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Drilling Fluid Technology
FLUID FORMULATION
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Objectives
You will learn about:
What Concentration is
Product Concentration
Fluid Formulation
Lab Guidelines
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Fluid Formulation
CONCENTRATION
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What is Concentration?
In chemistry, concentration is the amount of one part divided by the
volume of the total mixture.
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Concentration
In the example below, each ball weighs one pound. Each barrel has the
same volume.
There are more balls in the right barrel than in the left barrel.
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Concentration (continued)
If we double the volume but do not change the number of balls, the
concentration is reduced.
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Concentration
In the oilfield, concentration is usually expressed in pounds per barrel,
lb/bbl, or ppb.
What does that mean?
If we add 10 pounds of clay to a barrel of water, the concentration is…
10 pounds per barrel
10 lb/bbl
10 ppb
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Fluid Formulation
PRODUCT CONCENTRATION
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Product Concentration
You will be adding products to a barrel of liquid.
You will identify the amount you add by
concentration – lbs/bbl.
Examples:
AQUAGEL: 20 lb/bbl
BAROID: 50 lb/bbl
DEXTRID: 4 lb/bbl
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Product Concentration
What is the concentration of the following products?
AQUAGEL: 200 lb in 10 barrels = ?
BAROID: 5000 lb in 100 barrels = ?
DEXTRID: 14 lb in 2 barrels = ?
If we know the concentration in lbs per barrel, then we can multiply the
concentration by the total mud system volume to determine the total
amount to add.
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Product Concentration
AQUAGEL: 20 lb per barrel concentration
Mud System: 100 barrels
AQUAGEL: 20 x 100 = 2000 pounds to add for a concentration of 20
lb/bbl
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Product Concentration
To calculate the quantity of product need in a fluid, use the following
equation:
Q = (Prod. Conc. x Total Vol.) / Prod. Weight
If you are mixing liquids, to calculate the weight of material:
Prod. Weight = (Package size, gal) x SG of product x 8.345ppg
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Fluid Formulation
LAB GUIDELINES
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Lab Barrel
For the purposes of our labs, we utilize the following conversion …
1 “barrel” of mud = 350 ml “lab barrel”
We use the lab barrel for “Pilot Test”.
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Reason to use “Lab Barrel”
The units of measurement most commonly used when treating the
active fluid system are pounds for the weight and barrels for the
volume.
The units of measurement for most common pilot tests are grams
for weight and milliliters (ml) for volume. (1 ml = 1cc)
Thus – we must convert between the two.
1.0lb 454 grams 1bbl 1gal 1gram
Equation: X X X =
1bbl 1lb 42 gal 3785ml 350ml
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Weight of Water
This works out to be the weight of freshwater at 40◦ Celsius and it will
be = 8.345 lb/gal
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Products
We use this to convert in lab barrels the following …
In field operations “pounds” = lab “grams”
Thus, pounds/gallon become grams/lab barrel.
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Formulation Steps
1. Identify fluid component (Formulation)
2. Material Balance (Vf = Vw + Va + VB)
a) Calculate volume and density of additives (ABC chart)
b) Calculate volume and quantity of base fluid and weighting material
3. Product additions
4. Fluid test.
a) If the fluid meet the requirements, go to the step 7. If not, continue with the
step 5
5. Adjustment of fluid properties if needed (Treatment)
6. Repeat step 4
7. Mud Report
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Product Additions – Water Based Fluid
1. Normally add your base fluid first
2. If you are adding a pre-mixed brine, you will have the added volume
from the salt content.
3. Next, add the viscosifier agent, to get your system to yield.
4. Add the alkalinity source.
5. Next, add the rest of the additive.
6. Last add, the weight material.
There are a variety of specific mixing procedures for the mixing order of the
fluid systems. Please check the handbook for mixing process.
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ABC Chart
CHEMICAL ADDITIVE VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT WORKSHEET
A B C D E F G
PRODUCT Pound per Gallon Pound per Barrel Total Pounds of Chemical to Equivalent Volume Ratio Amount for
Specific Gravity Concentration Equivalent (ppg) Equivalent (ppb) Add Displaced (bbl) Material Balance
(SG) (ppb)
(A X 8.345) (C X 42) (B X # bbl to build) (E/D) (F X C)
(V1)(D1) + (V2)(D2) + (Total of Column G) = (Vf)(Df)
Where: Vf = V1 + V2 + (Total of Column F)
V1 = Vf - V2 - (Total of Column F) TOTALS :
V2 = Vf - V1 - (Total of Column F)
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Formulation Example
Given the following information, build 100 bbl of 10.0 ppg water based
mud.
Formulation
Product SG ppb
Water 1 As needed
Bentonite, 100 lb 2.6 20
caustic soda, 50 lb 2.13 0.25
Barite, 100 lb 4.2 As needed
Calculate:
a) Calculate volume and density of additives (ABC chart)
b) Calculate volume and quantity of base fluid and weighting material
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ABC Chart - Example
CHEMICAL ADDITIVE VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT WORKSHEET
A B C D E F G
Pound per Equivalent Ratio Amount
Pound per Barrel Total Pounds of
PRODUCT Gallon Volume for Material
Equivalent (ppb) Chemical to Add
Specific Gravity Concentration Equivalent (ppg) Displaced (bbl) Balance
(SG) (ppb)
(B X # bbl to
(A X 8.345) (C X 42) (E/D) (F X C)
build)
Bentonite 2.6 20 21.697 911.274 2000 2.194729576 47.61904762
caustic soda 2.13 0.25 17.77485 746.5437 25 0.033487658 0.595238095
(V1)(D1) + (V2)(D2) + (Total of Column G) = (Vf)(Df)
Where: Vf = V1 + V2 + (Total of Column F)
V1 = Vf - V2 - (Total of Column F) TOTALS : 2.228217234 48.21428571
V2 = Vf - V1 - (Total of Column F)
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Volume and Quantity of Base Fluid and Weighting Material
Vf = Final Volume = 100 bbl
Df = Final Density = 10.0 ppg
V1 = Water Volume = ?
D1 = Density of Water = 8.345 ppg
V2 = Weight material Volume = ?
D2 = Weight material Density = 35.05 ppg
Column F= Total Volume of Additives = 2.228217234 bbl
Column G = Amount of Material = 48.21428571 lb
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Volume and Quantity of Base Fluid and Weighting Material
(8.345)(V1) + 48.21428571 + 35.05(V2) = (10)(100)
(8.345)(100 – V2 – 2.228217234) + 48.21428571 + 35.05(V2) = 1000
815.9055272 – 8.345 V2 + 48.21428571 + 35.05 V2 = 1000
V2 = (1000 – 864.1198129) / (26.705) = 5.09 bbl of Barite
lb of Barite = 5.09 * 1472 = 7492.48
V1 = 100 – 5.09 – 2.228217234 = 92.68 bbl
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Questions and Answers Return
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