which the transistor or transistors are off. This

indicates that there is a continuous flow of power via the transistors inside the
amplifier, not that the amplifier can or will ever be shut off. We refer to this
situation as "bias. "Florence, N. (2016)

3. Its effectiveness of fifty per cent is stated as

/
Efficiency = ………………………………………… (2.3)

Class B:

The circuit components of this amplifier handle the signal's positive and negative
portions independently. Continuous on/off switching is observed in the output
devices. These qualities are:

1. In order to properly drive the transistor, the input signal needs to be quite big.

2. In many ways, this operates in opposition to class "A."

3. The half of a signal cycle that each output device is on is precisely one.

4. It performs with 78.5% efficiency.

28

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Class AB

Overall, this is the group's compromise. Some of class A and class B's greatest
benefits are inherent in class AB operation. Its primary advantages are the same
level of efficiency and sound quality as class A. Additionally, its efficiency falls
between that of classes A and B. The attributes consist of (Ikechiamaka, 2016).

1. Once more, many Class AB amplifiers combine the best of both worlds by
operating in Class A at lower output levels.

2. To ensure that current flows in a particular output device for more than half of
the signal cycle but less than the full cycle, the output bias is adjusted.

3. Each device has sufficient current running through it to maintain operation,

allowing it to react quickly to requests for input voltage.

CLASS D

Erroneously, many audio "experts" and the press refer to these amplifiers as
"digital" amplifiers. These qualities are:

1. Although Class D operations are 100% efficient in theory, they are actually
more like 80–90% efficient in practice.

2. Because the output devices are rapidly turned on and off at least twice every
cycle, these amplifiers are best described as "switching" amplifiers.

3. Although a small percentage of class D amplifiers use coherent binary data,

most do not operate in true digital mode.

The hearing aid circuit in this project is constructed using two distinct methods,
like as:

29

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

1. Bridge amplifiers, first and

2. Amplifier in Stereo.

2.7.5 BRIDGE AMPLIFIER

Alludes to dividing an amplifier's two (four) channels into two (two) channels that
have twice the voltage.

It is possible to bridge a four-channel amplifier into two channels and a two-

channel amplifier into one channel. By bridging the channels, the output power is
increased.

2.7.6 STEREO AMPLIFIER

Stereo produces distinct sounds for the left and right channels, but a mono-bridge
combines the two channels into one (much like the center channel) and also
modifies the resistance. Although you won't be able to run it at a lower ohm load,
you will receive twice as much power to one speaker.

Operational amplifiers intended for low-power operation are typically packaged in

dual mode, or two op-amps inside of one box.

2.7.7 INTEGRATING CIRCUIT (IC)

When all of the active and passive parts of an electronic circuit are built on a
single, small chip of silicon, the result is an IC. Parts that are capable of yielding
profits are considered active. For instance, FETS and transistors. Any parts or
equipment that are passive are incapable of yielding any kind of profit. Examples
from Theraja (2003) include inductors, capacitors, and resistors. An IC chip, also
known as an integrating circuit or monolithic integrated circuit, is a type of

30

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

electronic circuit that is created by introducing a trace element into the thin layer of
semiconductor material on its surface.

The world of electronic computers, mobile phones, and other digital appliances has
been completely transformed by ICS, which are utilized in practically all electronic
devices today and are an essential component of contemporary society.

These small electrical circuits are employed for specialized electronic tasks like
amplification. Op-amp, or operational amplifier, is the integrated circuit employed
in this work. To create a more sophisticated system, they are typically paired with
additional components.

The integrating circuit is made up of two inputs: an inverting input (–) with voltage
− and a non-inverting input (+) with voltage +. Ideally, the op-amp amps only the
differential input voltage—the difference in voltage between the two. The
following formula provides the output voltage of the op-amp: (Theraja (2003).

= ( + − −)…………….…………………………………………… (2.4)

What location is the open loop gain?

The TDA2822M, an 8-lead Mini dip package monolithic integrated circuit, is used
in this circuit. It is meant to be used in radios and portable tape players as a dual
audio power amplifier. Figures 2.4 and 2.5, respectively, depict the schematic and
pin arrangement of the integrated circuit (TDA 2822M).

31

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Fig: 2.6. TDA 2822M (IC) Fig: 2.7. Pin connection of TDA2822M (IC)

2.7.8 RESISTORS

The flow of current along a specific channel in an electrical circuit can be

controlled or adjusted by resistors. Heat is produced anytime current passes
through a resistor and loses electrical energy. A conductor's resistance is measured
in ohms, which is a unit of measurement. Variable resistors and fixed resistors
(carbon and metallic resistors) are the two types of resistors.

As the name suggests, a fixed resistor only has two connections, into which current
flows. During production, a defined value is affixed to the resistor. Although the
construction of a variable resistor allows for resistance value changes without
disrupting the circuit to which it is linked (Jamilu, 2011).

Fig: 2.8. Variable resistor symbol Fig: 2.9. Fixed resistor symbol

2.7.9 CAPACITOR

An electrical component used to store electric charges is called a capacitor. With

several beneficial uses in electronic systems, they come in a variety of kinds. Axial
ceramic, silver, and ceramic tubular capacitors are among the varieties. One type of
electrolytic capacitor with connections on both sides is called an axial electrolytic
capacitor. In devices where vertically mounted capacitors are not possible, they are
most commonly utilized. An axial electrolytic capacitor is shown in the diagram
below (Duncan, 1985).

32

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

Fig: 2.10. Electrolytic axial capacitor

Positivity is shown by the arrow pointing to the right, which points in that
direction. Without the use of any unique color-coding methods, the majority of big
electrolytic capacitors are implicitly tagged with the voltage, capacitance,
temperature ratings, and brand name. Light blue, black, dark purple, and brown are
the common colors of electrolytic capacitors, while certain specialty models can
exist in yellow and other hues. Rubber insulation covers the positive end, whereas
metal is all that's there on the negative end.

2.7.10 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

According to Yusuf (2015), this particular sort of diode is quite common and
produces light when it allows electric current to flow between its electrodes. As
seen in Fig. 2.10, the LED sign.

Fig: 2.11. LED Symbol

White, blue, orange, yellow, and red LEDs are offered. Compared to other hues,
blue and white are far more costly. (Yusuf T., 2015). It is not the packaging color
that determines an LED's color, but rather the semiconductor material. To show
whether the hearing aid is on or off, this place uses the color green.

33

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|48648484

2.7.11 SWITCH

A mechanical switch is an apparatus used to join or separate two circuit elements.

While in the on position, a switch is a short circuit. When turned off, there is an
open circuit. An electrical circuit is completed and current may flow when a switch
is turned on. Depending on the switch type, turning off the switch leaves an air
gap, and since air is an insulator, no current passes through it. As stated by
Abdullahi (2012).

Fig.2.12. Symbol of switch

It is anticipated that the construction and design of the hearing aid would enable
sound to be amplified for those who have hearing loss.

Last but not least, I created the bridge amplifier, a widely used and ubiquitous
hearing aid component. Using a stereo amplifier, I designed and built a hearing
aid device for my research in order to compare the various models' performances
for individuals with hearing loss.

Fig 2.13 below shows the complete circuit diagram of the bridge amplifier.

34

Downloaded by ???? ????? (hmstr268@gmail.com)