Ramos, Ren Leo M.

Archi – 3G

Modernism: Exploring Modern Architecture and Philippine Contemporary Design

The Modernist movement emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, shaping artistic,
cultural, and architectural practices all over the world. It sought innovation, practicality, and
minimalism, pushing the boundaries of conventional artistic expressions. Modernism
introduced new materials, advanced technologies, and progressive philosophies, redefining
the built environment. This analysis covers the core principles of modern architecture, its
impact on the Philippines, and how contemporary architectural practices adapt to these
principles. The legacy of Modernism is evident in its historical context and ongoing influence
on contemporary architecture. Local architects in the Philippines merge modernist principles
with indigenous elements to create a unique architectural dialogue that reflects global trends
and local traditions. This exploration brings together the dynamic interplay of historical
Modernism and contemporary manifestations, demonstrating how the ideal of Modernism
continues to influence architectural discourse and practice in different cultural settings.

Modern architecture differs from earlier styles like Gothic, Baroque, and Neoclassical,
focusing on simplicity, geometric forms, and utility over intricate details. Louis Sullivan's
"form follows function" maxim emphasizes that building design should reflect its intended
use, rather than being an aesthetic concern.

Examples of such influential architects in modern architecture include Le Corbusier, and

Frank Lloyd Wright, who have used innovative buildings to further this architectural
movement. For instance, a prominent example of Modernist values is Le Corbusier's Villa
Savoye, which has its openness due to an open structure on pillars, with horizontal wide
windows, allowing for more direct light and air circulation. Similarly, Mies van der Rohe
minimalist design ethos is seen within the Barcelona Pavilion, its seamless spatial flow, with
innovative applications of glass and steel, embodying the view that less can indeed be more.
The Industrial Revolution's technological advancements significantly influenced modern
architecture, introducing new structural possibilities with reinforced concrete, glass, and steel.
Buildings became lighter, taller, and more adaptable, with iconic skyscrapers like New York's
Empire State Building showcasing the era's ambition and creativity. The movement of
Modern architecture also involved addressing social problems. Thus, Walter Gropius's
Bauhaus movement unified art, craft, and technology in merging art with the crafts to
produce homes for the worker class; it represents an aspect of Modernism aimed at elevating
daily living.

It was in the mid-20th century that Philippine modern architecture emerged with a prominent
force, in line with a major period of urban development and national identity. Filipino
architects during this transitional period drew inspiration from international modernist trends,
skillfully adapting these concepts to fit into the unique climatic conditions, cultural
narratives, and societal needs of the Philippines. This synthesis of international influences
and local context marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of architectural practices in the
country.

A key figure to this movement is Leandro V. Locsin is one of the National Artists for
Architecture, who had major works in the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the
Church of the Holy Sacrifice. It features modernist designs integrated with Filipino motifs
that resonate to the aesthetic of CCP and at the same time maintains the traditional Filipino
structure as exemplified by the bahay kubo. The Church of the Holy Sacrifice, with its
circular design and hyperbolic paraboloid roof, is a good example of community spirit in
Filipino culture. Pablo Antonio is another key figure who seamlessly integrates Art Deco
influences with modernist ideals, creating structures that are aesthetically pleasing and
responsive to the tropical environment.
The country's independence in 1946 brought about modernism in the Philippines, with the
rebuilding of war-bombed cities and the establishment of a national identity. Modern
architecture surfaced as a means of exhibiting the nation's progress and modernization, in the
rebuilding of housing and infrastructure. Even though they received a lot of criticism,
Filipino architects wanted to produce an original version of modernism that would give due
recognition to the nation's culture. For instance, Francisco Mañosa campaigned for the use of
local materials and traditional forms within the modernist setting that enshrines the rich
architectural culture of the Philippines. Most Filipino architects have blended the influences
that are global with the native influences in their work.

Modernism principles have thoroughly influenced contemporary architecture, with a new

wave of redefinition and innovative approaches on its part. The fast pace of technology, with
more emphasis on sustainability in addition to a growing cognizance of cultural contexts of a
place, has indeed opened up more avenues within the realm of architectural design. This has,
in its turn, created a multi-layered diversity and exploration of new forms and new functions
that relate to changing societal needs.

Architects like Zaha Hadid and Bjarke Ingels redefine boundaries in architectural expression
worldwide. Parametric designs, where its fluid organic forms diverge from the rigid
structures that sprang out in early modernism, can be attributed to Hadid.

In the Philippines, modern architecture is not only about respecting the modern legacy but
also faces very significant issues of overcrowding of the cities, climate adaptability, and the
protection of heritage. Indeed, green architecture's rise can be seen on structures.
incorporating sustainable design through energy-efficient technologies and material
recycling. Moreover, with mixed-use developments such as BGC offering accessibility and
functionality, community participation and better quality living will certainly be enhanced
within the urban landscapes. Filipino architects are committed to design as a form of
celebrating cultural identity as well through their designs, seen in some projects that use
indigenous materials and traditional craftsmanship, as exemplified by the Bahay Kubo-
inspired Philippine Pavilion at Expo 2020 in Dubai, which speaks to the long-lasting
influence of vernacular architecture in present-day discourse.

Contemporary architecture in the Philippines is confronted with issues brought about by rapid
urbanization and population growth, including informal settlements, traffic congestion, and
environmental degradation. To overcome these problems, innovative strategies need to be
developed that would balance modernism with sustainable practices, meeting the needs of all
citizens while preserving ecological integrity. Architects and urban planners need to balance
globalization with cultural preservation, ensuring architectural practices are grounded in local
context and cultural values. This is especially important in the Philippines, a country rich in
cultural diversity and unique environmental challenges, which calls for thoughtful, context-
sensitive design that respects and reflects local heritage.

Modernism has, therefore, influenced architecture with its concepts on design, utility, and
ethical implication. Notable architects such as Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Leandro
Locsin have contributed to this movement that has become more aligned with the need of the
people and with the changing times and technologies. Modernism has served as a base for
forward-thinking and culturally relevant architects in creating the Philippine architectural
landscape. Contemporary architecture builds upon this heritage, continuing to challenge the
boundaries with issues of the 21st century through concentrating on innovation,
sustainability, and cultural identity to create a better and brighter future.