SHIKSHA MANTRA CLASSES: SEC-4 MARKET, PH # 9810232510

CHAPTER – 12: SOUND

Like heat and light, Sound is a form of energy that causes the sensation of hearing. Sound travels in the
form of wave from one place to another.
PRODUCTION OF SOUND :- Sound is produced due to the vibration of objects. Vibration is the rapid to and fro
motion of an object.
Eg :- The sound of human voice is produced due to the vibration of the vocal cords. A stretched rubber band
when plucked vibrates and produces sound.
PROPAGATION OF SOUND :- The sound produced by a vibrating object travels through a medium to a
listener. The medium can be solid, liquid or gas.
When an object vibrates, the particles around the medium vibrates. The particle in contact with the vibrating
object is first displaced from its equilibrium position. It then exerts a force on the adjacent particle and the
adjacent particle is displaced from its position of rest. After displacing the adjacent particle the first particle
comes back to its original position. This process repeats in the medium till the sound reaches the ear.
The disturbance produced by the vibrating body travels through the medium but the particles do not move
forward themselves.
A wave is a disturbance which moves through a medium by the vibration of the particles of the medium. So
sound is considered as a wave. Since sound waves are produced due to the vibration of particles of the medium
sound waves are called mechanical waves.
PROPAGATION OF SOUND THROUGH AIR :- Air is the most common medium through which sound travels.
When a vibrating object moves forward, it pushes and compresses the air in front of it forming a region of high
pressure called compression (C). The compression moves away from the vibrating object. When the vibrating
object moves backward, it forms a region of low pressure called rarefaction (R). As the object moves to and fro
rapidly, it produces a series of compressions and rarefaction in the air which makes the sound to propagate in
the medium.

Wave – Sound Wave-The disturbance or oscillation from one location to another location; accompanied by
transfer of energy is called wave.
There are two types of wave, viz. Electromagnetic Wave and Mechanical Wave.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE – Wave that requires no medium to propagate is called Electromagnetic wave. For
example – light wave. Light can also travel through vacuum.
MECHANICAL WAVE – Wave that requires medium to propagate is called Mechanical Wave. For example -
sound wave. Sound cannot travel in the absence of a medium.
TYPES OF WAVE - ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION:
On the basis of direction of propagation, waves can be divided into two types –
1. Transverse Wave
2. Longitudinal Wave

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TRANSVERSE WAVE – The wave formed because of the oscillation perpendicular to the disturbance is called
transverse wave. For example light wave, water wave, etc.

In transverse wave, particles oscillate in up and down directions; relative their normal position of rest. Particles
of medium create elevation above the normal position or line of zero to the surface of medium and depression
below the normal position in the course of oscillation. The elevation is called crest and the depression is called
trough.

LONGITUDINAL WAVE – The wave formed because of the oscillation; parallel to the disturbance; is called
longitudinal wave. For example; sound waves. A use of forward and backward movement of particles of the
medium. If a slinky is pushed and pulled backward and forward, the wave formed in slinky is similar to
longitudinal wave.

Sound Wave is longitudinal wave – Sound propagates because of oscillation of particles of medium parallel to
the disturbance, thus sound wave is longitudinal wave.
SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL :- Sound is a mechanical wave and needs a medium for propagation.
Sound travels through solids, liquids and gases. Sound does not travel in vacuum.
Activity:- Suspend an electric bell in an air tight bell jar. Connect the bell jar to a vacuum pump. If the switch is
pressed, we can hear the sound of the bell. If air is pumped out through the vacuum pump, we cannot hear the
sound of the bell. This shows that sound needs a medium to travel and sound cannot travel in vacuum.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVE: Sound can be graphically represented as a wave. There is changes in the
density and pressure as sound moves in a medium.
Compressions are the regions of high pressure and density where the particles are crowded and are
represented by the upper portion of the curve called crest.
Rarefactions are the regions of low pressure and density where the particles are spread out and are
represented by the lower portion of the curve called trough

The peak of a wave is called compression or crest. The valley of a wave is called rarefaction or trough.
WAVELENGTH: Wave length is the length between two consecutive peaks, i.e. crest or two consecutive valleys,
i.e. trough of a wave. Wave length is represented by Greek letter λ (lambda). Louder sound has shorter
wavelength and softer sound has longer wavelength.
The SI unit of wavelength is metre (m).

AMPLITUDE:-Magnitude of maximum disturbance on either side of the normal position or mean value in a
medium is called amplitude. In other words, amplitude is the distance from normal to the crest or trough.

Amplitude is the energy of sound. Louder sound has greater amplitude and softer sound has shorter amplitude.
Thus, louder or softer sound is determined by its amplitude. Since louder sound has greater energy
consequently greater amplitude, thus it travels to a longer distance. Softer sound has smaller energy
consequently shorter amplitude, thus it travels to a shorter distance.
Amplitude is denoted by letter ‘A’. The SI unit of amplitude is metre (m).
TIME PERIOD: Time required to produce one complete wave is called time period or time taken to complete
one oscillation is called the time period of the sound wave. In other words, time in which a wave moves a
distance equal to its wavelength is called time period.
The time period of sound wave is represented by letter ‘T’. The SI unit of time period is second (s).
FREQUENCY: The number of sound waves produced in unit time is called the frequency of sound waves. For
example, if a source of sound produces 20 sound waves in one second then the frequency is 20 Hz.
Time taken to calculate frequency is in second. Frequency is denoted by Greek letter ‘ ٧’ (nu). The SI unit of
frequency is ‘hertz’.
This name had been given after the German Scientist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz.
Relation between time-period and frequency: If 1 sound wave is produced by a source, in T second.
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Where, ٧ = frequency and T = time period

Thus frequency is the reciprocal of the time period of wave. This means the frequency is increased with
decrease in time and vice versa.
VELOCITY: Distance covered by sound wave in unit time is called the velocity of sound wave. The speed of
sound is different in different media. The speed of sound is more in solids, less in liquids and least in gases.
The speed of sound also depends on the temperature of the medium. If the temperature of the medium is
more, the speed of sound is more.

Therefore, velocity can be defined as distance travelled per second by sound wave.

Thus, velocity of sound wave = frequency X wavelength

This is called WAVE EQUATION. WAVE EQUATION is applied to all types of waves.
Thus, velocity of sound wave is the product of frequency and sound wave.
Pitch and loudness of sound :-The pitch of sound (shrillness or flatness) depends on the frequency of
vibration.
If the frequency is high, the sound has high pitch and if the frequency is low, the sound has low pitch.

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Since the sounds are travelling at about the same speed, the one with the shorter wavelength will go by more
frequently; it has a higher frequency, or pitch. In other words, it sounds higher
The loudness of sound depends upon the amplitude of vibration.
If the amplitude is bigger, the sound is loud and if the amplitude is smaller, the sound is soft.

Amplitude is Loudness :-The size of a wave (how much it is "piled up" at the high points) is its amplitude. For
sound waves, the bigger the amplitude, the louder the sound.
QUALITY OF SOUND
Timbre: The quality of sound is called timber of sound. Timber is one of the characteristics of sound that
enables us to differentiate between two different types of sound.
Because of timbre; the sound of flute and harmonium or other musical instruments can be differentiated. For
example; the frequency of a particular note ‘Do’ or ‘Sa’ produced by all the musical instruments is equal. In spite
of that, because of different timbre one can differentiate the sound of same frequency of different musical
instruments.
Different persons produce sound of different timbre. Because of different timbre in sound, the voice of different
persons can be recognized.
Tone and Note of sound:- Sound of a single frequency is called tone and sound of mixture of several
frequencies is called note. A note is pleasant to listen.
Noise is unpleasant to hear.
Music is pleasant to hear because of good quality, i.e. timbre while noise is unpleasant because of bad quality.
Velocity of sound wave in different media:
The velocity of sound waves depends upon the following three factors:
 Nature of the medium
 Temperature
 Humidity present in air
Nature of medium: The velocity of sound is maximum in solid, moderate in liquid and minimum in gas. For
example:

Temperature: The velocity of sound is directly proportion to temperature. This means, velocity of sound
increases with increase in temperature. For example: sound wave at 0⁰C in air is 332m/s. The velocity of sound
waves at 20⁰C in air is 344m/s. This is the reason, we hear more clearly on a hot day than on a cold day.
Humidity present in air: Since, velocity of sound wave in water is more than that in air, so humidity in air
increases the velocity of sound. Therefore, an increase in humidity in air increases the velocity of sound and a
decrease in humidity in air decreases the velocity of sound. This is the cause that we can hear more clearly in
rainy season than in summer.
REFLECTION OF SOUND: Sound wave also gets reflected as light waves do. Bouncing back of sound wave from
the surface of solid or liquid is called reflection of sound.
Reflection of sound follows the Laws of Reflection:-
i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
For reflection of sound a polished or rough and big obstacle is necessary.
Use of Reflection of Sound:-Reflection of sound is used in many devices. For example; megaphone,
loudspeaker, bulb horn, stethoscope, hearing aid, sound board etc.

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Loudspeaker, Megaphone, bulb horn: Loudspeaker, Megaphone and bulb horn are devices used to send the
sound in desired direction without spreading the sound all around. These devices act on the laws of reflection
of sound wave.
In such devices, a funnel like cone shaped tube is used. Sound is introduced at the narrower end of tube and let
to come out from wider end. Because of successive reflections, the amplitude of sound is added up which makes
the sound louder. The name ‘Loudspeaker’ is given as it is used to make the sound louder.
Stethoscope: –Stethoscope is used to hear the sounds of internal organs of a patient; for diagnostic purposes. It
works on the laws of reflection of sound.

In stethoscope, sound is received by chest piece and sent to the earpieces by multiple reflecting through a long
tube. Doctors diagnose the condition of an organ of the human body by hearing the sound using the
stethoscope. Stethoscope has become the symbol of the medical profession since its invention.
Soundboard –Sound board is used to send the sound towards audience in big hall or auditorium. This works
on the basis of laws of reflection of sound waves.
Sound board is a big concave board and is set in such a fashion behind the stage that speaker is at the focus.
Sound coming from speaker falls over sound board and gets reflected towards the audience. As a result, the
audience sitting in the hall even at far distance from the speaker can clearly hear what the speaker is saying.
Additionally, the ceiling of the auditorium is also made curved so that it also acts like sound board. The curved
surface of the ceiling reflects the sound waves and facilitates better hearing.

Echo: The sound which we hear after reflection is called echo or echo of sound. One can hear the echo by
shouting loudly in a big hall. After shouting loudly, the same sound reaches the ears after reflecting from the
surface of the wall. Echo of sound can be heard by producing sound at place surrounded by hills or big
buildings. Thus, repetition of sound because of multiple reflection of sound wave is called echo.

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Condition necessary for creation of echo: One does not experience any echo sound in a small room. This
does not mean that sound does not get reflected in a small room, but necessary conditions for production of
echo are not present.
Any sound persists on one’s brain upto 0.1 second of time. So echo can only be heard if the same sound comes
to one’s ear after a lapse of 0.1 second.
Thus, reflection of sound must reach to the brain after a lapse of 0.1 second.
Explanation:
Since, sound covers 344 m in air in 1 second.
Thus, in 0.1 second sound would cover a distance of 344 m x 0.1 = 34.4 m
Thus, to hear an echo sound the reflecting surface must be at a distance of 17.2 m, so that sound has to cover a
distance which is more than 17.2 m x 2 = 34.4 m; before reaching the ears.
So, if reflecting surface is at a distance of more than 17.2 m, the sound would reach to our brain after 0.1 second
and we would be able to hear the echo of sound.
Thus, there are two conditions to experience the echo of sound –
(a) Sound must come back to the person after 0.1 second.
(b) For above condition, the reflecting surface must be at a minimum distance of 17.2m.

Multiple Echo: You may have heard the echo of your ”yahoo” in hilly areas. This happens because of multiple
reflection of sound wave and is often called multiple echoes.
The rolling sound of thunder is heard because of the multiple reflections of thunder sound or multiple echoes.
The sound of thunder comes to us many times because of reflections from clouds and earth surface.

Use of multiple reflection of sound:

(a) In measuring the depth of sea/ocean.
(b) For the detection of the position of any objects, such as shipwrecks, sea rocks, hidden ice-berg in the sea and
ocean.
(c) Investigating any problem inside the human body.
For above mentioned purposes, sound of high frequency is produced so that reflections can be received from
various surfaces. The time taken for reception of reflected sound waves is analyzed by a computer to detect the
problem.

REVERBERATIONS: Persistence of sound wave for a long time because of multiple reflections is called
reverberation. Usually, this happens in big halls. Sound becomes too blurred and distorted to be heard in big
concert halls because of reverberation. This can often lead to annoyance.
To overcome this problem, sound absorbent materials, such as curtains, plant fibre, compressed fireboard,
carpets, etc. are used in the auditorium. These materials absorb undesired reflected sound and reduce
reverberation.

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RANGE OF HEARING OR AUDIBLE RANGE: The human ear can hear the sound between frequencies of 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz. Thus, audible range or range of hearing is between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; for human beings. However,
children under 5 years of age can hear the sound upto 25000 Hz.
Sound beyond audible range of human being: Infrasound and Ultrasound
Infrasonic Sound or Infrasound: Sound, below the frequency of 20Hz is called infrasonic or infrasound.
Infrasound is produced because of very slow vibration. For example; simple pendulum produces sound below
20Hz. Human being cannot hear infrasound as their ears are not adapted to hear the sound of such range.
Many animals; such as whale, elephant, rhinoceros, etc. can produce and hear sound having frequencies below
20 Hz.
Ultrasound or ultrasonic sound:- Sound, above the frequency of 20000 Hz is called ultrasound. Humans
cannot hear the ultrasonic sound. However, many animals such as dogs, cat, bat, monkey, deer, etc. can hear
ultrasound.
Bats catch their prey by producing ultrasound. Bat produces ultrasound and detects the reflected sound waves
coming from any obstacle; such as a prey. By detecting the reflection of ultrasound, bat understands the
position and type of prey or of any obstacle in the way. Some aquatic animals, such as dolphin, also use
ultrasound to catch their prey.

Range of Infrasound and Ultrasounds

Infrasound Ultrasound

Infrasound refers to the sound with frequency lower than Ultrasound refers to the sound with frequency higher
20 Hz which can’t be heard by humans. than the upper limit (20 kHz) of frequencies audible
to normal human ears.
Ultrasound is commonly used to find flaws in
materials to measure the thickness of objects, to fund
Infrasound is used to stabilize myopia in young kids. physical abnormalities in various parts of human
body, as well as in the form of a sound ranging device
called Sonar.
Infrasound is influenced by the atmosphere so it can be Ultrasound is not influenced by any such factors.
used to monitor the activities of the atmosphere.
In particular, natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, In particular, ultrasound is also used in micro
earthquakes etc can be forecasted by monitoring the welding. The weld is produced by the application of
infrasonic waves. higher frequency vibratory energy as the parts are
held together with force.
How do bats search their prey? (Echolocation):
Echolocation is the process where sound waves and echoes are used to determine objects in
space. Echolocation is used by bats to navigate and find their food in the dark. Bats send out

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sound waves from their mouth and nose, which then hit the objects in their vicinity producing
echoes, which are then received by the bats. The nature of the echo helps them determine the
size, the shape and the distance of the object.

USE OF ULTRASOUND: Ultrasound is sound waves of high frequency. Because of high frequency, ultrasound is
associated with more energy and can penetrate upto a large extent. This characteristic of ultrasound makes it
very useful for many purposes. Some of its uses are given here:
1. In detection of ailments in the human body:
 Ultrasonic waves are also used in a medical process called Echocardiography. In this process, the
ultrasound waves are passed through various parts of the heart in order to form the images of the
organ.
 Ultrasonic waves are also used in a procedure called Ultrasonography. In this procedure, the
ultrasonic waves are passed through the internal organs of the body in order to get their image. In this
way, the doctors can find out the cause of a disease or any abnormalities in the organs. The ultrasound
waves travel through the tissues of the body and as soon as the density of the tissue changes they reflect
back. The reflected waves are then converted into electrical signals which form the images of the
internal organs.
 Ultrasound waves are also used to break the kidney stones.
2. In cleaning of machinery parts which are beyond reach without disassembling of parts: The
ultrasound waves are used in clearing parts of objects that are hard to reach such as a spiral tube or
electronic components. In order to clean the objects, they are put in a solution, then the ultrasonic
waves are passed through the solution. As a result, the dust particles on the object get detached and fall
off them.
3. Detection of any deformities in metal blocks: Ultrasound waves can recognize tiny cracks in metallic
objects that are used in the manufacture of large structures, buildings and scientific equipment. The
presence of such cracks can lower the strength of these structures and machines. Hence, the ultrasound
waves are passed through the metallic objects and detectors are used to detect the waves that pass
through the cracks. If a crack is present the ultrasound waves would reflect back.

4. Detection of any blockade in pipe lines: The ultrasound waves are used in clearing parts of objects
that are hard to reach such as a spiral tube or electronic components. In order to clean the objects, they
are put in a solution, then the ultrasonic waves are passed through the solution. As a result, the dust
particles on the object get detached and fall off them
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SONAR :- Sonar stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging. It is a device which uses ultrasonic waves to
measure distance, direction and speed of underwater objects.
Sonar has a transmitter and a detector installed in ships. The transmitter produces ultrasonic sound waves
which travel through the water and after striking the object in the sea bed is reflected back to the detector.
The distance of the object can be calculated by knowing the speed of sound in water and the time taken
between the transmission and reception of ultrasound.
If the time taken for the transmission and reception of ultra sound is t and the distance travelled is 2d by the
ultra sound, then 2d = v x t or d = v x t/2

HUMAN EAR :

m
Structure of Human Ear: The human ear can be divided into three main parts, viz. external ear, middle ear and
internal ear.
External Ear: The external ear is outside the body and is also called pinna. It extends into the ear canal.
Middle Ear: The middle ear is composed of the ear drum or tympanum and the bone ossicles. There are three
bone ossicles, viz. the hammer, the anvil and the strirrup.
Internal Ear: The internal ear is composed of a cochlea and three semi-circular canals. The cochlea makes the
hearing apparatus and the auditory nerve from it goes to the brain.
Working of Human Ear: The external ear catches sound waves and channelizes them to the ear drum, via the
ear canal. During compression, the pressure increases outside the ear drum which forces the eardrum to move
inwards. During rarefaction, the pressure decreases outside the ear drum which forces the eardrum to move
outwards. Thus, a vibration is produced in the eardrum. Further, the three bones amplify the sound wave, by
vibrating in turns. In the inner ear, the vibrations are converted into electrical signals. These signals are
transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain. Finally, the brain interprets those signals as sound.

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NCERT EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions 10. The given graph (Fig.12.2) shows the displacement
versus time relation for a disturbance travelling with
1. Note is a sound velocity of 1500 m s–1. Calculate the wavelength of the
(a) of mixture of several frequencies disturbance.
(b) of mixture of two frequencies only
(c) of a single frequency
(d) always unpleasant to listen

2. A key of a mechanical piano struck gently and then

struck again but much harder this time. In the second
case 11. Which of the two graphs (a) and (b) (Fig.12.3)
(a) sound will be louder but pitch will not be different representing the human voice is likely to be the male
(b) sound will be louder and pitch will also be higher voice? Give reason for your answer.
(c) sound will be louder but pitch will be lower
(d) both loudness and pitch will remain unaffected

3. In SONAR, we use
(a) ultrasonic waves (b) infrasonic waves
(c) radio waves (d) audible sound waves

4. Sound travels in air if

(a) particles of medium travel from one place to another
(b) there is no moisture in the atmosphere
(c) disturbance moves
(d) both particles as well as disturbance travel from one
place to another. 12. A girl is sitting in the middle of a park of dimension 12
m × 12 m. On the left side of it there is a building adjoining
5. When we change feeble sound to loud sound we the park and on right side of the park, there is a road
increase its adjoining the park. A sound is produced on the road by a
(a) frequency (b) amplitude cracker. Is it possible for the girl to hear the echo of this
(c) velocity (d) wavelength sound? Explain your answer.

6. In the curve (Fig.12.1) half the wavelength is 13. Why do we hear the sound produced by the humming
bees while the sound of vibrations of pendulum is not
heard?

14. If any explosion takes place at the bottom of a lake,

what type of shock waves in water will take place?
(a) A B (b) B D (c) D E (d) A E
15. Sound produced by a thunderstorm is heard 10 s after
7. Earthquake produces which kind of sound before the the lightning is seen. Calculate the approximate distance of
main shock wave begins the thunder cloud. (Given speed of sound = 340 m s–1.)
(a) ultrasound (b) infrasound
(c) audible sound (d) none of the above 16. For hearing the loudest ticking sound heard by the ear,
find the angle x in the Fig.12.4.
8. Infrasound can be heard by
(a) dog (b) bat
(c) rhinoceros (d) human beings

9. Before playing the orchestra in a musical concert, a

sitarist tries to adjust the tension and pluck the string
suitably. By doing so, he is adjusting
(a) intensity of sound only
(b) amplitude of sound only
(c) frequency of the sitar string with the frequency of other
musical instruments (d) loudness of sound 17. Why is the ceiling and wall behind the stage of good
conference halls or concert halls made curved?
Short Answer Question
Long Answer Questions
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17. RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) works on

18. Represent graphically by two separate diagrams in _____________ principle which is used to determine the
each case velocities and movement of aircrafts.
(i) Two sound waves having the same amplitude but 18. Full form of SONAR is __________________________.
different frequencies? 19. Audible sound range is _________ to _____________.
(ii) Two sound waves having the same frequency but 20. The product of wavelength of wave and its frequency
different amplitudes. gives _____________.
(iii) Two sound waves having different amplitudes and 21. Sound having frequency less than 20Hz is known as
also different wavelengths. ___________.
22. Sound having frequency more than 20,000Hz is known
19. Establish the relationship between speed of sound, its as ___________.
wavelength and frequency. If velocity of sound in air is 340 23. The distance between two consecutive compressions
m s–1, calculate (i) wavelength when frequency is 256 Hz. or two consecutive rarefactions is called the ______________.
(ii) frequency when wavelength is 0.85 m. 24. Existence of sound waves in an auditorium due to
multiple reflections suffered by the walls and ceiling is
20. Draw a curve showing density or pressure variations called ____________.
with respect to distance for a disturbance produced by 25. If the time interval between original sound and
sound. Mark the position of compression and rarefaction reflected sound is more than 1/10 second then original
on this curve. Also define wavelengths and time period sound and reflected sound can be heard clearly. This
using this curve. reflected sound is known as _______.
26. v = ? × ?
27. Loudness of sound is measured in ___________.
Fill in the blanks
Answers:
1. When we hear music, the medium through which the 1. gas
sound transmitted is __________ (solid, liquid, gas) 2. periodic motion
2. If a body repeats its motion, within fix interval of time, 3. wave
along a certain path, about a fixed point, it is said to have 4. pulse
____________. 5. oscillatory
3. A ________ (pulse/wave) is a form of disturbance which 6. frequency
travels through a medium as a result of repetitive 7. mechanical waves, sound. electromagnetic waves
oscillations of the particles of the medium. 8. multiple reflection
4. A ________ (pulse/wave) is a disturbance which is sudden 9. compressions, rarefactions
and lasts for a short duration of time. 10. energy
5. If a body repeats its back and forth, to and fro or up and 11. transverse
down motion along a certain path, about a fixed point, in a 12. transverse waves
certain time interval then the motion of such objects is said 13. longitudinal
to be _____________. 14. longitudinal waves
6. Number of oscillations completed by the oscillator in 15. transverse
one second is known as ___________. 16. longitudinal
7. Waves which require a material medium for 17. Doppler effect
propagation are called _____________ waves. Example of such 18. Sound Navigation and Ranging
waves is _________. Light waves are ___________, because they 19. 20Hz to 20,000Hz
can travel in vacuum. 20. wave velocity
8. The principle on which stethoscope works is _____ 21. infrasonic sound or infrasonics
(reflection/ multiple reflection) 22. ultrasonic sound
9. Sound travels as successive ____________ and _____________ 23. wavelength,
in the medium. 24. reverberation
10. Waves transport _________ not matter. 25. echo
11. In a __________ wave the particles of the medium 26. v = ν × λ
oscillate in a direction perpendicular to the direction in 27. decibel (db)
which the wave propagates.
12. Ripples waves on water surface are example of_________.
13. In a _____________ wave the particles of the medium
oscillate in the direction in which the wave travels.
14. Sound, compressional waves in springs are examples of
_____________.
15. In the case of ____________ wave, distance between two
consecutive crests or troughs is known as wavelength.
16. In the case of a ___________ wave, distance between two
consecutive condensations or rarefactions is known as
wavelength.
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