[EZ] cps . The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation system consisting of a constellation of satellites broadcasting navigation signals and a network of ground stations and satellite control stations used for monitoring and control. GPS system time is associated with Coordinated Universal Time or UTC as observed by the US Naval Observatory. The accuracy of GPS is based on the clear and fine visibility of the sky, and any obstructions by means of tree branches or building density may lead to limited accuracy in the forest and urban areas. GPS satellites transmit signals to provide accurate PVT information to an unlimited number of users on the Earth. GPS satellites broadcast a signal that encodes position and time with a high accuracy derived from the satellite's atomic clock time standard. The GPS receivers use the time-of-arrival ranging to generate pseudorange to determine the user's position. Currently 31 GPS satellites orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately 11,000 miles providing users with accurate information on position, velocity and time anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions. GPS includes three main segments : The space segment, control segment and user segment. Fig. 6.4.1 shows GPS system. (See Fig. 6.4.1 on next page) The GPS space segment includes over 30 satellites in orbit operated and maintained by the U.S. Space Force. These satellites broadcast radio signals to control and monitoring stations on Earth and directly to users requiring highly precise satellite positioning. The U.S. Space Force also oversees the GPS control segment. It includes master control and backup control stations, dedicated ground antennas and several monitor stations located worldwide. These stations work to ensure GPS satellites are healthy, orbiting in the correct locations and have accurate atomic clocks on board. These stations are integral to the overall health and accuracy of the GPS constellation.Data uplo: stations Space segment TL GNSS Satellites aoe iO ~~ we Gg GNSS Broadeast signals GNSS Control channel A Qo 4 — stations User segment Control segment Fig. 6.4.1 GPS system « ‘The user degenent includes everson’ zelying Spm GPS satellites for PNT measurements, From a mobile phone providing directions to autonomous vehicles requiring lane-level positioning accuracy: from a farmer tracking planting and harvesting routes year-over-year to a UAV mapping a rainforest, many applications use GPS for high precision positioning and accuracy around the world. [Gl Gsm Modules GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication. It is widely used for digital cellular radio. It is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. GSM support 200 full duplex channels per cell. Each channel uses different uplink and downlink frequency. GSM handles channel access using a combination of FDM, TDM and slotted ALOHA. GSM is an open source system and it allows access to code. GSM comes in three flavours (frequency bands) : 900, 1800, 1900 MHz. Frequency band 900 is the orange flavour in Israel. Voice is digitized using full-rate coding.Maximum distance the GSM supports is 35 kilometers. Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands while 3G GSM in the 2100 MHz frequency band. ; The physical channel in GSM is the timeslot. The logical channel is the information which goes through the physical channel. Both user data and signaling are logical channels, User data is carried on the traffic channel (TCH), which is defined as 26 TDMA frames. There are lots of control channels for signaling, base station to mobile, mobile to base station. Performance characteristics of GSM : ; a) Communication : Mobile, wireless digital communication; support for voice and data services. Total mobility : International access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers. Worldwide connectivity : One number, the network handles localization. High capacity : Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell. b) ¢) dq) ¢) High transmission quality : High audio quality and uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds. ) Security functions : Access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN * Fig. 6.5.1 shows GSM architecture. GSM architecture consists of three subsystem : 1. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 2. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) 3. Mobile station (Cell phone) PSPON, The mobile —_Base station subsystem Network subsystem[Ed Raspberry Pi Programming © General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior can be controlled by the different s of connection : 1, True bls pins that you can use to tum LEDs.on and off etc. 2. 12C interface pins that allow you to connect hardware modules with just two control pins. 3. SPI interface with SPI devices, standard. 4, Serial Rx and Tx pins for user at run time. The GPIO connector has a number of ‘a similar concept to 12C but uses a different communication with serial peripherals. [EEXI controlling LED with Raspberry Pi © Fig 6.8.1 shows diagram of connecting LED to Raspberry Pi. The LED will initially be off because the GPIO pins are initialized as inputs at power-on. © Install Python 2 library Rpi.GPIO. A library that will let us control the GPIO pins. Install commands : : sudo apt?get update sudo apt?get install python?dev sudo apt?get install python?rpi.gpio+ Simple LED Circuit is shows below ; GPIO pin— Anode SS Cathode 2002 y y GPIO pin— (co) Fig. 6.8.2 + Current flows from the anode (+) to cathode (-). Anode is longer pin and cathode is shorter pin. * Open up IDLE, the Python programming software and create a New file. Save it as led.py and input the code from the code listing. What the code does is first tell Python to use the GPIO module so we can connect to the GPIO pins, by importing the module. * We then import the time module so we cati create a delay between commands. We then tell the code to treat the GPIO pins as the number they are on the board and to turn the seventh pin into an output. © We alternate between True and False so that it turns the pin on and off. Once it's cycled a few times, it will print the message ‘Done’ into IDLE and finally turn off the GPIO pins. Pin10..6 ‘Common anode 38 efefc ee" =DP = Pin 1... Fig. 6.8.3Import RPi.GPIO 48 GPIO Import time GPI0.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT) GPIO.output(7,True) time.sleep() GPIO.output(7 False) time.sleep() GP1O.output(7,True) time.sleep(1) GPIO.output(7,False) print"Done" GPIO.cleanup0) Task 1: Turn LED on for 2 seconds and off for 1 second, below : loop forever. Code is given {In this example, we use diagram (b), ie. controlling the LED by controlling the voltage at the anode (+). import RPiGPIO as GPIO import time def main( ) : GPIO.cleanup( ) PIO. = setmode(GPIO.BOARD) # to use Raspberry Pi board pin numbers (Osetup(11, GPIO.OUT) # set up GPIO output channel while True : GPIO. GPIO.LOW) # set RPi board pin 11 low. T output(11, LOW) RPi board pin 11 | ‘urn off LEI - o! D. time.sleep(1) GPI0.output(11, GPIO.HIGH, |, GPIOHIGH) —# set RPi board pin 11 high. Turn . on LED time.sleep(2) main( )Architecture of Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi is a small single-board computer (SBC). It is a credit card-sized computer that can be plugged into a monitor. It acts as a minicomputer by connecting the keyboard, mouse, and display. Raspberry Pi has an ARM processor and 512MB of RAM. The USB ports Power supply GPIO ports SD card Camera module HOMI a a Display = +>caer Ty ORO agen eo eos cae Ce eee well-suited for embedded systems. Oi aoe Eee et een a eee Leone ‘AT2(ARMv8-A) 64-bit processor. Px Mcrae Toy Oe ida oe ee eee Re sete Ra cee TU accelerated graphics processing, See aN ee ACen ete Se ee Cee Rue a tin aoa Cn ene MCT + Raspberry Pi models come with varying amounts of RAM, which is used for running applications and storing temporary data. Oa eee oe es Ae meee eae ic Lad LPDDR4 SDRAM, providing sufficient memory for multitasking and resource-intensive ere aot are Ogee ee el neue ct a ee Cis ee Wek ge ec + Example: The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B includes HDMI ports, USB ports, Ethernet port, eX eee TLC Co aie Cd ere eeieRas ond ‘+ Raspberry Pi computers typically use microSD cards for primary storage, where the Cen SCE Weegee) + Example: Users can install an operating system like Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) Cee te cae aa Uc ens 6. Networking: ‘+ Raspberry Pi boards support wired and wireless networking capabilities for internet connectivity and communication with other devices. + Example: The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B features Gigabit Ethernet and dual-band Wi-Fi Cae cect ae Seige eae cen hace rom ee ery CTU Res nel renee a Oi eee Me ae ee Cece LOSS power bank, or through other power sources. 8. Expansion and Customization: Ooo ieee nM ese ee MRE cen) (HATS) for additional functionality and customization. Osc lee Mei ea oa eee eR aa) CT oC Ag en aT et kT er) prototypes.BPs dete Sed ee ee et ee te Mi seu tem Uae cot ieee Rclnra coet aegUM eee teehee eRe teas recicasy + Use Cases: Bluetooth is widely used in loT applications such as wearable devices, smart Tu eR et Re a nee Uri systems. + Key Features: Low power consumption (especially with Bluetooth Low Energy - BLE), easy pairing and connection setup, suitable for point-to-point or star network topologies. Pa ay See om ean es ecg oI eeu en Come) R aa cers MUR eu Lea cele ng Ue a ON Coa ane ee Ree CaSs UR eerae ec uccse Sater een eget Miata s Mets ue Me Eee ua roe Tue A eS Crear Men ome ur ncn aemcTCie Oe eM ered eRe CEN Cale Ws Raul Rele tle We Palen tsa GM LM eac eeu cet SK et cy eee aCe cu i) Pro ettoiey Ede rod Brats rae oe ea tee Cer che teu cio PES eRe a ata SC Mee ce era nome ur Cee Ramee ec ue Lee} Paes oreeer see Pees El oleh eet ne Semen eee Monet (€g., smart lighting, temperature sensors), industrial control systems, and wireless sensor DTCs Oe One Rel oe ae Sep elroy oN auras Etec Mn ero SMT CA elms ne ce Ks Nea Pe hcm ice ncsBTS fl ti * Range: Bluetooth typically has a shorter range compared to Wi-Fi and Zigbee, usually up to sets * Data Rate: Offers moderate data rates suitable for low to moderate bandwidth applications Oetker de eer Re aera CMe NC teen T uel a mee} it suitable for battery-operated loT devices. OBC nest ae ieee eum er ssl MMe I mos eens ie See eos aas aCe Ce Cae Tenure Macnee Berl tonne nats ees te Ce See nce coe ten Por ere ure aecue ese tois Pe ea * Range: Wi-Fi offers a longer range compared to Bluetooth and Zigbee, typically up to 100 EN ors * Data Rate: Provides high data rates suitable for high-bandwidth applications such as video Bere EW MeWee CSc Peete uh eared melee keds Coeur Pale oe making it less suitable for battery-powered oT devices. OBC eet eect a ey ten ek yee ent OLy Ronse ere con coe SNe ee on eet USE Stee Gen eken Cue Eten Bes ecm ee en eC ee Cuan ac EMC tee uC tied Ime Tue3. Zigbee: # Range: Zigbee offers a moderate range, typically up to 10-100 meters depending on the MCR ECR getist a Ce U Caco (eau ee eRe Ae Cee 16) (Bol ORO els Arlee ere he La Prosiee ie Power Consumption: Zigbee is designed for low power consumption, making it suitable for CNR cel MMe UMN an eustecucpalchee Tics * Topology: Supports mesh network topology, allowing devices to communicate with each other, extending the network's range and reliability. A Amo aoa mmacet ote Nt teas ome tiutu tec me Uh cls management. Bee eae eee none Cina ence errs lighting, and sensor networks. ey oo Sea ashe Reel ae Seen Ml eed Maem h Gey. sect * Data Rate: Wi-Fi offers the highest data rates, suitable for high-bandwidth applications. Bluetooth and Zigbee offer moderate data rates. » Power Consumption: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Zigbee are designed for low power consumption, making them suitable for battery-operated devices. Wi-Fi consumes more Ponca Pera Cueuc hae senescence comin eons sce a Reece ete rep acy * Applications: Each protocol has specific applications where it excels, with Wi-Fi being more EMM meets ec eM sl cer un mnt lmcUulete select emt PAre se for low-power, mesh network applications.UNIT 5 APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT EA Complete Design of Embedded Systems © Design process uses following concept : 1 2 ‘Abstraction : Problem component is abstracted first. Software and hardware architecture : Before start of design. be understood. Additional functional properties : Developer additional functionality is required or not. System related family of design : Earlier version of system is also considered while designing. Modular design : Modular design is a design approach that creates things out of independent parts with standard interfaces. This allows designs to be customized, upgraded, repaired and for parts to be reused. architecture must should understand any Mapping : mapping into different representations is done from software requirement. User interface design : It is designed as per user requirement, environment analysis and system functions. In automatic coffee vending machine, LCD display is the user interface. Design Metrics «Design metrics for embedded systems are as follows : 1 yeep ‘Unit cost : The monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost Size : The physical space required by the system Performance : The execution time or throughput of the system Power : The amount of power consumed by the system Flexibility : The ability to change the functionality of the system without’ incurring heavy NRE cost Maintainability : The ability to modify the system after its initial release ‘Time-to-market : The time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold to customersAbstraction Steps In the Design Process * Embedded system design can be divided into four mejor tasks : 1. Partitioning the function to be implemented into smaller interacting pieces 3. Scheduling the times at which several functions partitions share cnn we Sxecuted, which is important when . ite one hardware unit ? 4, Mapping a generic functional description i ‘ particular set of components, iption into an implementation on @ Embedded System Requirements 1. Reactive systems : The system never stops and the system responds to signals produced by the environment. 2. Real time systems : Timing constraints on task execution, Hard and soft constraints. + Real design often uses top-down and bottom-up design methods. * What does the customer want ? (Requirement) * System functions/characteristics. (Specification) * Block diagram (Architecture) + HW & SW module detailed design (Components) * Working system (System Integration) Top- SD GD Cam = Ge Fig. 7.6.4 Smart roads characteristics * Sensor collect this information and stored on the central database using cloud. This information helps for solving traffic congestion, making safe driving, keeping road condition upto date. Iso get teal time «User can access the information from the cloud. User © : w, Traffic can be Spe aie maps can be obtained to enable encoth fen eee , wh ced with systems that detect alternate routes. Leet a This information can they can locate a traffic free road, saving time and a reduce traffic jams and pollution improves the quality of life.